Phylogenomics and biogeographical diversification of Collabieae (Orchidaceae) and its implication in the reconstruction of the dynamic history of Asian evergreen broadleaved forests.

The tribe Collabieae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) comprises approximately 500 species. Generic delimitation within Collabieae are confusing and phylogenetic interrelationships within the Collabieae have not been well resolved. Plastid genomes and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were used to estimate the phylogenetic relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates of Collabieae. The results showed that Collabieae was subdivided into nine clades with high support. We proposed to combine Ancistrochilus and Pachystoma into Spathoglottis, merge Collabium and Chrysoglossum into Diglyphosa, and separate Pilophyllum and Hancockia as distinctive genera. The diversification of the nine clades of Collabieae might be associated with the uplift of the Himalayas during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene. The enhanced East Asian summer monsoon in the Late Miocene may have promoted the rapid diversification of Collabieae at a sustained high diversification rate. The increased size of terrestrial pseudobulbs may be one of the drivers of Collabieae diversification. Our results suggest that the establishment and development of evergreen broadleaved forests facilitated the diversification of Collabieae.

The Sapria himalayana genome provides new insights into the lifestyle of endoparasitic plants.

BACKGROUND: Sapria himalayana (Rafflesiaceae) is an endoparasitic plant characterized by a greatly reduced vegetative body and giant flowers; however, the mechanisms underlying its special lifestyle and greatly altered plant form remain unknown. To illustrate the evolution and adaptation of S. himalayasna, we report its de novo assembled genome and key insights into the molecular basis of its floral development, flowering time, fatty acid biosynthesis, and defense responses. RESULTS: The genome of S. himalayana is ~ 1.92 Gb with 13,670 protein-coding genes, indicating remarkable gene loss (~ 54%), especially genes involved in photosynthesis, plant body, nutrients, and defense response. Genes specifying floral organ identity and controlling organ size were identified in S. himalayana and Rafflesia cantleyi, and showed analogous spatiotemporal expression patterns in both plant species. Although the plastid genome had been lost, plastids likely biosynthesize essential fatty acids and amino acids (aromatic amino acids and lysine). A set of credible and functional horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events (involving genes and mRNAs) were identified in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of S. himalayana, most of which were under purifying selection. Convergent HGTs in Cuscuta, Orobanchaceae, and S. himalayana were mainly expressed at the parasite-host interface. Together, these results suggest that HGTs act as a bridge between the parasite and host, assisting the parasite in acquiring nutrients from the host. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide new insights into the flower development process and endoparasitic lifestyle of Rafflesiaceae plants. The amount of gene loss in S. himalayana is consistent with the degree of reduction in its body plan. HGT events are common among endoparasites and play an important role in their lifestyle adaptation.

Emulsion-Directed Synthesis of Poly-Porphyrin Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for PET-RAFT Polymerization.

Heterogeneous photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention in photo-induced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization due to their remarkable advantages such as easy preparation, tunable photoelectric properties, and recyclability. In this study, zinc (II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (ZnTAPP)-based poly-porphyrin nanoparticles (PTAPP-Zn) are constructed by an emulsion-directed approach. It is investigated as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for PET-RAFT polymerization of various methacrylate monomers under visible light exposure, and the reactions show refined polymerization control with high monomer conversions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the PTAPP-Zn nanoparticles with the larger pore size enhance photocatalytic activity in PET-RAFT polymerization. In addition, the capabilities of oxygen tolerance and temporal control are demonstrated and PTAPP-Zn particles can be easily recycled and reused without an obvious decrease in catalytic efficiency.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of WNK Kinase Gene Family in Acorus.

WNK (With No Lysine) kinases are members of serine/threonine protein kinase family, which lack conserved a catalytic lysine (K) residue in protein kinase subdomain II and this residue is replaced by either asparagine, serine, or glycine residues. They are involved in various physiological regulations of flowering time, circadian rhythms, and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we identified the WNK gene family in two species of Acorus, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship, physiochemical properties, subcellular localization, collinearity, and cis-elements. The results showed twenty-two WNKs in two Acorus (seven in Ac. gramineus and fifteen in Ac. calamus) have been identified and clustered into five main clades phylogenetically. Gene structure analysis showed all WNKs possessed essential STKc_WNK or PKc_like superfamily domains, and the gene structures and conserved motifs of the same clade were similar. All the WNKs harbored a large number of light response elements, plant hormone signaling elements, and stress resistance elements. Through a collinearity analysis, two and fourteen segmental duplicated gene pairs were identified in the Ac. gramineus and Ac. calamus, respectively. Moreover, we observed tissue-specificity of WNKs in Acorus using transcriptomic data, and their expressions in response to salt stress and cold stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed WNKs are involved in the regulation of abiotic stresses. There were significant differences in the expression levels of most of the WNKs in the leaves and roots of Acorus under salt stress and cold stress, among which two members in Ac. gramineus (AgWNK3 and AgWNK4) and two members in Ac. calamus (AcWNK8 and AcWNK12) were most sensitive to stress. In summary, this paper will significantly contribute to the understanding of WNKs in monocots and thus provide a set up for functional genomics studies of WNK protein kinases.

Urinary metabolomics analysis of the protective effects of Daming capsule on hyperlipidemia rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Hyperlipidemia is recognized as one of the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Daming capsule, a Chinese patent medicine, has shown definitive efficacy in patients with hyperlipidemia. In this study, serum biochemistry and histopathology assessment were used to investigate the lipid-lowering effect of Daming capsule. Furthermore, urinary metabolomics based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was conducted to identify the urinary biomarkers associated with hyperlipidemia and discover the underlying mechanisms of the antihyperlipidemic action of Daming capsule. After 10 weeks of treatment, Daming capsule significantly lowered serum lipid levels and ameliorated hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet. A total of 33 potential biomarkers associated with hyperlipidemia were identified, among which 26 were robustly restored to normal levels after administration of Daming capsule. Pathway analysis revealed that the lipid-lowering effect of Daming capsule is related to the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways including vitamin B and amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway. Notably, the study demonstrates that metabolomics is a powerful tool to elucidate the multitarget mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines, thereby promoting their research and development.

Development and Evaluation of Topical Delivery of Microemulsions Containing Adapalene (MEs-Ap) for Acne.

The main objective of the study was to prepare the microemulsions containing adapalene (MEs-Ap) to enhance epidermal penetration, dermal retention, and local bioavailability compared with the commercial preparation. The optimal formulations were selected by solubility experiments, pseudo-ternary phase diagram, and percutaneous permeation experiments and the physiochemical properties were also investigated. Then, the study of permeability, retention, safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in the skin for MEs-Ap compared with the commercial preparation were researched. The optimized formulation was developed as follows: the ratio of AP, isopropyl myristate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, ethanol, and water was 0.01:1:1.25:3.75:4 (w/w). The globule size and average viscosity of the optimized MEs-Ap were 99.34 nm and 1.7 mPa·s, respectively, which was oil-in-water microemulsion without serious irritation or allergy for skin. The Js, Qn, and Qretention of MEs-Ap (0.81 ± 0.19 µg/cm2/h, 24.73 ± 4.24 µg/cm2, 2.08 ± 0.18 µg/cm2) were apparently higher than Differin® (0.022 ± 0.009 µg/cm2/h, 0.536 ± 0.103 µg/cm2, and 0.523 ± 0.130 µg/cm2) respectively. The local bioavailability study showed that the AUC0 → 36h of the MEs-Ap in the dermal (19.6 ± 1.22 µg/cm2) was significantly improved comparing to Differin® (13.9 ± 1.73 µg/cm2) (p < 0.01). The pharmacodynamics study showed that the therapeutic effect of MEs-Ap was better than that of Differin® in the acne model of rabbit auricle. These results suggested that the MEs-Ap could be considered as a having higher epidermal penetrability, dermal retention, local bioavailability, efficacy, and safety topical preparations for acne. Graphical abstract.

The association between the biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and the incidence of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Whether the use of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) would influence the risk of new-onset diabetes remains uncertain. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the use of bDMARDs and the incidence of diabetes in patients with systemic inflammatory conditions. Pubmed, Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published from January 2000 to March 2020. Studies conducted in systemic inflammatory conditions with reports of the incidence of diabetes in subjects treated with bDMARDs were included. With 22 randomized controlled trials and 3 cohort studies included, the overall result indicated that compared with non-bDMARD treatment, the use of bDMARDs was significantly associated with decreased incidence of diabetes in patients with systemic inflammatory conditions (RR = 0.56, 95 % CI, 0.43 to 0.74, P < 0.001, I2 = 69 %), especially in patients with in rheumatoid arthritis (RR = 0.54, 95 % CI, 0.38 to 0.76, P = 0.0005, I2 = 26). Reduced risk of new-onset diabetes was observed in studies with follow-up more than 1 year (RR = 0.73, 95 % CI, 0.54 to 0.99, P = 0.04, I2 = 88). New-onset diabetes was less frequent in patients with TNF-α inhibitor treatment (RR = 0.54, 95 % CI, 0.48 to 0.60, P < 0.001, I2 = 42 %) and abatacept treatment (RR = 0.44, 95 % CI, 0.34 to 0.58, P < 0.001, I2 = 3 %), which might be associated with the inhibition of TNF-α mediated inflammatory responses and dysregulated T cell activation and immune responses respectively. Further investigations are required to validate the glucose metabolism protective effect of bDMARDs and clarify the underlying mechanisms of the crosstalk between bDMARDs and diabetes.

Terahertz nonvolatile in situ electrically erasable-rewritable photo-memory based on indium oxide/PEDOT:PSS.

A terahertz (THz) nonvolatile in situ electrically erasable-rewritable photo-memory based on indium oxide (In2O3) nanoparticles is reported. The In2O3/PEDOT:PSS/quartz sample increases its conductivity and attenuates its THz transmission under optical excitation. When this optical excitation is terminated, the modulated THz transmission recovers to its original value in an air environment slightly. The modulated THz transmission recovered more rapidly with increasing bias voltage. Nonvolatile digital information storage is enabled when the In2O3/PEDOT:PSS/quartz structure is encapsulated in nitrogen. The photo-memory can be rewritten after in situ electrical erasure. The results show that in situ electrically erasable terahertz nonvolatile rewritable photo-memories are feasible.

Ultraviolet light-induced terahertz modulation of an indium oxide film.

Active ultraviolet light-induced terahertz modulation of an indium oxide film is investigated. A large absorption modulation of ~66% is achieved upon illumination with a low intensity UV laser (11 mW/cm2). The interaction between indium oxide and a flexible metamaterial structure is investigated owing to the large UV-induced enhancement of photo carriers observed in an indium oxide film. We are able to realize absorption peak shifts of 37 GHz by changing the UV excitation light intensity. We also propose a multi-frequency switch by building a circular metallic split ring resonator whose gaps are filled with silicon, germanium, and indium oxide. In future, a photo-excited tunable multi-frequency metamaterial switch can be realized by irradiating the structure with multi-wavelength laser beam.

Active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on dimethyl sulfoxide-doped PEDOT:PSS.

A high-efficiency active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS with low-power photoexcitation is investigated. Under low-power optical excitation of 30 mW (0.5 W/cm2) and under bias voltages ranging from -0.6 V to 0.5 V, spectrally broadband modulation of THz transmission over a range from -54% to 60% is obtained over the frequency range from 0.2 to 2.6 THz in a MEH-PPV/PEDOT:PSS:DMSO/Si/PEDOT:PSS:DMSO hybrid structure. By considering the combined carrier density characteristics of the proposed device, it is found that the large-scale amplitude modulation can be ascribed to the electrically-controlled carrier density in the silicon layer with the assistance of the p-n junction that consists of the DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS and silicon. Bidirectional modulation has a larger modulation range and is easier to use in communications applications when compared with unidirectional modulation. These results show great potential for application to the design of active broadband terahertz devices.

Monitoring tidal flat dynamics affected by human activities along an eroded coast in the Yellow River Delta, China.

The coast of the northern Yellow River Delta (YRD) has experienced significant erosion since 1976 due to avulsion and consequent lack of sediment supply. Moreover, massive reclamation activity, expansion of the oil industry, and sea-level rise have jointly contributed to the rapid change of tidal flats over recent decades. Therefore, accurate reporting of the coast spatial extent and stability status is urgently required. We presented a method using remotely sensed waterlines to map tidal flats and monitor their spatiotemporal dynamics. The empirical results show that the area of the intertidal zone west of Tiao River Mouth (TRM) appeared to be decreasing. Despite intense hydrodynamic force, the intertidal zone to the east of TRM has expanded due to law prohibiting land reclamation in nature reserve. However, this trend weakened due to the expansion of oil industry after 2007. The movement of the mean high-tide line is the main cause for the increase-decrease patterns of the intertidal zone area. To achieve and maintain land equilibrium in this area, we suggest that a 554-m buffer must be preserved for mean high-tide line retreat. Unfortunately, the shrink crisis of the tidal flats has been extremely severe. Future reclamation and oil projects must be supplemented by studies that evaluate the complexities and dynamics of tidal flats so as to prevent the loss of this unique ecosystem.

A highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for hypochlorite in pure water with aggregation induced emission characteristics.

As a reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite (OCl-) plays a crucial role in oxidative stress and signal transduction, controlling a wide range of physiological functions. In addition, the wide use of OCl- in the treatment of food and water might possibly threaten human health if the residual quantity was out of limits. Currently, sensitive methods employed to selectively monitor OCl- in aqueous samples in situ are still scarce and badly needed. Boron esters or acids are considered to be suitable functional groups for the detection of hydrogen peroxide due to their reliable reactivity. In this work, we try to develop a highly sensitive and selective OCl- probe (TPE2B) based on the mechanism of aggregation induced emission (AIE). Due to the distinct increase in water solubility of TPE2OH, which is generated from the reaction between TPE2B and OCl-, the strong emission of TPE2B is quenched dramatically. The response speed was as fast as 30 seconds with a detection limit as low as 28 nM. Additionally, test papers were also fabricated and exhibited a highly sensitive response to 0.1 mM OCl-.

Ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice induce CYP1A2 but not CYP2E1 hepatic enzymes in rats.

1. Ephedra water decoction (EWD) and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice (maxing cough tablets, MXCT) have been widely used in the treatment of asthma. In the clinic, EWD and MXCT may be prescribed with theophylline, one of the most popular antiasthmatic drugs. CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are mainly involved in the oxidative metabolism of theophylline in human liver. Drug interactions involving the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms generally are of two types: enzyme induction or enzyme inhibition. Enzyme inhibition reduces metabolism, whereas induction can increase it. 2. To evaluate the pretreatment effect of EWD and MXCT on CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activity, the protein expression and mRNA expression levels were determined. After pretreatment with EWD or MXCT, the enzyme activity, mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP1A2 were increased significantly (p < 0.05), but enzyme activity of CYP2E1 did not change compared with the control. 3. It was demonstrated that EWD or MXCT pretreatment obviously induced CYP1A2, therefore, in patients taking EWD or MXCT, possible CYP-induced drug interaction should be noted to decrease the risk of therapeutic failure or adverse effects resulting from the use of additional therapeutic agents.

A Aconitum coreanum polysaccharide fraction induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells via pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1)-mediated suppression of the P13K/Akt and activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway and displays antitumor activity in vivo.

In this study, we observed that a Aconitum coreanum polysaccharide (CACP) exhibited an effective inhibitory effect on H22 cell growth in vitro and in vivo via the induction of apoptosis. Further, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting assays revealed that the expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), one proto-oncogene, was evidently suppressed in both transcript and protein levels in H22 cell model or mice after CACP treatment. Particularly, CACP (40 µg/ml) treatment or transfection with PTTG1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) could greatly reduce the phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) but increase phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MARK) protein levels in H22 cells as compared with vehicle-treated cells. Likewise, following treatment of H22-tumor-bearing mice with CACP (100 mg/kg), doxorubicin (DOX, 3 mg/kg), and their combination, tumor tissues showed an attenuated p-Akt protein expression, but a striking p-p38 MARK level when compared with those in model mice. Taken together, we demonstrated here the inhibitory effect of CACP on the growth of H22 cells in vitro and in vivo, which may be through, at least partly, repression of PTTG1 and then followed by the inactivation of P13/Akt and activation of p38 MARK signaling pathways. These findings offered a novel approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the future.

Enhanced fluoride removal using Mg-Zr binary metal oxide nanoparticles confined in a strong-base anion exchanger.

Generally, the pH of fluorinated groundwater or many industrial wastewater is neutral, while the majority of metal-modified adsorbents can work efficiently only under acidic conditions. In this study, we synthesized a novel hybrid adsorbent, Mg-Zr-D213, by loading nano-Mg/Zr binary metal (hydrogen) oxides in a strong-base anion exchanger, D213, to enhance the adsorption of fluoride from neutral water. Mg-Zr-D213 exhibited a better fluoride-removal capacity in neutral water than monometallic modified resins. Under the interference of competing anions and coexisting organic acids, Mg-Zr-D213 exhibited superior selectivity. The Langmuir model indicated that the fitted maximum sorption capacity of Mg-Zr-D213 was 41.38 mg/g. The results of column experiments showed that the effective treatment volume of Mg-Zr-D213 was 8-16-times higher than that of D213 for both synthetic groundwater and actual industrial wastewater, and that NaOH-NaCl eluent could effectively recover more than 95% of fluoride. Adsorption experiments with Mg/Zr metal (hydrogen) oxide particles and D213 separately demonstrated a synergistic effect between -N+(CH3)3 and Mg/Zr metal (hydrogen) oxide particles. The ligand exchange or metal-ligand interaction of Mg/Zr metal (hydrogen) oxide particles on fluoride was further demonstrated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Overall, Mg-Zr-D213 has great potential for enhanced fluoride removal in neutral water.

Protocol for isolating small cytosolic dsDNA from cultured murine cells.

We recently identified a class of small cytosolic double-stranded DNA (scDNA) approximately 20-40 bp in size in human and mouse cells. Here, we present a protocol for scDNA isolation from cultured murine cells. We describe steps for cytosolic compartment separation, DNA isolation in the cytosolic fraction using phenol-chloroform extraction, and ethanol precipitation. We then detail procedures for denaturing purified cytosolic DNA through urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and obtaining scDNA in the cytosolic DNA fraction via gel purification. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al.1.

Communication between small cytosolic dsDNA and autophagy inhibits CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) activation.

The CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase)-STING1 (stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1) pathway is an important innate immune pathway that induces proinflammatory cytokine production following stimulation with dsDNA > 45 bp. We recently identified a class of ~ 20-40 bp small cytosolic dsDNA (scDNA) that blocks CGAS-STING1 activation. In this punctum, we discuss the mechanism underlying the inhibition of CGAS-STING1 activation via scDNA. scDNA binds to CGAS but cannot activate its enzymatic activity. It competes with dsDNA > 45 bp for binding with CGAS to inhibit CGAS-STING1 activation. Moreover, scDNA activates macroautophagy/autophagy and induces the autophagic degradation of STING1 and long dsDNA. Autophagy then increases scDNA levels, driving a feedback loop that accelerates the degradation of STING1 and long cytosolic dsDNA. These findings reveal that mutual communication between scDNA and autophagy inhibits CGAS-STING1 activation following stimulation with dsDNA > 45 bp.

Correlation of elevated serum uric acid with coronary artery disease in Xinjiang, China: A retrospective case-control study.

Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, whether this association is independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors remains controversial. Our study aimed to determine the concentration of SUA in the presence and severity of CAD in multi-ethnic patients in Xinjiang, China. For this study, 412 consecutive patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 845 individuals with normal coronary angiograms were included in the study. CAD severity was evaluated using the Gensini score index. The SUA concentrations and the levels of various cardiometabolic risk factors were investigated. We assessed the relationship between SUA levels and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors for PCI patients. SUA levels were significantly elevated in PCI patients compared to those in control subjects (P < .01). With increased UA levels, we found that the risk factors for CAD increased. SUA concentration had a significant positive relationship with total cholesterol (P < .01), triglycerides (P < .01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .01), and creatinine (P < .01) in both sexes. In the PCI group, there was no significant correlation between UA levels. SUA levels are not an independent risk factor for CAD. It can be concluded that in Xinjiang, China, SUA is related to multiple risk factors for CAD, but not related to the severity of CAD.

Numerical simulation analysis of carbon defects in the buffer on vertical leakage and breakdown of GaN on silicon epitaxial layers.

Carbon doping in GaN-on-Silicon (Si) epitaxial layers is an essential way to reduce leakage current and improve breakdown voltage. However, complicated occupy forms caused by carbon lead to hard analysis leakage/breakdown mechanisms of GaN-on-Si epitaxial layers. In this paper, we demonstrate the space charge distribution and intensity in GaN-on-Si epitaxial layers from 0 to 448 V by simulation. Depending on further monitoring of the trapped charge density of CN and CGa in carbon-doped GaN at 0.1 µm, 0.2 µm, 1.8 µm and 1.9 µm from unintentionally doped GaN/carbon-doped GaN interface, we discuss the relationship between space charge and plateau, breakdown at CN concentrations from 6 × 1016 cm-3 to 6 × 1018 cm-3. The results show that CN in different positions of carbon-doped GaN exhibits significantly different capture and release behaviors. By utilizing the capture and release behavior differences of CN at different positions in carbon-doped GaN, the blocking effect of space charge at unintentionally doped GaN/carbon-doped GaN interface on electron conduction was demonstrated. The study would help to understand the behavior of CN and CGa in GaN-on-Si epitaxial layers and more accurate control of CN and CGa concentration at different positions in carbon-doped GaN to improve GaN-on-Si device performance.

Low-Operating-Voltage Two-Dimensional Tin Perovskite Field-Effect Transistors with Multilayer Gate Dielectrics Based on a Fluorinated Copolymer.

The fabrication of organic-inorganic perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs) with polymer gate dielectrics is challenging because of the solvent corrosion and wettability issues at interfaces. A few polymers have been integrated into perovskite transistors; however, these devices have high operating voltages due to low dielectric constants. Herein, poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) with a high dielectric constant is introduced into bottom-gate phenylethylammonium tin iodide perovskite [(PEA)2SnI4] FETs. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and cross-linked poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) (CL-PVP) are used to address the issues of solvent corrosion and wettability. We design the PVDF-TrFE/PTFE and PVDF-TrFE/PTFE/CL-PVP dielectric layers, where the ferroelectric properties of PVDF-TrFE are reduced by PTFE. The (PEA)2SnI4 FETs operate at relatively low gate voltages, exhibiting good overall performance with average hole mobilities of 0.42 and 0.36 cm2 V-1 s-1. Our findings provide a feasible strategy for constructing low-operating-voltage perovskite FETs with large-dielectric-constant ferroelectric polymers as gate dielectrics by a solution processing technique.