Dual-Mode Immunoassay Constructed by Water-Induced Perylene Diimide Supramolecular Self-Assembly and Enzymatic Biocatalytic Precipitation Strategy.

A water-induced electron-deficient dye, the supramolecule perylene diimide (PDI), has been identified recently. PDI possesses advantages such as easy reduction, nontoxicity, low cost, and simple preparation, making it a promising candidate for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platforms. In this study, a series of PDI supramolecular systems with morphological changes were prepared by utilizing water molecules to induce PDI self-assembly. This method improves the π-π stacking interactions between PDI molecules and effectively mitigates the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect on the luminous efficiency of the coplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PDI. It is noteworthy that excellent ECL emission performance of the PDI supramolecular system was observed at -0.4 V. This low excitation potential aids in preserving antigen-antibody bioactivity and ensures accurate identification of the immune response. As a proof of concept, a dual-mode immunosensing platform for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was constructed using an enzymatic biocatalytic precipitation (EBCP) strategy. The dual-mode immunosensor exhibited good detection performance in the concentration range of 0.001-80 ng·mL-1, presenting an advanced bioprotective analytical method for CEA detection.

Construction of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Immunosensing Platform Based on Smartphone Photothermal Signal Integration.

The combination of the photothermal effect and immunoassay serves as a potent tool for crafting cost-effective and user-friendly biosensing systems. To ensure efficient light-to-heat conversion, we integrated three-dimensional-printed (3D printed) technology to devise a novel design. This design functions as the structural support for both the cell phone and laser probe, as well as a means for sample handling. The main body features a three-way cavity structure, securing the test sample at a fixed position to maintain consistent light distance and angle, thereby minimizing testing errors. Card slot insert facilitates precise sample positioning to ensure the adequacy of receiving light. The sample holder's wide front and narrow back design enables the accommodation of fixed samples while providing a broad field of view, with intervals therein effectively preventing cascading heat. Our design employs MB@MOF235 (methylene blue adsorbed by iron terephthalate) as the photothermal reagent, successfully enabling the detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP). The detection range spans from 0.01 to 50 ng/mL, with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.032 pg/mL. The detection method, combining simplicity, portability, and visualization, offers a reliable reference for furthering precision medicine toward personalized medicine. Meanwhile, to verify the method's accuracy electrochemical testing was conducted to support the proof using the electro-oxidizing activity of MB.

Integrated Analysis of Clinical Outcome of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-related Genes in Pan-cancer.

Background: Although the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in engineered medicine, such as tissue regeneration, is well known, new evidence is emerging that shows that MSCs can also promote cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. However, no large-scale cohort analysis of MSCs has been conducted to reveal their impact on the prognosis of cancer patients. Objectives: We propose the MSC score as a novel surrogate for poor prognosis in pan-cancer. Methods: We used single sample gene set enrichment analysis to quantify MSC-related genes into a signature score and identify the signature score as a potential independent prognostic marker for cancer using multivariate Cox regression analysis. TIDE algorithm and neural network were utilized to assess the predictive accuracy of MSC-related genes for immunotherapy. Results: MSC-related gene expression significantly differed between normal and tumor samples across the 33 cancer types. Cox regression analysis suggested the MSC score as an independent prognostic marker for kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, glioma, and stomach adenocarcinoma. The abundance of fibroblasts was also more representative of the MSC score than the stromal score. Our findings supported the combined use of the TIDE algorithm and neural network to predict the accuracy of MSC-related genes for immunotherapy. Conclusion: We comprehensively characterized the transcriptome, genome, and epigenetics of MSCs in pan-cancer and revealed the crosstalk of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment, especially with cancer-related fibroblasts. It is suggested that this may be one of the key sources of resistance to cancer immunotherapy.

Alleviative effect of quercetin against reproductive toxicity induced by chronic exposure to the mixture of phthalates in male rats.

Phthalates (PEs) are widely used plasticizers in polymer products, and humans are increasingly exposed to them. This study was designed to investigate the alleviative effect of phytochemicals quercetin (Que) against male reproductive toxicity caused by the mixture of three commonly used PEs (MPEs), and further to explore the underlying mechanism. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly and evenly divided into control group, Que group, MPEs group and MPEs+Que group (n = 12); The oral exposure doses of MPEs and Que were 450 mg/kg/d and 50 mg/kg/d, respectively. After 91 days of continuous intervention, compared with control group, the testes weight, epididymis weight, serum sex hormones, and anogenital distance were significantly decreased in MPEs group (P < 0.05); Testicular histopathological observation showed that all seminiferous tubules were atrophy, leydig cells were hyperplasia, spermatogenic cells growth were arrested in MPEs group. Ultrastructural observation of testicular germ cells showed that the edges of the nuclear membranes were indistinct, and the mitochondria were severely damaged with the cristae disrupted, decreased or even disappeared in MPEs group. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that testicular CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and 17ß-HSD were up-regulated, while StAR, PIWIL1 and PIWIL2 were down-regulated in MPEs group (P < 0.05); However, the alterations of these parameters were restored in MPEs+Que group. The results indicated MPEs disturbed steroid hormone metabolism, and caused male reproductive injuries; whereas, Que could inhibit MPEs' male reproductive toxicity, which might relate to the restored regulation of steroid hormone metabolism.

A Chirped Characteristic-Tunable Terahertz Source for Terahertz Sensing.

In broadband terahertz waves generated by femtosecond lasers, spatial chirp will be simultaneously produced with the introduction of angular dispersion. The chirp characteristics of the terahertz wave will directly affect the frequency response, bandwidth response, and intensity response of the terahertz sensor. To enhance the capability of terahertz sensors, it is necessary to control and improve the chirped characteristics of broadband terahertz sources. We generate a chirped terahertz wave via optical rectification in a LiNbO3 prism using the technique of pulse front tilt. The effect of the pump-beam spot size on THz generation is systematically studied. The pump's spot size is manipulated using a telescope system. With a pump spot diameter of 1.8 mm, the scanning spectrum of the THz pulse is narrower and is divided into multiple distinct peaks. In contrast, using a pump spot diameter of 3.7 mm leads to increased efficiency in the generation of THz pulses. Also, we investigate the underlying properties governing the generation of chirped terahertz pulses using varying pump pulse spot diameters.

Construction of a Dual-Mode Immune Platform Based on the Photothermal Effect of AgCo@NC NPs for the Detection of α-Fetoprotein.

Compared with the accuracy of a single signal and the limitation of environmental applicability, the application value of dual-mode detection is gradually increasing. To this end, based on the photothermal effect of Ag/Co embedded N-rich mesoporous carbon nanomaterials (AgCo@NC NPs), we designed a dual-mode signal response system for the detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP). First, AgCo@NC NPs act as a photothermal immunoprobe that converts light energy into heat driven by a near-infrared (NIR) laser and obtains temperature changes corresponding to the analyte concentration on a hand-held thermal imager. In addition, this temperature recognition system can significantly improve the efficiency of Fenton-like reactions. AgCo@NC NPs act as peroxidase mimics to initiate the generation of poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM, resistance enhancer) by cascade catalysis and the degradation of methylene blue (MB), thus enabling electrochemical testing. The dual-mode assay ranges from 0.01 to 100 and 0.001-10 ng/mL, with lower limits of detection (LOD) of 3.2 and 0.089 pg/mL, respectively, and combines visualization, portability, and high efficiency, opening new avenues for future clinical diagnostics and inhibitor studies.

Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensors Based on ECL-RET Triggering between Mn SANE/PEI-Luminol and PtCu/h-MPF for Ultrasensitive Detection of CEA.

In this paper, a novel donor-acceptor pair was creatively proposed based on the principle of electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET): luminol immobilized on polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized manganese-based single-atom nanozymes (Mn SANE/PEI-luminol, donor) and a PtCu-grafted hollow metal polydopamine framework (PtCu/h-MPF, acceptor). A quenched ECL immunosensor was constructed for the ultrasensitive analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Mn SANE, as an efficient novel coreaction accelerator with the outstanding performance of significantly activating H2O2 to produce large amounts of ROS, was further modified by the coreactant PEI, which efficiently immobilized luminol to form a self-enhanced emitter. As a result, the electron transport distance was effectively shortened, the energy loss was reduced, and luminol achieved a high ECL efficiency. More importantly, PtCu-grafted h-MPF (PtCu/h-MPF) was proposed as a novel quencher. The UV-vis spectra of PtCu/h-MPF partially overlap with the ECL spectra of Mn SANE/PEI-luminol, which can effectively trigger the ECL-RET behavior between the donor and the acceptor. The multiple quenching effect on Mn SANE/PEI-luminol was achieved, which significantly improved the sensitivity of the immunosensor. The prepared immunosensor exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 10-5 to 80 ng/mL. The results indicate that this work provides a new method for the early detection of CEA in clinical diagnosis.

Dual-functional Nanomaterials Polyo-phenylenediamine and Ru-Au Complement Each Other to Construct an Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescent Dual-Mode Aptamer Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Alternariol.

To sensitively monitor trace amounts of alternariol (AOH) in fruits, a dual-mode aptamer sensor utilizing the dual-function nanomaterial PoPD/Ru-Au was developed. This sensor provides both electrochemical (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals, which can greatly avoid the potential false positive of the traditional single signal, thus enhancing the accuracy and reliability of detection results. Polyo-phenylenediamine (PoPD), known for its favorable EC response, can also assist in enhancing the ECL behavior of Ru-Au. Furthermore, Ru-Au demonstrates excellent ECL performance and effectively activates K2S2O8 to amplify the EC response of PoPD. The complementary effect of the two can effectively amplify the final detection signal. Additionally, the PoPD/Ru-Au nanomaterial exhibits excellent electrical conductivity, further enhancing the EC and ECL response signals. The experimental results demonstrate that the EC detection range of AOH was 0.01-100 ng/mL, while the ECL detection range was 0.001-100 ng/mL, both exhibiting a satisfactory linear relationship. Therefore, the mutual verification of the detection results can be highly realized, and the purpose of avoiding wrong detection can be achieved.

Quercetin inhibits testicular toxicity induced by the mixture of three commonly used phthalates in rats.

BACKGROUND: Phthalates (PEs), such as butyl benzyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, are one of the most widely used plasticizers, and humans are increasingly exposed to them. Phytochemical quercetin (Que) is a typical flavonoid with several biological effects, such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory. The present study was designed to explore the effect of Que on testicular toxicity caused by the mixture of three commonly used PEs (MPEs), and the underlying mechanism. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups (n = 8). Rats in control the group were orally treated with the excipient. Rats in the MPEs group were orally administered with 900 mg kg-1 day-1 MPEs, whereas rats in the MPEs+L-Que, MPEs+M-Que and MPEs+H-Que groups were simultaneously treated with 900 mg kg-1 day-1 MPEs and, respectively, 10, 30 and 90 mg kg-1 day-1 Que for 30 days. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the testes weight, epididymides weight, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels, and anogenital distance in the MPEs group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The testicular tissues were injured with atrophy of seminiferous tubules, hyperplasia of Leydig cells and arrest of spermatogenesis in the MPEs group. Testicular steroidogenic proteins (StAR, P450scc, CYP17A1 and 17ß-HSD, P450arom) were up-regulated, whereas P-element-induced wimpy testis proteins (PIWIL1 and PIWIL2) were down-regulated in the MPEs group (P < 0.05). However, the alterations of these parameters were inhibited in the MPEs+M-Que and MPEs+H-Que groups. CONCLUSION: MPEs disturbed steroid hormone metabolism and caused testicular injuries. Que could inhibit testicular toxicity of MPEs, which might relate to the improved regulation of steroid hormone metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Electrochemical immunosensor based on Cu(II)-tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone amplifier for carcinoembryonic antigen determination.

In order to solve the problems of unstable signal and fast decrease of response signal of traditional electroactive substances, we synthesized a new type of electroactive substances, so that they can cooperatively amplify the response signal of the immune sensor and further improve its sensitivity. The conductive organic ligand tetrahydroxy 1,4-benzoquinone (THQ) and Cu2+ were chelated to form a stable polymeric two-dimensional metal-organic framework material Cu-THQ. Cu-THQ is a new type of electroactive substance. Compared with the traditional electroactive substance, Cu-THQ not only has stronger Redox activity, but also better stability and biocompatibility. We carried out various electrochemical characterizations on Cu-THQ and further proved that the introduction of Cu2+ not only greatly enhanced the stability of THQ electrical signal, but also increased its signal response. The experimental results showed that the prepared immunosensor exhibited good linearity for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in the range 1 fg/mL to 40 ng/mL, with detection limits and sensitivity of 0.477 fg/mL and 14.81 µA/(ng/mL)/cm2, respectively.

Preparation of a pH-responsive controlled-release electrochemical immunosensor based on polydopamine encapsulation for ultrasensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein.

To accomplish ultra-sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP), a novel electrochemical immunosensor using polydopamine-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (PDA@Fe3O4 NPs) as a smart label and polyaniline (PANI) and Au NPs as substrate materials has been created. The sensor has the following advantages over typical immunoassay technology: (1) The pH reaction causes PDA@Fe3O4 NPs to release Prussian blue (PB) prosoma while also destroying the secondary antibody label and immunological platform and lowering electrode impedance; (2) PB has a highly efficient catalytic effect on H2O2, allowing for the obvious amplification of electrical impulses; (3) PANI was electrodeposited on the electrode surface to avoid PB loss and signal leakage, which effectively absorbed and fixed PB while considerably increasing electron transmission efficiency. The sensor's detection limit was 0.254 pg·mL-1 (S/N = 3), with a detection range of 1 pg·mL-1 to 100 ng·mL-1. The sensor has a high level of selectivity, repeatability, and stability, and it is predicted to be utilized to detect AFP in real-world samples.

Acute pain intensity monitoring with the classification of multiple physiological parameters.

Current acute pain intensity assessment tools are mainly based on self-reporting by patients, which is impractical for non-communicative, sedated or critically ill patients. In previous studies, various physiological signals have been observed qualitatively as a potential pain intensity index. On the basis of that, this study aims at developing a continuous pain monitoring method with the classification of multiple physiological parameters. Heart rate (HR), breath rate (BR), galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial surface electromyogram were collected from 30 healthy volunteers under thermal and electrical pain stimuli. The collected samples were labelled as no pain, mild pain or moderate/severe pain based on a self-reported visual analogue scale. The patterns of these three classes were first observed from the distribution of the 13 processed physiological parameters. Then, artificial neural network classifiers were trained, validated and tested with the physiological parameters. The average classification accuracy was 70.6%. The same method was applied to the medians of each class in each test and accuracy was improved to 83.3%. With facial electromyogram, the adaptivity of this method to a new subject was improved as the recognition accuracy of moderate/severe pain in leave-one-subject-out cross-validation was promoted from 74.9 ± 21.0 to 76.3 ± 18.1%. Among healthy volunteers, GSR, HR and BR were better correlated to pain intensity variations than facial muscle activities. The classification of multiple accessible physiological parameters can potentially provide a way to differentiate among no, mild and moderate/severe acute experimental pain.

Carbon Nanotube and Cellulose Nanocrystal Hybrid Films.

The use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in high performance coatings is attractive for micro-scale structures or device fabrication due to the anisotropic geometry, however CNC are insulating materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are also rod-shaped nanomaterials that display high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. The hydrophobic regions of surface-modified CNC can interact with hydrophobic CNT and aid in association between the two anisotropic nanomaterials. The long-range electrostatic repulsion of CNC plays a role in forming a stable CNT and CNC mixture dispersion in water, which is integral to forming a uniform hybrid film. At concentrations favorable for film formation, the multiwalled nanotubes + CNC mixture dispersion shows cellular network formation, indicating local phase separation, while the single-walled nanotube + CNC mixture dispersion shows schlieren texture, indicating liquid crystal mixture formation. Conductive CNT + CNC hybrid films (5-20 µm thick) were cast on glass microscope slides with and without shear by blade coating. The CNT + CNC hybrid films electrical conductivity increased with increasing CNT loadings and some anisotropy was observed with the sheared hybrid films, although to a lesser extent than what was anticipated. Percolation models were applied to model the hybrid film conductivity and correlate with the hybrid film microstructure.

Phase Behavior of Acetylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Origins of the Cross-Hatch Birefringent Texture.

Cellulose nanocrystals hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid and esterified by acetic acid produce acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-AA) with acetyl ester surface functional groups. While much attention has been paid to understanding the phase behavior (liquid crystal) of aqueous dispersions of sulfonated nanocrystals, relatively few studies have focused on CNC-AA dispersions. CNC-AA dispersions exhibit multiple phase regimes and markedly different phase behavior due to their lower surface charge. At concentrations above 5.0 × 10-4%vol, a decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient indicates the onset of interparticle interactions and a transition from the dilute regime. From 0.003 to 0.31%vol, biphasic behavior is observed, consisting of a birefringent lower phase and disordered or isotropic upper phase. Small-angle neutron scattering was used to measure the growth of fractal structures with increasing concentration and indicates a two-dimensional assembly with short-range order in a plate-like assembled geometry. Above 0.31%vol, the dispersion transitions exhibit a cross-hatch birefringent texture, which is believed to exist as a fine-scale nematic that possesses frozen-in flow shear behavior, consistent with a glassy phase. This cross-hatch pattern is maintained in dried films, where atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveal a layered sheet-like structure. Imaging also indicates that the basic unit of CNC-AA microstructure in the film consists of 0.5-1.5 µm scale aligned nanorod domains, which agrees with neutron scattering and the dimensions of each individual "hatch" in the birefringent texture observed by cross-polarized microscopy. The assembly of the nanorods into this layered structure and the fine-scale nematic birefringent cross-hatch texture is of significant fundamental interest, particularly since it differs greatly from cellulose nanocrystals with other surface chemistry and offers potential opportunities in other applications owing to the unique assembly.

Trade shocks and trade diversion due to epidemic diseases: Evidence from 110 countries.

COVID-19 has been a massive trade shock that has disrupted global trade, making the last few years a special phase. Even during normal times, epidemic diseases have acted as trade shocks in specific countries, albeit not to the same extent as COVID-19. For some trade shocks, the situation normalizes after the disease transmission is over; for some, it does not. Thus, specific countries can sometimes lose their original trade ratio due to trade diversion; that is, an epidemic disease could lead to unexpected industry restructuring. To examine this, based on data on 110 WHO members from 1996 to 2018, we use a fixed-effect panel model supported by the Hausman Test to empirically identify whether epidemic diseases can cause trade shocks and trade diversion. We find: First, epidemic disease can lead to negative shocks to a country's trade growth and its ratio of worldwide trade. Second, with a longer epidemic, the probability of the trade diversion effect increases. Our results hold even after considering country heterogeneity. This presents a considerable concern about the shock of COVID-19 lasting further. Many countries are not just facing the problem of temporary trade shocks, but also the challenge of trade diversions. In particular, the probability of trade diversions is increasing rapidly, especially for late-developed countries due to their lack of epidemic containment and vaccine-producing capabilities. Even middle and high income countries cannot ignore global industry chain restructuring. Forward-looking policies should be implemented in advance; it may be too late when long-term trade damage is shown.

Quenching study of Cu2S-MPA/NGODs composites in electrochemiluminescence detection by modulating resonance energy transfer and adsorption process.

This study explores the principles of resonance energy transfer and adsorption modulation using composites of Cu2S-MPA/NGODs. These composites can efficiently control the quenching process of electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was added during the synthesis of Cu2S-MPA to enhance its attachment to nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGODs). The UV absorption peaks of NGODs coincided with the emission peaks of luminol ECL, enabling resonance energy transfer and enhancing the quenching capability of Cu2S-MPA. Meanwhile, there is another quenching strategy. When the readily reducible Cu+ ions underwent partial reduction to Cu when they were bound to NGODs. This weakened the electrocatalytic effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and had a detrimental impact on electron transfer. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor ECL intensity decreased linearly with the logarithm of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration in the range of 0.00001-40 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.269 fg/mL. The sensor was effectively utilized for the identification of CEA in actual serum samples.

Physiological Time-series Fusion with Hybrid Attention for Adaptive Recognition of Pain.

Automatic pain assessment is an application in healthcare serving personalized pain care, and patients cannot self-report pain. Pain at the present is inferred from physiological dynamics at the present and in the near past. However, heterogeneous pain responses cross-subject and cross-type hinder accurate recognition of pain. This work solves the adaptive pain recognition problem across pain types. We concrete the adaptivity problem into recognizing both phasic/short and tonic/long pain from the physiological sequences of the same length. The adaptivity of the proposed solution (TCAtt-PainNet) was ensured by hybrid temporal-channel attention when fusing multivariate time-series of electrocardiogram (ECG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) features. The attention was obtained by learning the dependencies between the point at present and the sequence in the near past, where sequence point temporal attention was constructed via modified self-attention, and the following feature channel attention was constructed by squeeze-and-excitation temporal attention weighted deep feature sequence. The proposed solution successfully enhanced recognition adaptivity by addressing relevant information only from long input sequences when testing with tonic and phasic pain databases, making progress towards automatic pain assessment for real application scenarios with attributes unknown pain.

Potential of gamma/delta T cells for solid tumor immunotherapy.

Gamma/delta T (γδ T)cells possess a unique mechanism for killing tumors, making them highly promising and distinguished among various cell therapies for tumor treatment. This review focuses on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent recognition of antigens and the interaction between γδ T cells and solid tumor cells. A comprehensive review is provided regarding the classification of human gamma-delta T cell subtypes, the characteristics and mechanisms underlying their functions, as well as their r545egulatory effects on tumor cells. The involvement of γδ T cells in tumorigenesis and migration was also investigated, encompassing potential therapeutic targets such as apoptosis-related molecules, the TNF receptor superfamily member 6(FAS)/FAS Ligand (FASL) pathways, butyrophilin 3A-butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN3A-BTN2A1) complexes, and interactions with CD4, CD8, and natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell death protein 1/Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have the potential to augment the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells. Moreover, a review on gamma-delta T cell therapy products and their corresponding clinical trials reveals that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gamma-delta T therapy holds promise as an approach with encouraging preclinical outcomes. However, practical issues pertaining to manufacturing and clinical aspects need resolution, and further research is required to investigate the long-term clinical side effects of CAR T cells. In conclusion, more comprehensive studies are necessary to establish standardized treatment protocols aimed at enhancing the quality of life and survival rates among tumor patients utilizing γδ T cell immunotherapy.

A signal amplification electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on Ru(bpy)32+ and ß-cyclodextrin for detection of AFP.

By combining two different materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and ß-cyclodextrins (ß-CD), a signal amplification electrochemical luminescence (ECL) immunosensor was constructed to realize the sensitive detection of AFP. The indium-based metal-organic framework (In-MOF) was used as the carrier of Ru(bpy)32+, and Ru(bpy)32+ was immobilized by In-MOF through suitable pore size and electrostatic interaction. At the same time, using host-guest recognition, ß-CD enriched TPA into the hydrophobic cavity for accelerating the electronic excitation of TPA, then, achieving the purpose of signal amplification. The signal amplification immunosensor structure is constructed among the primary antibody Ab1 connected to the Ru(bpy)32+@In-MOF modified electrode, AFP, BSA and the secondary antibody (Ab2) loaded with TPA-ß-CD. The immunosensor has a good linearity in the range of 10-5 ng/mL-50 ng/mL, and the low limit of detection (LOD) is 1.1 × 10-6 ng/mL. In addition, the electrochemiluminescence immunosensor that we designed has strong stability, good selectivity and repeatability, which provides a choice for the analysis of AFP.

Two Birds with one Stone: Dual-mode immunoassay constructed using a novel emitter ethylene glycol-induced perylene diimide and a multifunctional ANS probe.

Perylene diimide (PDI) is a readily reducible electron-deficient dye that exhibits strong photoluminescent properties, providing new opportunities for synthesizing novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters. In this study, ethylene glycol (EG) was used to induce the self-assembly of PDI supramolecules for the preparation of ultrathin EG-PDI nanosheets characterized by low crystallinity and weak stacking interaction. Notably, EG-PDI integrates luminescent and catalytic functions into one device, accelerating the interfacial electron transfer and the faster charge transfer kinetics of EG-PDI with K2S2O8. Furthermore, the narrow band gap of EG-PDI facilitates its excitation at an ultra-low potential (-0.3 V). To improve the efficiency of tumor marker analysis, multifunctional Au nanostars (ANS) was introduced both as an energy acceptor of the ECL system and a probe for the photothermal system. Dual-mode immunoassay have demonstrated superior analytical performance in detecting alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), meeting the requirements of modern clinical diagnostics in resource-limited environments.