COLD1 confers chilling tolerance in rice.

Rice is sensitive to cold and can be grown only in certain climate zones. Human selection of japonica rice has extended its growth zone to regions with lower temperature, while the molecular basis of this adaptation remains unknown. Here, we identify the quantitative trait locus COLD1 that confers chilling tolerance in japonica rice. Overexpression of COLD1(jap) significantly enhances chilling tolerance, whereas rice lines with deficiency or downregulation of COLD1(jap) are sensitive to cold. COLD1 encodes a regulator of G-protein signaling that localizes on plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It interacts with the G-protein α subunit to activate the Ca(2+) channel for sensing low temperature and to accelerate G-protein GTPase activity. We further identify that a SNP in COLD1, SNP2, originated from Chinese Oryza rufipogon, is responsible for the ability of COLD(jap/ind) to confer chilling tolerance, supporting the importance of COLD1 in plant adaptation.

Circ_0000291 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis by binding to miR-1322 to up-regulate UBE2T.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are identified to show important regulatory functions in cancer biology. We attempted to analyze the role of circ_0000291 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and its related mechanism. METHODS: The circular characteristic of circ_0000291 was tested using exonuclease RNase R. Cell proliferation was analyzed by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and colony formation assays. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and a caspase 3 activity assay kit. Transwell assays were performed to analyze cell migration and invasion abilities. Sphere formation assay was conducted to analyze cell stemness. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA-pull down assays were conducted to verify the interaction between microRNA-1322 (miR-1322) and circ_0000291 or ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 T (UBE2T). RESULTS: Circ_0000291 was markedly up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. HCC patients with high expression of circ_0000291 displayed a low survival rate. Circ_0000291 knockdown restrained the proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness and induced the apoptosis of HCC cells. Circ_0000291 directly interacted with miR-1322 and negatively regulated miR-1322 expression. Circ_0000291 knockdown-mediated anti-tumor impacts in HCC cells were largely overturned by the interference of miR-1322. miR-1322 directly paired with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of UBE2T, and UBE2T was negatively regulated by miR-1322. UBE2T overexpression largely reversed circ_0000291 silencing-induced effects in HCC cells. Circ_0000291 positively regulated UBE2T expression by absorbing miR-1322 in HCC cells. Circ_0000291 silencing notably reduced the tumorigenic potential in vivo. CONCLUSION: Circ_0000291 facilitated HCC progression by targeting miR-1322/UBE2T axis, which provided novel potential biomarkers and targets for HCC patients.

Identification and Dynamic Regulation of microRNAs Involved in Salt Stress Responses in Functional Soybean Nodules by High-Throughput Sequencing.

Both symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia and nitrogen fixation in functional nodules are dramatically affected by salt stress. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the salt tolerance of functional nodules is essential for genetic improvement of nitrogen fixation efficiency. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in stress responses in many plants and in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in soybean. However, the dynamic regulation of miRNAs in functioning nodules during salt stress response remains unknown. We performed deep sequencing of miRNAs to understand the miRNA expression profile in normal or salt stressed-soybean mature nodules. We identified 110 known miRNAs belonging to 61 miRNA families and 128 novel miRNAs belonging to 64 miRNA families. Among them, 104 miRNAs were dramatically differentially expressed (>2-fold or detected only in one library) during salt stress. qRT-PCR analysis of eight miRNAs confirmed that these miRNAs were dynamically regulated in response to salt stress in functional soybean nodules. These data significantly increase the number of miRNAs known to be expressed in soybean nodules, and revealed for the first time a dynamic regulation of miRNAs during salt stress in functional nodules. The findings suggest great potential for miRNAs in functional soybean nodules during salt stress.

Recurrent Pneumonia With Tuberculosis and Candida Co-infection Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing: A Case Report and Literature Review.

An 82-year-old male patient was hospitalized in the Respiratory Department for "repeated cough and shortness of breath for 10 years, recurrence worsened for 1 month." Later, he was transferred for further diagnosis and treatment, to the Infectious Disease Department for further hospitalization. Previously, the patient had repeatedly undergone tuberculosis-related examinations including bronchoscopy examinations. However, no evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection was found. Early anti-infection treatments failed. Due to repeated symptoms, we performed bronchoscopy again and sent alveolar lavage fluid for the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) test. Subsequently, MTB and Candida albicans were detected by mNGS. After antituberculosis and antifungal treatments, the symptoms were significantly relieved, and the chest CT showed resolution of the lung lesions. Therefore, we successfully diagnosed and treated a case of recurrent pneumonia with tuberculosis and Candida co-infection diagnosed by mNGS.

Golgi apparatus-localized synaptotagmin 2 is required for unconventional secretion in Arabidopsis.

BACKGROUND: Most secretory proteins contain signal peptides that direct their sorting to the ER and secreted via the conventional ER/Golgi transport pathway, while some signal-peptide-lacking proteins have been shown to export through ER/Golgi independent secretory pathways. Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The hygromycin phosphotransferase (HYG(R)) can phosphorylate and inactivate the hygromycin B, and has been widely used as a positive selective marker in the construction of transgenic plants. However, the localization and trafficking of HYG(R) in plant cells remain unknown. Synaptotagmins (SYTs) are involved in controlling vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis as calcium sensors in animal cells, while their functions in plant cells are largely unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found Arabidopsis synaptotagmin SYT2 was localized on the Golgi apparatus by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling. Surprisingly, co-expression of SYT2 and HYG(R) caused hypersensitivity of the transgenic Arabidopsis plants to hygromycin B. HYG(R), which lacks a signal sequence, was present in the cytoplasm as well as in the extracellular space in HYG(R)-GFP transgenic Arabidopsis plants and its secretion is not sensitive to brefeldin A treatment, suggesting it is not secreted via the conventional secretory pathway. Furthermore, we found that HYG(R)-GFP was truncated at carboxyl terminus of HYG(R) shortly after its synthesis, and the cells deficient SYT2 failed to efficiently truncate HYG(R)-GFP,resulting in HYG(R)-GFP accumulated in prevacuoles/vacuoles, indicating that SYT2 was involved in HYG(R)-GFP trafficking and secretion. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal for the first time that SYT2 is localized on the Golgi apparatus and regulates HYG(R)-GFP secretion via the unconventional protein transport from the cytosol to the extracelluar matrix in plant cells.

[Effects of human disturbance on coarse woody debris of Larix gmelinii forest on northern slope of Greater Hinggan Mountains].

An investigation was conducted on the living tree volume, coarse woody debris (CWD) loading, and composition of Larix gmelinii forest along a human disturbance gradient, i.e., no disturbance (natural larch forest), one-time disturbance (natural forest was disturbed once only), and two-time disturbance (natural forest was disturbed two times consecutively), on the northern slope of Greater Hinggan Mountains. The results showed that under no disturbance, one-time disturbance, and two-time disturbance, the average living tree volume of L. gmelinii forest was 161.6, 138.3, and 114. 8 m3 x hm(-2), and the average CWD loading was 69.77, 36.64 and 32.61 m3 x hm(-2), respectively. In natural L. gmelinii forest, most of CWD was of 20-40 cm diameter class, among which, fallen logs occupied 72%, and snags and stumps occupied 28% ; while in one-time and two-time disturbance L. gmelinii forests, most CWD was of 10-30 cm diameter class, with the fallen logs, snags, and stumps occupied 70%, 14% and 16%, and 57%, 15% and 28%, respectively. Human disturbance reduced the CWD loading of L. gmelinii forest and altered the composition of the CWD.

Osmotin is a homolog of mammalian adiponectin and controls apoptosis in yeast through a homolog of mammalian adiponectin receptor.

The antifungal activity of the PR-5 family of plant defense proteins has been suspected to involve specific plasma membrane component(s) of the fungal target. Osmotin is a tobacco PR-5 family protein that induces apoptosis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show here that the protein encoded by ORE20/PHO36 (YOL002c), a seven transmembrane domain receptor-like polypeptide that regulates lipid and phosphate metabolism, is an osmotin binding plasma membrane protein that is required for full sensitivity to osmotin. PHO36 functions upstream of RAS2 in the osmotin-induced apoptotic pathway. The mammalian homolog of PHO36 is a receptor for the hormone adiponectin and regulates cellular lipid and sugar metabolism. Osmotin and adiponectin, the corresponding "receptor" binding proteins, do not share sequence similarity. However, the beta barrel domain of both proteins can be overlapped, and osmotin, like adiponectin, activates AMP kinase in C2C12 myocytes via adiponectin receptors.