Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Intraocular Pressure during One-Lung Ventilation in the Lateral Decubitus Position-A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Background and Objectives: The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) is debatable. There have been no studies investigating the effects of PEEP on IOP during one-lung ventilation (OLV). We aimed to investigate the effects of PEEP on IOP in patients undergoing OLV for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATs). Materials and Methods: Fifty-two patients undergoing VATs were divided into a zero-PEEP (ZEEP) and a 6 cmH2O of PEEP (PEEP) groups. IOP, ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), and respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured before induction (T1), immediately following endotracheal intubation (T2), 30 min (T3) and 60 min (T4) after a position change to the lateral decubitus position (LDP) and OLV, and 10 min following two-lung ventilation near the end of the surgery (T5). Results: There was no significant difference in IOP and OPP between the two groups. The IOP of the dependent eye was significantly higher than that of the non-dependent eye during LDP in both groups. Peak inspiratory pressure was significantly higher in the PEEP group than in the ZEEP group at T3-T5. Dynamic compliance was significantly higher in the PEEP group than in the ZEEP group at T2-T5. The ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen was significantly higher in the PEEP group than in the ZEEP group at T4. Conclusions: Applying 6 cmH2O of PEEP did not increase IOP but enhanced dynamic compliance and oxygenation during OLV. These results suggest that 6 cmH2O of PEEP can be safely applied during OLV in LDP.

Botulinum toxin injection strategy of intractable and relapsed piriformis syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Piriformis syndrome (PS) is neuromuscular disorder caused by sciatic nerve compression by piriformis muscle and related to sciatic-type pain. When the conservative care fails, local injection or surgery can be also performed into piriformis. In recent years, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has also been considered as a new therapeutic option of piriformis syndrome. PATIENT CONCERNS: A man in his late 40s came to pain clinic for left low back pain. The symptom was aggravated with sitting position. DIAGNOSIS: Piriformis syndrome. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent BoNT injection with 100 IU with 2 mL into piriformis muscle for piriformis syndrome treatment, and his pain was relieved. However, it recurred 8 months later. BoNT injection was repeated with 100 IU with 5 mL. OUTCOMES: At the time of this writing, his pain was reduced for 2 years without any medication. LESSONS: We report a case of treating relapsed piriformis syndrome with BoNT injection of different dilution volume, suggesting that the higher the dilution volume, the more effective for therapeutic effect of BoNT.

Intraoperative multimodal analgesic bundle containing dexmedetomidine and ketorolac may improve analgesia after robot-assisted prostatectomy in patients receiving rectus sheath blocks.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) has replaced open prostatectomy. However, RALP does not reduce postoperative pain compared to the open approach. We explored whether bundled intraoperative intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac reduced opioid requirements during the 24 h after RALP. METHODS: Eighty patients (two parallel groups) were enrolled in this prospective non-randomized study from September 2020 to November 2020. All received preoperative rectus sheath blocks for analgesia after RALP. A multimodal analgesic bundle (dexmedetomidine and ketorolac) was administered intraoperatively in the study group (n = 39) but not in the control group (n = 40). The total postoperative opioid requirements (expressed in milligrams of intravenous morphine) and pain scores (derived using a visual analog scale) were compared between the two groups up to 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: The two groups were demographically similar. During surgery, patients in the study group received less remifentanil and more ephedrine than controls. The study group required significantly less opioids during the 24 h after surgery (28.3 vs. 40.0 mg, p = 0.006). The between-group pain scores differed significantly at 1 and 6 h after surgery. All other postoperative characteristics were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intraoperative multimodal analgesic bundle (intravenous dexmedetomidine and ketorolac) improved postoperative analgesia after RALP in patients with rectus sheath blocks, as evidenced by the opioid-sparing effect after surgery.

Role of erector spinae plane block in controlling functional abdominal pain: Case reports.

RATIONALE: Functional abdominal pain is an intractable medical condition that often reduces quality of life. Celiac plexus block is a representative intervention for managing intractable abdominal pain. However, celiac plexus block can be technically difficult to perform and carries the risk of potential complications. During erector spinae plane block (ESPB), the injectate can enter the paravertebral space and reach the sympathetic chain. If local anesthetics spread to the sympathetic chain that supplies fibers to the splanchnic nerve, abdominal pain theoretically could be reduced. PATIENT CONCERNS: Three patients suffered from abdominal pain of unknown cause, and no medical abnormalities were found in various examinations. DIAGNOSIS: As a result of collaboration with related medical departments, the abdominal symptoms of the patients were suspected to be functional abdominal pain. INTERVENTIONS: We successfully controlled symptoms by performing ESPB at the lower thoracic level in 3 patients with functional abdominal pain. OUTCOMES: After the procedure, the patients' abdominal pain improved significantly over several months. LESSONS: We suggest that lower thoracic ESPB could be an option for management of functional abdominal pain.

Comparison of epidural, spinal, and saddle block for holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP): A prospective randomized, comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) has become an important treatment modality for benign prostate hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to compare regional anesthesia methods for HoLEP operation and to determine the optimal technique. METHODS: Sixty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists scores of I-III were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Patients in group E received an epidural block with 75 mg of bupivacaine plus 50 µg of fentanyl. In group S, 15 mg of bupivacaine and 50 µg fentanyl were used for spinal anesthesia. In group SA, patients received saddle block with 15 mg of bupivacaine and 50 µg of fentanyl. RESULTS: Time to T10 dermatome block and to maximal level block were longest in group E (P < .05), and maximal sensorial block level was higher in group E than group SA (P < .05). There was a significant difference in postoperative motor block, but no difference in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSION: Among 3 techniques, saddle block might be preferable in HoLEP because an adequate sensorial level was achieved with lower motor block and stable hemodynamics.

Midazolam anaphylaxis during general anesthesia: A case report.

RATIONALE: Midazolam is known as a safe drug and is widely used as a sedative and an anesthetic adjuvant. Therefore, there is a lack of awareness that midazolam can cause anaphylaxis. Midazolam anaphylaxis is rare, and only a few cases have been reported, but such a risk is always present. In this study, we report a case of midazolam anaphylaxis by an intravenous injection, in the prone position, during general anesthesia. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 62-year-old woman was intravenously administered 1 mg midazolam during general anesthesia, and sudden severe hypotension, bronchospasm, decreased oxygen saturation, erythema, and diarrhea occurred. DIAGNOSIS: Midazolam anaphylaxis was presumptively diagnosed by clinical symptoms and was confirmed by an intradermal test after 9 weeks. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with 100% oxygen, large volume of fluid, epinephrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, dexamethasone and prednisolone, ranitidine, and flumazenil. OUTCOMES: Severe hypotension and decreased oxygen saturation were resolved within 20 minutes of the onset of anaphylaxis, and the patient was discharged after 3 days without any sequelae. LESSONS: Midazolam anaphylaxis is very rare, but it can happen always. Therefore, the possibility of anaphylaxis due to midazolam should be considered and always be prepared for treatment.