Photobacterium lutimaris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea.

A Gram-negative, motile, pale-yellow-pigmented, oval-shaped bacterial strain, DF-42T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea. Strain DF-42T grew optimally at 25-30 degrees C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)omega7c and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH) as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 48.3 mol%. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DF-42T falls within the evolutionary radiation enclosed by the genus Photobacterium. Strain DF-42T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.8-97.9 % to the type strains of Photobacterium species with validly published names. DNA-DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties made it possible to categorize strain DF-42T as representing a species that is separate from previously described Photobacterium species. The name Photobacterium lutimaris sp. nov. is proposed, with strain DF-42T (=KCTC 12723T=JCM 13586T) as the type strain.

Agromyces allii sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum.

Two Gram-positive, non-motile, yellow-pigmented, slightly curved and rod-shaped bacterial strains, UMS-62(T) and UMS-101, were isolated from the rhizosphere of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum, a variety of wild edible greens grown on Ulleung island, Korea. The taxonomic position of the strains was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Strains UMS-62(T) and UMS-101 grew optimally at 30 degrees C and at pH 6.5-7.5. The novel strains contained MK-11 and MK-12 as the predominant menaquinones and rhamnose, ribose and galactose as the major cell-wall sugars. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) were anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C contents were 71.1-71.3 mol%. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains UMS-62(T) and UMS-101 belong to the genus Agromyces. Strains UMS-62(T) and UMS-101 showed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 99.9 % and a mean DNA-DNA relatedness level of 91.1 %. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two novel strains and the type strains of recognized Agromyces species ranged from 95.2 to 99.1 %. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the two novel strains and the type strains of five phylogenetically related Agromyces species were in the range of 13.4 to 54.2 %. On the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness and genetic data, strain UMS-62(T) (=KCTC 19181(T)=JCM 13584(T)) and strain UMS-101 are classified as representing a novel species in the genus Agromyces, for which the name Agromyces allii sp. nov. is proposed.

Humicoccus flavidus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-positive, non-motile, spherical, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, DS-52(T), was isolated from soil from Dokdo, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. It grew optimally at 25 degrees C and pH 6.0-7.0. Strain DS-52(T) had meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and galactose, mannose, xylose and rhamnose as whole-cell sugars. It contained MK-8(H(4)) and MK-9(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and C(17 : 0) as major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-52(T) is most closely related to the genus Nakamurella of the suborder Frankineae. Strain DS-52(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.5 % to Nakamurella multipartita JCM 9543(T) and 92.0-93.9 % to other members of the suborder Frankineae. The diagnostic diamino acid type and polar lipid profile of strain DS-52(T) were the same as those of the genus Nakamurella. However, strain DS-52(T) could be clearly distinguished from the genus Nakamurella by differences in predominant menaquinones, major fatty acids and cell-wall sugars. Accordingly, based on combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain DS-52(T) (=KCTC 19127(T)=CIP 108919(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species in a new genus, Humicoccus flavidus gen. nov., sp. nov.

Salegentibacter salarius sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, strain ISL-6(T), phenotypically resembling members of the genus Salegentibacter, was isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain ISL-6(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 30 degrees C and in the presence of 8 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 37.5 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ISL-6(T) belonged to the genus Salegentibacter. Strain ISL-6(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 92.0-98.6 % with respect to the type strains of recognized Salegentibacter species. Low DNA-DNA relatedness values, differential phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness demonstrated that strain ISL-6(T) is distinguishable from the recognized Salegentibacter species. Therefore strain ISL-6(T) represents a novel species of the genus Salegentibacter, for which the name Salegentibacter salarius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ISL-6(T) (=KCTC 12974(T) =CCUG 54355(T)).

Idiomarina salinarum sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern in Korea.

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, Idiomarina-like bacterial strain, ISL-52T, was isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain ISL-52T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 30-37 degrees C. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids (>10% of total fatty acids) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 and iso-C17:1omega9c. The DNA G+C content was 53.9 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ISL-52T fell within the genus Idiomarina, joining the type strain of Idiomarina homiensis at a bootstrap resampling value of 100%. Strain ISL-52T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.9-96.7% with respect to the type strains of eight recognized Idiomarina species. The differential phenotypic properties of ISL-52T, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that this strain is distinguishable from the recognized Idiomarina species. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, therefore, strain ISL-52T represents a novel species of the genus Idiomarina, for which the name Idiomarina salinarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ISL-52T (=KCTC 12971T=CCUG 54359T).

Herbaspirillum rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum.

Two Gram-negative, milky-white-pigmented, motile, slightly curved rod-shaped bacterial isolates, UMS-37(T) and UMS-40, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of wild edible greens cultivated on Ulleung island, Korea, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. They grew optimally at 25-30 degrees C and contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 % of total fatty acids) were C(16 : 0), cyclo C(17 : 0) and C(16 : 1)omega7c and/oriso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH. The DNA G+C contents of the two isolates were 59.8 and 60.0 mol%. Isolates UMS-37(T) and UMS-40 exhibited no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and possessed a mean DNA-DNA relatedness level of 94 %; they exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 96.8-98.2 % to the type strains of recognized Herbaspirillum species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that isolates UMS-37(T) and UMS-40 formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the genus Herbaspirillum. DNA-DNA relatedness levels between isolates UMS-37(T) and UMS-40 and the type strains of some phylogenetically related Herbaspirillum species were in the range 3-56 %. On the basis of differences in phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness and genomic data, isolates UMS-37(T) and UMS-40 were classified in the genus Herbaspirillum within a novel species, for which the name Herbaspirillum rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain UMS-37(T) (=KCTC 12558(T) =CIP 108917(T)).

Microbulbifer celer sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, Microbulbifer-like bacterial strain, ISL-39(T), was isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in Korea and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain ISL-39(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 37 degrees C. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and iso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 57.7 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ISL-39(T) belonged to the genus Microbulbifer. Strain ISL-39(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.7-97.5 % with respect to the type strains of four recognized Microbulbifer species. DNA-DNA relatedness data and the differential phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness of ISL-39(T) make this strain distinguishable from the recognized Microbulbifer species. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain ISL-39(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbifer celer sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ISL-39(T) (=KCTC 12973(T)=CCUG 54356(T)).

Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov., an LL-diaminopimelic acid-containing bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment.

Four Gram-positive, catalase-positive, short rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterial strains, R27(T), R44, R45 and R47, were isolated from an enrichment culture with diesel oil-degradation activity and their taxonomic positions were investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic similarities indicated that strains R27(T), R44, R45 and R47 belong to the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four strains form a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae. The novel four strains had cell-wall peptidoglycan based on LL-diaminopimelic acid, MK-9(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C(15 : 0) as the major cellular fatty acid. The DNA G+C contents were 68.8-69.2 mol%. These chemotaxonomic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, distinguish the four novel strains from recognized members of the family Propionibacteriaceae. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains R27(T), R44, R45 and R47 are classified as representatives of a new genus and novel species, Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Propionibacteriaceae. The type strain of Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense sp. nov. is R27(T) (=KCTC 19182(T)=JCM 14204(T)).

Colwellia aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea.

A novel Colwellia-like bacterial strain, SMK-10T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Cells of strain SMK-10T were Gram-negative, motile, greyish yellow-pigmented, curved rods. Optimal growth occurred at 25-30 degrees C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SMK-10T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH, C(17 : 1), C(15 : 1) and iso-C(16 : 0) as major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 39.3 mol%. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain SMK-10T belonged to the genus Colwellia. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values (94.7-96.7 %) to the type strains of all other Colwellia species and various differential phenotypic properties were sufficient to distinguish strain SMK-10T from recognized Colwellia species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain SMK-10T (= KCTC 12480T = DSM 17314T) is classified as the type strain of a novel Colwellia species, for which the name Colwellia aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed.

Tenacibaculum aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea.

A novel Tenacibaculum-like bacterial strain, SMK-4(T), was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea. Strain SMK-4(T) was Gram-negative, pale yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped. It grew optimally at 30-37 degrees C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) 3-OH and C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH as the major fatty acids (>10 % of total fatty acids). The DNA G+C content was 33.6 mol%. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SMK-4(T) fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Tenacibaculum. Strain SMK-4(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 95.2-98.6 % with respect to the type strains of recognized Tenacibaculum species. DNA-DNA relatedness levels and differential phenotypic properties made it possible to categorize strain SMK-4(T) as a species that is separate from previously described Tenacibaculum species. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, strain SMK-4(T) (=KCTC 12569(T)=JCM 13491(T)) should be classified as a novel Tenacibaculum species, for which the name Tenacibaculum aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed.

Gaetbulimicrobium brevivitae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped gliding bacterium, designated strain SMK-19T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain SMK-19T grew optimally at 37 degrees C, in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-8.0. It contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone, and iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and iso-C(15 : 0) as the major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids and an amino-group-containing lipid that is ninhydrin-positive. The DNA G+C content was 36.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strain SMK-19T formed a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SMK-19T exhibited similarity values of <94.4 % to those of other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain SMK-19T was distinguished from phylogenetically related genera by differences in several phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, SMK-19T (= KCTC 12390T = DSM 17196T) was classified at the type strain of a novel genus and species, Gaetbulimicrobium brevivitae gen. nov., sp. nov.

Isoptericola dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod- or coccoid-shaped Isoptericola-like bacterium, strain DS-3(T), was isolated from a soil sample from Dokdo, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The organism grew optimally at 30 degrees C and pH 7.0-8.0. Strain DS-3(T) had the peptidoglycan type based on l-lys-d-Asp, and galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose as the whole-cell sugars. It contained MK-9(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(15 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 74.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-3(T) was most closely related to members of the genus Isoptericola. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain DS-3(T) and the type strains of Isoptericola species ranged from 98.0 to 98.4 %. DNA-DNA relatedness values (11-23 %) and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain DS-3(T) was distinguishable from recognized Isoptericola species. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, strain DS-3(T) represents a novel species in the genus Isoptericola, for which the name Isoptericola dokdonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-3(T) (=KCTC 19128(T)=CIP 108921(T)).

Nesterenkonia jeotgali sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood.

A Gram-positive, non-motile, slightly halophilic actinomycete, strain JG-241T, was isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain JG-241T grew optimally at 25-30 degrees C and in the presence of 2-5% (w/v) NaCl. The physiological and biochemical properties of strain JG-241T were distinguishable from those of recognized Nesterenkonia species. Strain JG-241T had a peptidoglycan type based on L-lys-gly-D-Asp. It contained MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9 as the predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C15:0) and anteiso-C17:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 68.0 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JG-241T falls within the radiation of the cluster comprising Nesterenkonia species. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JG-241T and those of the type strains of Nesterenkonia species ranged from 96.7 to 99.7%. DNA-DNA relatedness data and repetitive extragenic palindromic DNA-PCR genomic fingerprinting patterns showed that strain JG-241T differs genetically from recognized Nesterenkonia species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, strain JG-241T represents a novel species of the genus Nesterenkonia, for which the name Nesterenkonia jeotgali sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JG-241T (=KCTC 19053T=JCM 12610T).

Nocardioides kongjuensis sp. nov., an N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacterium.

A Gram-positive, rod- or coccoid-shaped and N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone-degrading bacterial strain, A2-4(T), was isolated from a soil in Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain A2-4(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 30 degrees C without NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain A2-4(T) is most closely related to members of the genus Nocardioides. Strain A2-4(T) possessed chemotaxonomic properties indicative of members of the genus Nocardioides; the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on ll-diaminopimelic acid, MK-8(H(4)) was the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(16 : 0) was the predominant fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain A2-4(T) was 98.3-99.1 % similar to those of the type strains of Nocardioides simplex, Nocardioides aromaticivorans and Nocardioides nitrophenolicus and 93.8-96.3 % similar to those of the type strains of other Nocardioides species. Strain A2-4(T) could be distinguished from the three phylogenetic relatives, N. nitrophenolicus, N. aromaticivorans and N. simplex, by DNA-DNA relatedness (25-42 %) and by differences in some phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides kongjuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A2-4(T) (=KCTC 19054(T)=JCM 12609(T)).

Kribbia dieselivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Intrasporangiaceae.

Two Gram-positive, catalase-positive, irregular short rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterial strains, N113(T) and R33, were isolated from an enrichment culture with diesel oil-degradation activity and their taxonomic positions were investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic similarities indicated that strains N113(T) and R33 were representatives of the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains N113(T) and R33 form a lineage independent from those of members of the family Intrasporangiaceae. The novel isolates had cell-wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid, MK-8(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone and 10-methyl-C(18 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)omega9c, C(16 : 0) and C(18 : 0) as the major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C contents were 69.6-69.9 mol%. These chemotaxonomic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, distinguish the two novel strains from recognized members of the family Intrasporangiaceae. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains N113(T) (=KCTC 19143(T)=JCM 13585(T)) and R33 are classified as representatives of a novel genus and species, Kribbia dieselivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Intrasporangiaceae.

Psychrobacter cibarius sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood.

Two novel Psychrobacter-like bacterial strains, JG-219(T) and JG-220, were isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood. Cells of strains JG-219(T) and JG-220 were Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacilli. Growth of the two strains was observed at 4-32 degrees C. They grew optimally in the presence of 2-5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains JG-219(T) and JG-220 contained C(18 : 1)omega9c and C(17 : 1)omega8c as the major fatty acids and Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The DNA G+C contents of strains JG-219(T) and JG-220 were 43.5 and 43.0 mol%, respectively. The two strains showed no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences but exhibited minor differences in their phenotypic properties. Strains JG-219(T) and JG-220 exhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.2-98.7 % to the type strains of recognized Psychrobacter species. The mean level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strains JG-219(T) and JG-220 was 84.4 %. The two strains exhibited levels of DNA-DNA relatedness of 1.5-32.9 % to the type strains of eight phylogenetically related Psychrobacter species. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, the two strains were classified as representing a novel species within the genus Psychrobacter, Psychrobacter cibarius sp. nov. The type strain is JG-219(T) (=KCTC 12256(T)=DSM 16327(T)).

Algoriphagus yeomjeoni sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern in the Yellow Sea, Korea.

Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains, MSS-160(T) and MSS-161, were isolated from a marine solar saltern in the Yellow Sea, Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The two strains grew optimally in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at 25-30 degrees C. Strains MSS-160(T) and MSS-161 contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and large amounts of fatty acids C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and iso-C(15 : 0). The DNA G+C content of the two strains was 41 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains were phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Algoriphagus. Strains MSS-160(T) and MSS-161 exhibited no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and possessed a mean DNA-DNA relatedness level of 91 %; they exhibited 16S rRNA similarity levels of 96.6-99.3 % to the type strains of Algoriphagus species with validly published names. DNA-DNA relatedness levels between the two strains and the type strains of five Algoriphagus species were lower than 46 %. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains MSS-160(T) and MSS-161 were classified in the genus Algoriphagus as members of a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus yeomjeoni sp. nov. (type strain, MSS-160(T)=KCTC 12309(T)=JCM 12598(T)) is proposed.

Exiguobacterium aestuarii sp. nov. and Exiguobacterium marinum sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea.

Three Gram-variable, rod-shaped bacterial strains, TF-16(T), TF-19 and TF-80(T), were isolated from a tidal flat of Daepo Beach (Yellow Sea) near Mokpo City, Korea, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. These isolates grew optimally in the presence of 2 % NaCl and at 30 degrees C. Their peptidoglycan types were based on l-Lys-Gly. The predominant menaquinone detected in the three strains was MK-7. The three strains contained large amounts of the branched fatty acids iso-C(17 : 0), anteiso-C(13 : 0), iso-C(13 : 0) and iso-C(15 : 0). The DNA G+C contents of strains TF-16(T), TF-19 and TF-80(T) were 48.6, 48.4 and 48.0 mol%, respectively. The three strains formed a coherent cluster with Exiguobacterium species in a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. They showed closest phylogenetic affiliation to Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.1-98.3 %. The three strains exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.0-94.6 % to the type strains of other Exiguobacterium species. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness indicated that strains TF-16(T) and TF-19 and strain TF-80(T) are members of two species that are separate from E. aurantiacum. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains TF-16(T) and TF-19 and strain TF-80(T) represent two novel species in the genus Exiguobacterium; the names Exiguobacterium aestuarii sp. nov. (type strain TF-16(T)=KCTC 19035(T)=DSM 16306(T); reference strain TF-19) and Exiguobacterium marinum sp. nov. (type strain TF-80(T)=KCTC 19036(T)=DSM 16307(T)) are proposed.

Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea.

Three Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterial strains, SMK-12(T), SMK-36 and SMK-45, were isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in Korea, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. The three strains grew optimally at 25-30 degrees C and in the presence of 2-3% (w/v) NaCl. They contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(17:0) 3-OH, iso-C(15:1), anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(15:0) 3-OH and C(16:1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH. The DNA G+C contents of the three strains were 34.7-34.9 mol%. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the three strains form one distinct evolutionary lineage supported by a bootstrap value of 100 % within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The three strains exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 93.8-94.9% to the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, the genera Algibacter, Bizionia and Formosa. On the basis of differences in phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strains SMK-12(T), SMK-36 and SMK-45 were classified in a novel genus and species, for which the name Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the novel species is SMK-12(T) (=KCTC 12379(T)=DSM 17032(T)).