Orthogonal Regulation of Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Sites in Pd-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Couplings between Indazoles and Isoprene.

Depending on the reactant property and reaction mechanism, one major regioisomer can be favored in a reaction that involves multiple active sites. Herein, an orthogonal regulation of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in the regiodivergent hydroamination of isoprene with indazoles is demonstrated. Under Pd-hydride catalysis, the 1,2- or 4,3-insertion pathway with respect to the electrophilic sites on isoprene could be controlled by the choice of ligands. In terms of the nucleophilic sites on indazoles, the reaction occurs at either the N1 - or N2 -position of indazoles is governed by the acid co-catalysts. Preliminary experimental studies have been performed to rationalize the mechanism and regioselectivity. This study not only contributes a practical tool for selective functionalization of isoprene, but also provides a guide to manipulate the regioselectivity for the N-functionalization of indazoles.

The kynurenine pathway regulated by intestinal innate lymphoid cells mediates postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a prevalent neurological complication that can impair learning and memory for days, months, or even years after anesthesia/surgery. POCD is strongly associated with an altered composition of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis), but the accompanying metabolic changes and their role in gut-brain communication and POCD pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, the present study reports that anesthesia/surgery in aged mice induces elevated intestinal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression and activity, which shifts intestinal tryptophan (TRP) metabolism toward more IDO-catalyzed kynurenine (KYN) and less gut bacteria-catabolized indoleacetic acid (IAA). Both anesthesia/surgery and intraperitoneal KYN administration induce increased KYN levels that correlate with impaired spatial learning and memory, whereas dietary IAA supplementation attenuates the anesthesia/surgery-induced cognitive impairment. Mechanistically, anesthesia/surgery increases interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) in the small intestine lamina propria and elevates intestinal IDO expression and activity, as indicated by the higher ratio of KYN to TRP. The IDO inhibitor 1-MT and antibodies targeting IFN-γ or ILCs mitigate anesthesia/surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that intestinal ILC1 expansion and the ensuing IFN-γ-induced IDO upregulation may be the primary pathway mediating the shift to the KYN pathway in POCD. The ILC1-KYN pathway in the intestine could be a promising therapeutic target for POCD.

9-(2-Thien-yl)-9H-carbazole.

In the title compound, C(16)H(11)NS, the dihedral angles between the fused ring system and the pendant thienyl ring are 86.37 (5) and 57.14 (5)°.

2,5-Bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)thio-phene.

The mol-ecules of the title compound, C(28)H(18)N(2)S, are built up from two triply-fused rings and one five-membered ring, with dihedral angles of 66.12 (8) and 70.96 (7)° between the central thio-phene ring and the two triply-fused rings.

Synthesis, antitumor evaluation and docking study of novel 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives as potential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.

Strike a pose! A series of 4-anilinoquinazolines were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro against lung and breast cancer cell lines. Several compounds were found to be endowed with cytotoxicity in the low micromolar range. Molecular docking suggests that these compounds bind to EGFR in a similar manner to known EGFR inhibitors.