RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are an important cause of mortality, although they show heterogeneity depending on patients and aetiological factors. Comprehensive and specific mortality scores for BSI are scarce. The objective of this study was to develop a mortality predictive score in BSI based on a multicentre prospective cohort. METHODS: A prospective cohort including consecutive adults with bacteraemia recruited between October 2016 and March 2017 in 26 Spanish hospitals was randomly divided into a derivation cohort (DC) and a validation cohort (VC). The outcome was all-cause 30-day mortality. Predictors were assessed the day of blood culture growth. A logistic regression model and score were developed in the DC for mortality predictors; the model was applied to the VC. RESULTS: Overall, 4102 patients formed the DC and 2009 the VC. Mortality was 11.8% in the DC and 12.34% in the CV; the patients and aetiological features were similar for both cohorts. The mortality predictors selected in the final multivariate model in the DC were age, cancer, liver cirrhosis, fatal McCabe underlying condition, polymicrobial bacteraemia, high-risk aetiologies, high-risk source of infection, recent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, stupor or coma, mean blood pressure <70â mmHg and PaO2/FiO2â≤â300 or equivalent. Mortality in the DC was <2% for ≤2 points, 6%-14% for 3-7 points, 26%-45% for 8-12 points and ≥60% for ≥13 points. The predictive score had areas under the receiving operating curves of 0.81 (95% CI 0.79-0.83) in the DC and 0.80 (0.78-0.83) in the VC. CONCLUSIONS: A 30â day mortality predictive score in BSI with good discrimination ability was developed and internally validated.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha/epidemiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , Prognóstico , Modelos LogísticosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Klebsiella aerogenes has been reclassified from Enterobacter to Klebsiella genus due to its phenotypic and genotypic similarities with Klebsiella pneumoniae. It is unclear if clinical outcomes are also more similar. This study aims to assess clinical outcomes of bloodstreams infections (BSI) caused by K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, through secondary data analysis, nested in PRO-BAC cohort study. METHODS: Hospitalized patients between October 2016 and March 2017 with monomicrobial BSI due to K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae or E. cloacae were included. Primary outcome was a composite clinical outcome including all-cause mortality or recurrence until 30 days follow-up. Secondary outcomes were fever ≥ 72 h, persistent bacteraemia, and secondary device infection. Multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between microorganisms and outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 29 K. aerogenes, 77 E. cloacae and 337 K. pneumoniae BSI episodes were included. Mortality or recurrence was less frequent in K. aerogenes (6.9%) than in E. cloacae (20.8%) or K. pneumoniae (19.0%), but statistical difference was not observed (rate ratio (RR) 0.35, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.55; RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.71, respectively). Fever ≥ 72 h and device infection were more common in K. aerogenes group. In the multivariate analysis, adjusted for confounders (age, sex, BSI source, hospital ward, Charlson score and active antibiotic therapy), the estimates and direction of effect were similar to crude results. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that BSI caused by K. aerogenes may have a better prognosis than E. cloacae or K. pneumoniae BSI.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Enterobacter aerogenes , Enterobacter cloacae , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Infecções por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Humanos , Enterobacter cloacae/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Feminino , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Klebsiella/mortalidade , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobacter aerogenes/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Recidiva , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
An increase in invasive group A Streptococcus infection was detected in the northeast of Spain in November 2022. A postpandemic decline in the diversity of circulating emm types involved in invasive group A Streptococcus was observed, along with the emergence of emm49 in this geographic area.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Humanos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Streptococcus pyogenes/genética , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fosfomycin is a potentially attractive option as step-down therapy for bacteraemic urinary tract infections (BUTI), but available data are scarce. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness and safety of fosfomycin trometamol and other oral drugs as step-down therapy in patients with BUTI due to MDR Escherichia coli (MDR-Ec). METHODS: Participants in the FOREST trial (comparing IV fosfomycin with ceftriaxone or meropenem for BUTI caused by MDR-Ec in 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018) who were stepped-down to oral fosfomycin (3 g q48h) or other drugs were included. The primary endpoint was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5-7 days after finalization of treatment. A multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to estimate the association of oral step-down with fosfomycin with CMC adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 61 patients switched to oral fosfomycin trometamol and 47 to other drugs (cefuroxime axetil, 28; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 7 each; ciprofloxacin, 5) were included. CMC was reached by 48/61 patients (78.7%) treated with fosfomycin trometamol and 38/47 (80.9%) with other drugs (difference, -2.2; 95% CI: -17.5 to 13.1; Pâ=â0.38). Subgroup analyses provided similar results. Relapses occurred in 9/61 (15.0%) and 2/47 (4.3%) of patients, respectively (Pâ=â0.03). The adjusted OR for CMC was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.42-3.29, Pâ=â0.75). No relevant differences in adverse events were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Fosfomycin trometamol might be a reasonable option as step-down therapy in patients with BUTI due to MDR-Ec but the higher rate of relapses would need further assessment.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli , Fosfomicina , Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Fosfomicina/efeitos adversos , Trometamina/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Escherichia coli , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , RecidivaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine whether daptomycin plus fosfomycin provides higher treatment success than daptomycin alone for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and endocarditis. METHODS: A randomized (1:1) phase 3 superiority, open-label, and parallel group clinical trial of adult inpatients with MRSA bacteremia was conducted at 18 Spanish hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 10 mg/kg of daptomycin intravenously daily plus 2 g of fosfomycin intravenously every 6 hours, or 10 mg/kg of daptomycin intravenously daily. Primary endpoint was treatment success 6 weeks after the end of therapy. RESULTS: Of 167 patients randomized, 155 completed the trial and were assessed for the primary endpoint. Treatment success at 6 weeks after the end of therapy was achieved in 40 of 74 patients who received daptomycin plus fosfomycin and in 34 of 81 patients who were given daptomycin alone (54.1% vs 42.0%; relative risk, 1.29 [95% confidence interval, .93-1.8]; Pâ =â .135). At 6 weeks, daptomycin plus fosfomycin was associated with lower microbiologic failure (0 vs 9 patients; Pâ =â .003) and lower complicated bacteremia (16.2% vs 32.1%; Pâ =â .022). Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation occurred in 13 of 74 patients (17.6%) receiving daptomycin plus fosfomycin, and in 4 of 81 patients (4.9%) receiving daptomycin alone (Pâ =â .018). CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin plus fosfomycin provided 12% higher rate of treatment success than daptomycin alone, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. This antibiotic combination prevented microbiological failure and complicated bacteremia, but it was more often associated with adverse events. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01898338.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Daptomicina , Endocardite , Fosfomicina , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Daptomicina/uso terapêutico , Endocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfomicina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Invasive fungal infections caused by Lomentospora prolificans are associated with very high mortality rates and can be challenging to treat given pan-drug resistance to available antifungal agents. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and outcomes in a cohort of patients with invasive L prolificans infections. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients with invasive L prolificans infection in the FungiScope® registry of rare invasive fungal infections. Patients diagnosed between 01 January 2008 and 09 September 2019 were included in for analysis. RESULTS: The analysis included 41 patients with invasive L prolificans infection from eight different countries. Haematological/oncological malignancies were the most frequent underlying disease (66%), disseminated infection was frequent (61%), and the lung was the most commonly involved organ (44%). Most infections (59%) were breakthrough infections. Progression/deterioration/treatment failure was observed in 23/40 (58%) of patients receiving antifungal therapy. In total, 21/41 (51%) patients, and 77% of patients with underlying haematological/oncological malignancy, had a fatal outcome attributed to invasive fungal infection. Combination antifungal therapy was frequent (24/40) and associated with improved survival. In particular, treatment regimens including terbinafine were significantly associated with higher treatment success at final assessment (P = .012), with a positive trend observed for treatment regimens that included voriconazole (P = .054). CONCLUSIONS: Lomentospora prolificans infections were associated with mortality rates of 77% and above in patients with underlying haematological/oncological malignancies and those with disseminated infections. While combination therapy is the preferred option for now, the hope lies with novel antifungals currently under development.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/tratamento farmacológico , Scedosporium/patogenicidade , Idoso , Feminino , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , Neoplasias Hematológicas/microbiologia , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND.: Streptococci are not an infrequent cause of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Management by debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) is thought to produce a good prognosis, but little is known about the real likelihood of success. METHODS.: A retrospective, observational, multicenter, international study was performed during 2003-2012. Eligible patients had a streptococcal PJI that was managed with DAIR. The primary endpoint was failure, defined as death related to infection, relapse/persistence of infection, or the need for salvage therapy. RESULTS.: Overall, 462 cases were included (median age 72 years, 50% men). The most frequent species was Streptococcus agalactiae (34%), and 52% of all cases were hematogenous. Antibiotic treatment was primarily using ß-lactams, and 37% of patients received rifampin. Outcomes were evaluable in 444 patients: failure occurred in 187 (42.1%; 95% confidence interval, 37.5%-46.7%) after a median of 62 days from debridement; patients without failure were followed up for a median of 802 days. Independent predictors (hazard ratios) of failure were rheumatoid arthritis (2.36), late post-surgical infection (2.20), and bacteremia (1.69). Independent predictors of success were exchange of removable components (0.60), early use of rifampin (0.98 per day of treatment within the first 30 days), and long treatments (≥21 days) with ß-lactams, either as monotherapy (0.48) or in combination with rifampin (0.34). CONCLUSIONS.: This is the largest series to our knowledge of streptococcal PJI managed by DAIR, showing a worse prognosis than previously reported. The beneficial effects of exchanging the removable components and of ß-lactams are confirmed and maybe also a potential benefit from adding rifampin.
Assuntos
Artrite Infecciosa/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Infecciosa/terapia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/terapia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/terapia , Idoso , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Artrite Infecciosa/mortalidade , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Desbridamento , Feminino , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Masculino , Prognóstico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/mortalidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Salvação , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Falha de Tratamento , beta-Lactamas/administração & dosagem , beta-Lactamas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are highly important due to their capacity for producing diseases in humans and animals, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate and characterize the coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) carriage in a Primary Healthcare Center population. METHODS: Nasal swabs were obtained from 281 non-infectious patients. The CoPS isolates recovered were typed, and their resistance phenotype and genotype, as well as their virulence profiles, were analyzed. RESULTS: CoPS isolates were recovered from 56/281 patients (19.9%). Fifty-five were S. aureus (19.6%), 54 were methicillin susceptible (MSSA) and one was methicillin resistant (MRSA). The remaining isolate was S. pseudintermedius (0.4%). A high diversity of spa-types (n=40) was detected, with 6 of them being new ones. The multi-locus-sequence-typing of 13 MSSA and one MRSA selected isolates was performed and the STs detected were: ST8, ST15, ST30, ST34, ST121, ST146, ST398, ST554, ST942, ST2499, and ST2500 (the last two STs being new). One MSSA isolate was typed as t1197-ST398-(Clonal complex)CC398. The MRSA isolate was typed as t002-ST146-CC5-SCCmec-IVc, and exhibited a multiresistance phenotype. The detected resistances were: penicillin (76%), macrolides (7%), tetracycline (7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7%), quinolones (7%), and lincosamides (5%). Five isolates contained lukF/lukS-PV genes, 17 tst gene, one eta gene, and two etb gene. The S. pseudintermedius isolate presented a new spa-type (t57) (belonging to a new ST180) and the genes lukS/F-I, siet, se-int, and expB. CONCLUSIONS: A high genetic diversity of S. aureus was detected. Mention must be made of the identification of MSSA CC398 and S. pseudintermedius isolates in two patients, one of them with animal contact. The detection of the genes lukF/lukS-PV and tst should be noted.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária , Cavidade Nasal/microbiologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Variação Genética , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Espanha/epidemiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data about de-escalation in sepsis associated to bloodstream caused by Enterobacterales are scarce. The objectives of this study are to identify factors associated to early de-escalation and to analyse the impact of de-escalation in mortality of patients with Enterobacterales BSI with a SOFA score ≥ 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, multicenter cohort study including episodes of BSI due to Enterobacterales and SOFA score ≥2 receiving an active antipseudomonal beta-lactam was performed; the isolate should be susceptible to at least one narrower-spectrum antibiotic. Variables associated to de-escalation were identified using logistic binary regression. The association of de-escalation with 30-day mortality was investigated; confounding was controlled by calculating a propensity score used as covariate, as matching variable and for inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS: Of 582 cases included, de-escalation was performed in 311 (53.4%). Neutropenia (adjusted OR: 0.37; 95%CI 0.18-0.75), central venous catheter (aOR: 0.52; 95%CI 0.32-0.83) and ESBL-producing isolate (aOR: 0.28; 95%CI 0.17-0.48) were negatively associated to de-escalation, and urinary tract source was positively associated (aOR: 2.27; 95%CI 1.56-3.33). Thirty-day mortality was 6.8% (21 patients) in de-escalated patients and 14.4% (39) in not de-escalated (relative risk, 0.63; 95%CI 0.44-0.89). In multivariate analysis including the propensity score, de-escalation was not associated with mortality (aOR: 0.98; 95% CI 0.39-2.47) and was protective in urinary or biliary tract source (aOR: 0.31 95%CI: 0.09-1.06). Matched and IPWT analysis showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that early de-escalation from antipseudomonal beta-lactams is safe in patients with Enterobacterales bacteremia and SOFA ≥2.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the association of Escherichia coli microbiological factors with 30-day mortality in patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) presenting with a dysregulated response to infection (i.e. sepsis or septic shock). METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 224 E coli isolates of patients with sepsis/septic shock, from 22 Spanish hospitals. Phylogroup, sequence type, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity islands were assessed. A multivariable model for 30-day mortality including clinical and epidemiological variables was built, to which microbiological variables were hierarchically added. The predictive capacity of the models was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Mortality at day 30 was 31% (69 patients). The clinical model for mortality included (adjusted OR; 95% CI) age (1.04; 1.02-1.07), Charlson index ≥3 (1.78; 0.95-3.32), urinary BSI source (0.30; 0.16-0.57), and active empirical treatment (0.36; 0.11-1.14) with an AUROC of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67-0.80). Addition of microbiological factors selected clone ST95 (3.64; 0.94-14.04), eilA gene (2.62; 1.14-6.02), and astA gene (2.39; 0.87-6.59) as associated with mortality, with an AUROC of 0.76 (0.69-0.82). DISCUSSION: Despite having a modest overall contribution, some microbiological factors were associated with increased odds of death and deserve to be studied as potential therapeutic or preventive targets.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Choque Séptico , Humanos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/mortalidade , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso , Feminino , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/classificação , Choque Séptico/microbiologia , Choque Séptico/mortalidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Sepse/microbiologia , Sepse/mortalidade , Curva ROC , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli is the most frequent cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs). About one-third of patients with BSIs due to E coli develop sepsis or shock. The objective of this study is to characterise the microbiological features of E coli blood isolates causing sepsis or septic shock to provide exploratory information for future diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic interventions. METHODS: E coli blood isolates from a multicentre cross-sectional study of patients older than 14 years presenting with sepsis or septic shock (according to the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock criteria) from hospitals in Spain between Oct 4, 2016, and Oct 15, 2017, were studied by whole-genome sequencing. Phylogroups, sequence types (STs), serotype, FimH types, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, pathogenicity islands, and virulence factors were identified. Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution. The main outcome of this study was the characterisation of the E coli blood isolates in terms of population structure by phylogroups, groups (group 1: phylogroups B2, F, and G; group 2: A, B1, and C; group 3: D), and STs and distribution by geographical location and bloodstream infection source. Other outcomes were virulence score and prevalence of virulence-associated genes, pathogenicity islands, AMR, and AMR-associated genes. Frequencies were compared using χ² or Fisher's exact tests, and continuous variables using the Mann-Whitney test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. FINDINGS: We analysed 224 isolates: 140 isolates (63%) were included in phylogenetic group 1, 52 (23%) in group 2, and 32 (14%) in group 3. 85 STs were identified, with four comprising 44% (n=98) of the isolates: ST131 (38 [17%]), ST73 (25 [11%]), ST69 (23 [10%]), and ST95 (12 [5%]). No significant differences in phylogroup or ST distribution were found according to geographical areas or source of bloodstream infection, except for ST95, which was more frequent in urinary tract infections than in other sources (11 [9%] of 116 vs 1 [1%] of 108, p=0·0045). Median virulence score was higher in group 1 (median 25·0 [IQR 20·5-29·0) than in group 2 (median 14·5 [9·0-20·0]; p<0·0001) and group 3 (median 21 [16·5-23·0]; p<0·0001); prevalence of several pathogenicity islands was higher in group 1. No significant differences were found between phylogenetic groups in proportions of resistance to antibiotics. ST73 had higher median virulence score (32 [IQR 29-35]) than the other predominant clones (median range 21-28). Some virulence genes and pathogenicity islands were significantly associated with each ST. ST131 isolates had higher prevalence of AMR and a higher proportion of AMR genes, notably blaCTX-M-15 and blaOXA-1. INTERPRETATION: In this exploratory study, the population structure of E coli causing sepsis or shock was similar to previous studies that included all bacteraemic isolates. Virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, and AMR genes were not randomly distributed among phylogroups or STs. These results provide a comprehensive characterisation of invasive E coli isolates causing severe response syndrome. Future studies are required to determine the contribution of these microbiological factors to severe clinical presentation and worse outcomes in patients with E coli bloodstream infection. FUNDING: Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Choque Séptico , Humanos , Escherichia coli/genética , Estudos Transversais , Choque Séptico/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Genótipo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologiaRESUMO
Primary care antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) interventions can reduce the over-prescription of unnecessary antibiotics, but the impact on the reduction in bacterial resistance is less known, and there is a lack of available data. We implemented a prolonged educational counseling ASP in a large regional outpatient setting to assess its feasibility and effectiveness. Over a 5-year post-implementation period, which was compared to a pre-intervention period, a significant reduction in antibiotic prescriptions occurred, particularly those associated with greater harmful effects and resistance selection. There was also a decrease in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and in their co-resistance to other antibiotics, particularly those with an ecological impact.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several series predicting the prognosis of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infection (PJI) managed with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) have been published, but some of their conclusions are controversial. At present, little is known regarding the efficacy of the different antibiotics that are used or their ability to eliminate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study of cases of PJI by S. aureus that were managed with DAIR (2003-2010). Cases were classified as failures when infection persistence/relapse, death, need for salvage therapy, or prosthesis removal occurred. The parameters that predicted failure were analyzed with logistic and Cox regression. RESULTS: Out of 345 episodes (41% men, 73 years), 81 episodes were caused by MRSA. Fifty-two were hematogenous, with poorer prognoses, and 88% were caused by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Antibiotics were used for a median of 93 days, with similar use of rifampin-based combinations in MSSA- and MRSA-PJI. Failure occurred in 45% of episodes, often early after debridement. The median survival time was 1257 days. There were no overall prognostic differences between MSSA- and MRSA-PJI, but there was a higher incidence of MRSA-PJI treatment failure during the period of treatment (HR 2.34), while there was a higher incidence of MSSA-PJI treatment failure after therapy. Rifampin-based combinations exhibited an independent protective effect. Other independent predictors of outcome were polymicrobial, inflammatory, and bacteremic infections requiring more than 1 debridement, immunosuppressive therapy, and the exchange of removable components of the prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest series of PJI by S. aureus managed with DAIR reported to date. The success rate was 55%. The use of rifampin may have contributed to homogenizing MSSA and MRSA prognoses, although the specific rifampin combinations may have had different efficacies.
Assuntos
Artrite Infecciosa/terapia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/terapia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/terapia , Staphylococcus aureus , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Artrite Infecciosa/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/diagnóstico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/mortalidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidade , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Falha de Tratamento , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (AMSPs) are essential elements in reducing the unnecessary overprescription of antibiotics. Most of the actions of these programs have focused on actions during acute hospitalization. However, most prescriptions occur after hospital discharge, which represents a necessary and real opportunity for improvement in these programs. We present an AMSP multifaceted strategy implemented in a surgical department which was carried out by a multidisciplinary team to verify its reliability and effectiveness. Over a 1-year post-implementation period, compared to the pre-intervention period, a significant reduction of around 60% in antibiotic exposure occurred, with lower economic cost and greater safety.
RESUMO
Treatment failure occurs in about 25% of patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. We assessed whether cloxacillin plus fosfomycin achieves better treatment success than cloxacillin alone in hospitalized adults with MSSA bacteremia. We conducted a multicenter, open-label, phase III-IV superiority randomized clinical trial. We randomly assigned patients (1:1) to receive 2 g of intravenous cloxacillin alone every 4 h or with 3 g of intravenous fosfomycin every 6 h for the initial 7 days. The primary endpoint was treatment success at day 7, a composite endpoint with the following criteria: patient alive, stable or with improved quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, afebrile and with negative blood cultures for MSSA, adjudicated by an independent committee blinded to treatment allocation. We randomized 215 patients, of whom 105 received cloxacillin plus fosfomycin and 110 received cloxacillin alone. We analyzed the primary endpoint with the intention-to-treat approach in 214 patients who received at least 1 day of treatment. Treatment success at day 7 after randomization was achieved in 83 (79.8%) of 104 patients receiving combination treatment versus 82 (74.5%) of 110 patients receiving monotherapy (risk difference 5.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), -5.95-16.48). Secondary endpoints, including mortality and adverse events, were similar in the two groups except for persistent bacteremia at day 3, which was less common in the combination arm. In a prespecified interim analysis, the independent committee recommended stopping recruitment for futility prior to meeting the planned randomization of 366 patients. Cloxacillin plus fosfomycin did not achieve better treatment success at day 7 of therapy than cloxacillin alone in MSSA bacteremia. Further trials should consider the intrinsic heterogeneity of the infection by using a more personalized approach. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03959345 .
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Fosfomicina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Adulto , Humanos , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Cloxacilina/efeitos adversos , Fosfomicina/uso terapêutico , Meticilina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus , Resultado do Tratamento , Quimioterapia Combinada/efeitos adversosRESUMO
It is not known whether sequential outpatient parenteral antimicrobial (OPAT) is as safe and effective as conventional hospitalization in patients with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). A post-hoc analysis of the comparative effectiveness of conventional hospitalization versus sequential OPAT was performed in two prospective Spanish cohorts of patients with S. aureus bacteremia. The PROBAC cohort is a national, multicenter, prospective observational cohort of patients diagnosed in 22 Spanish hospitals between October 2016 and March 2017. The DOMUS OPAT cohort is a prospective observational cohort including patients from two university hospitals in Seville, Spain from 2012 to 2021. Multivariate regression was performed, including a propensity score (PS) for receiving OPAT, stratified analysis according to PS quartiles, and matched pair analyses based on PS. Four hundred and thirteen patients were included in the analysis: 150 in sequential OPAT and 263 in the full hospitalization therapy group. In multivariate analysis, including PS and center effect as covariates, 60-day treatment failure was lower in the OPAT group than in the full hospitalization group (p < 0.001; OR 0.275, 95%CI 0.129−0.584). In the PS-based matched analyses, sequential treatment under OPAT was not associated with higher 60-day treatment failure (p = 0.253; adjusted OR 0.660; % CI 0.324−1.345). OPAT is a safe and effective alternative to conventional in-patient therapy for completion of treatment in well-selected patients with SAB, mainly those associated with a low-risk source and without end-stage kidney disease.
RESUMO
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most widespread infections, and it is reaching alarming resistance levels worldwide. The recommended first-line empirical treatment differs according to the local rate of clarithromycin resistance. Macrolide resistance is mainly associated with three point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The aim of this study was to describe the antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori in our healthcare area and the main mechanisms involved in clarithromycin resistance. Gastric biopsies (n = 641) were collected and cultured in a one-year prospective study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by gradient diffusion. A multiplex real-time PCR test (AllplexTMH.pylori & ClariR Assay, Seegene) was used to detect the most frequent mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance. Overall, 141 isolates were available for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The highest resistance rates were detected in metronidazole and levofloxacin. The rate of clarithromycin resistance was 12.1%, and the associated mutations were A2143G and A2142G. More than half of the clarithromycin-resistant isolates presented high MIC values (>256 mg/L). Tetracycline resistance was not detected, suggesting that therapies that contain tetracycline could be a suitable option. The low clarithromycin resistance rate coupled with the high rates of metronidazole resistance may support the recovery of the classical triple therapy in our healthcare area.
RESUMO
Biliary-tract bloodstream infections (BT-BSI) caused by Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are associated with inappropriate empirical treatment and worse outcomes compared to other etiologies. The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors for enterococcal BT-BSI. Patients with BT-BSI from the PROBAC cohort, including consecutive patients with BSI in 26 Spanish hospitals between October 2016 and March 2017, were selected; episodes caused by E. faecalis or E. faecium and other causes were compared. Independent predictors for enterococci were identified by logistic regression, and a predictive score was developed. Eight hundred fifty episodes of BT-BSI were included; 73 (8.5%) were due to target Enterococcus spp. (48 [66%] were E. faecium and 25 [34%] E. faecalis). By multivariate analysis, the variables independently associated with Enterococcus spp. were (OR; 95% confidence interval): cholangiocarcinoma (4.48;1.32 to 15.25), hospital acquisition (3.58;2.11 to 6.07), use of carbapenems in the previous month (3.35;1.45 to 7.78), biliary prosthesis (2.19;1.24 to 3.90), and moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (1.55;1.07 to 2.26). The AUC of the model was 0.74 [95% CI0.67 to 0.80]. A score was developed, with 7, 6, 5, 4, and 2 points for these variables, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 95% for a score ≤ 6. A model, including cholangiocarcinoma, biliary prosthesis, hospital acquisition, previous carbapenems, and chronic kidney disease showed moderate prediction ability for enterococcal BT-BSI. Although the score will need to be validated, this information may be useful for deciding empirical therapy in biliary tract infections when bacteremia is suspected. IMPORTANCE Biliary tract infections are frequent, and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Bacteremia is common in these infections, particularly in the elderly and patients with cancer. Inappropriate empirical treatment has been associated with increased risk of mortality in bacteremic cholangitis, and the probability of receiving inactive empirical treatment is higher in episodes caused by enterococci. This is because many of the antimicrobial agents recommended in guidelines for biliary tract infections lack activity against these organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the predictive factors for enterococcal BT-BSI and deriving a predictive score.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Sistema Biliar , Colangiocarcinoma , Colangite , Enterococcus faecium , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Carbapenêmicos , Colangiocarcinoma/complicações , Colangite/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Enterococcus , Enterococcus faecalis , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are a central component in reducing the overprescription of unnecessary antibiotics, with multiple studies showing benefits in the reduction of bacterial resistance. Less commonly, ASPs have been performed in outpatient settings, but there is a lack of available data in these settings. We implemented an ASP in a large regional outpatient setting to assess its feasibility and effectiveness. Over a 5-year post-implementation period, compared to the pre-intervention period, a significant reduction in antibiotic prescription occurred, with a reduction in resistance in E. coli urinary isolates. ASP activities also were found to be cost-effective, with a reduction in medication prescription.
RESUMO
Community-onset bloodstream infections (CO-BSI) caused by gram-negative bacilli are common and associated with significant mortality; those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with worse prognosis and higher rates of inadequateempirical antibiotic treatment. The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of patients with CO-BSI caused by P. aeruginosa, to identify predictors, and to develop a predictive score for P. aeruginosa CO-BSI. Materials/methods: PROBAC is a prospective cohort including patients >14 years with BSI from 26 Spanish hospitals between October 2016 and May 2017. Patients with monomicrobial P. aeruginosa CO-BSI and monomicrobial Enterobacterales CO-BSI were included. Variables of interest were collected. Independent predictors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CO-BSI were identified by logistic regression and a prediction score was developed. Results: A total of 78patients with P. aeruginosa CO-BSI and 2572 with Enterobacterales CO-BSI were included. Patients with P. aeruginosa had a median age of 70 years (IQR 60−79), 68.8% were male, median Charlson score was 5 (IQR 3−7), and 30-daymortality was 18.5%. Multivariate analysis identified the following predictors of CO-BSI-PA [adjusted OR (95% CI)]: male gender [1.89 (1.14−3.12)], haematological malignancy [2.45 (1.20−4.99)], obstructive uropathy [2.86 (1.13−3.02)], source of infection other than urinary tract, biliary tract or intra-abdominal [6.69 (4.10−10.92)] and healthcare-associated BSI [1.85 (1.13−3.02)]. Anindex predictive of CO-BSI-PA was developed; scores ≥ 3.5 showed a negative predictive value of 89% and an area under the receiver operator curve (ROC) of 0.66. Conclusions: We did not find a good predictive score of P. aeruginosa CO-BSI due to its relatively low incidence in the overall population. Our model includes variables that are easy to collect in real clinical practice and could be useful to detect patients with very low risk of P. aeruginosa CO-BSI.