Effect of antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients: Japan's Benidipine Research on Antihypertensive Effects in the Elderly (J-BRAVE).

The achievement rate of blood pressure (BP) target and the relationship between on-treatment BP and development of cardiovascular events (i.e., stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure) were investigated in a total of 8,897 patients in the Japan's Benidipine Research on Antihypertensive Effects in the Elderly (J-BRAVE) study, a prospective, 3-year observational study of a calcium channel blocker-based treatment in hypertensive patients aged ≥65 years as a post-marketing surveillance. Blood pressure decreased significantly from 164.8 ± 14.1/88.2 ± 10.3 mmHg to 137.0 ± 13.5/75.6 ± 9.5 mmHg and the percentage of patients who achieved BP <140/90 mmHg was 57.2% after 3 years. The incidence of cardiovascular events was 7.54/1,000 patient-years. Subgroups of patients stratified by on-treatment systolic blood pressure (SBP) were analyzed. Baseline BP, body mass index (BMI), the dose of benidipine, the mean number of anti-hypertensive drugs, and the incidence of cardiovascular events were higher in patients with on-treatment SBP ≥160 mmHg than in those with an SBP of <130 mmHg. In patients aged 65 to 74 years (n = 5,092) and patients aged ≥75 years (n = 3,805), the percentages of patients who achieved the BP target of <140/90 mmHg were 57.5% and 56.6% after 3 years, respectively, and the incidence of cardiovascular events was higher in patients with on-treatment SBP ≥160 mmHg in both age subgroups. The results of the J-BRAVE study show that on-treatment SBP ≥160 mmHg is associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients.

Treatment of hypertension in patients 85 years of age or older: a J-BRAVE substudy.

Whether the strict control of blood pressure (BP) of patients with hypertension who are aged 85 years or older is beneficial is unclear. The Japan's Benidipine Research on Antihypertensive Effects in the Elderly study is a prospective, observational 3-year study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of treatment with a calcium channel blocker benidipine in 8897 hypertensive patients aged 65 years or older as a post-marketing surveillance. We examined the relationship between the achieved BP and cardiovascular events (i.e., stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure) in a subgroup of 415 patients aged 85 years or older (mean age 88 years). BP decreased significantly from 165 ± 14/84 ± 10 mmHg to 130 ± 11/71 ± 10 mmHg during treatment in patients with a treated systolic BP (SBP) < 140 mmHg (n = 230) and BP decreased significantly from 169 ± 16/86 ± 12 mmHg to 143 ± 13/75 ± 10 mmHg in those with a treated SBP ≥ 140 mmHg (n = 185). There was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower rate of cardiovascular events and higher rate of total death in patients with a treated SBP < 140 mmHg. On-treatment SBP ≥ 160 mmHg is tended to associate with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the controlled BP group (3.04%) and the less well controlled BP group (3.24%). In conclusion, although this study was not powered for definitive conclusion, there was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower rate of cardiovascular events and higher total death in patients aged 85 years or older with a treated SBP < 140 mmHg.

Hypertension management in diabetic patients: prescribing trends from 1999 to 2005 in three Japanese university hospitals.

PURPOSE: In hypertensive patients with diabetes, antihypertensive therapy is important in reducing the risk of macro- and microvascular complications. In contrast to the guidelines issued by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in and after 2002, the guidelines issued by the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) in 2000 and 2004 maintained the traditional view that beta-blockers and thiazides should be rated as second-line drugs. However, both sets of guidelines recommended angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) as first-line agents for such patients. METHODS: We examined the use of antihypertensives in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes using the prescription data for 1999, 2002 and 2005 from three Japanese university hospitals. RESULTS: When compared with 1999, the proportion of patients with and without diabetes using ARBs was dramatically increased in 2005 from 1.5 to 55% and from 1.5 to 40%, while that of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreased from 52 to 32% and 35 to 23%, respectively. A relatively stable proportion of patients (around 10% with and without diabetes) used beta-blockers and around 60% of patients with and without diabetes used calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and very few (<5%) used thiazides. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in use of ARBs and under-use of thiazides may be explained by the fee schedule in the Japanese health insurance system. The paucity of large-scale clinical trials may also hinder evaluation of the traditional view of the role of beta-blockers and thiazides in treatment of Japanese patients with diabetes.

Coefficient of variation of R-R intervals in electrocardiogram is a sensitive marker of anemia induced by autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.

The present study investigated the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) levels and autonomic failure using a sensitive marker, coefficient of variation of R-R intervals in electrocardiogram (CVR-R) in order to clarify a cause of normocytic normochromic anemia in type 1 diabetic patients without overt nephropathy. We recruited 46 patients with type 1 diabetes and measured creatinine clearance (Ccr), HbA1c, albuminuria, Hb levels and CVR-R of all patients. In addition, the status of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy were also evaluated. Serum erythropoietin (EPO), Fe, total iron binding capacity, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin levels and number of reticulocytes and mean corpuscular volume were also measured to distinguish types of anemia. To survey the statistical correlation existing between Hb and body mass index (BMI), Ccr, HbA1c, albuminuria or retinopathy, multiple regression analysis was performed. Serum EPO, Fe, TIBC, LDH and TB levels and number of reticulocytes and MCV were within normal limits. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that HbA1c, nephropathy evaluated by albuminuria and Ccr, and retinopathy has no concern with Hb level. There is only significant relationship between Hb levels and CVR-R. Similar results were obtained even if we analyzed a group of male and female separately. We conclude that CVR-R has the strong relationship on anemia without overt nephropathy in type 1 diabetes, indicating that autonomic failure contributes on the progression of anemia via a poor response of EPO to anemia.

Long-term treatment study of global standard dose metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In 169 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with blood glucose levels that were inadequately controlled with diet and exercise therapy alone, or with diet and exercise therapy plus a sulfonylurea (SU) drug, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of global standard dose metformin given up to a maximum daily dose of 2250 mg for 54 weeks. The changes in HbA1c from baseline to the final evaluation visit were -1.32 ± 0.76% for metformin monotherapy and -1.29 ± 0.81% for metformin plus SU, both significantly lower than baseline. The incidences of adverse events and adverse drug reactions were 91.1% (154/169 patients) and 67.5% (114/169 patients), respectively. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms, and most of the gastrointestinal symptoms were considered by investigators to be related to metformin treatment. An increased blood lactic acid level was observed in three subjects (1.8%); however, no clinical symptoms were reported, and there was no increase in mean lactic acid concentration throughout the evaluation period. Symptoms of hypoglycemia were reported in 16 patients, all receiving metformin plus SU, but none received metformin monotherapy. There was a decrease in mean body weight. Global standard dose metformin may be useful for maintaining good blood glucose control over the long term in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients.

Clinical study of repaglinide efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with blood glucose levels inadequately controlled by sitagliptin.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of adding repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose blood glucose levels were not sufficiently controlled by treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in addition to diet and exercise therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, uncontrolled, dose-titration study with a treatment period of 52 weeks. The primary end-point was the change in glycated hemoglobin levels from baseline. RESULTS: The glycated hemoglobin level was 7.43 ± 0.57% (mean ± standard deviation) at baseline, and decreased to 6.93 ± 0.91% at the end of the study. The mean changes in glycated hemoglobin levels at 4 weeks and at the end of the study were -0.44 ± 0.28% and -0.50 ± 0.82%, respectively. The glycated hemoglobin-lowering effect was maintained for 52 weeks. The rate of adverse events was 86.0% (86/100), and there were 352 adverse events. The rate of adverse drug reactions was 21.0% (21/100). Hypoglycemia was reported in 5.0% (5/100) of patients, but there was no incidence of 'major hypoglycemia'. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with repaglinide and sitagliptin was considered effective for a long term without clinical safety problems in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PPARgamma2 pro12Ala polymorphism and insulin resistance in Japanese hypertensive patients.

We investigated the relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) Pro12Ala substitution and insulin resistance in subjects with normal insulin secretory capacity, since it has been reported that PPARgamma may affect not only insulin resistance but also insulin secretion. We examined 81 Japanese male patients with untreated essential hypertension using the glucose clamp technique. We found 77 subjects with Pro/Pro and 4 subjects with Pro/Ala genotype, and the glucose disposal rate was not significantly different between the two groups. Fasting plasma glucose, fasting immunoreactive insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride were not significantly different between the two groups. There were also no significant differences between groups in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) values, area under the curve (AUC) for plasma glucose, or AUC for IRI in 75 g OGTT. Because insulin sensitivity is likely to be determined by polygenic factors, we also investigated beta3 adrenergic receptor Trp64Arg polymorphism as a possible determinant of insulin resistance. In conclusion, no significant association was observed between PPARgamma2 substitution and insulin sensitivity in the present cohort of Japanese hypertensive patients.

Comparison of losartan with ACE inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists: a pilot study of prescription-event monitoring in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Two pilot studies for prescription-event monitoring in Japan (J-PEM) were launched in 1997 and 1998. Here we present data regarding adverse events that were reported in the second pilot J-PEM study where losartan was compared with ACE inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cohort study with a concurrent control. METHODS/PATIENT GROUP: Study subjects prescribed losartan, an ACE inhibitor or a calcium channel antagonist were identified from prescriptions in hospital or community pharmacies. Events and other information were collected from doctors and pharmacists by mailed questionnaires. Events were coded and analysed using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology. Crude event rates were calculated and compared between patients treated with losartan and those receiving control drugs. When the difference was statistically significant, the event was further examined in several ways, including follow-up studies and by comparison with the data of the UK PEM study on losartan. RESULTS: Pharmacists were sent 4344 questionnaires and returned 3591 (83%), while doctors were sent 3517 questionnaires and returned 1380 (39%). In the doctors' data, the adverse event rate for losartan treatment was greater than that for ACE inhibitors and/or calcium channel antagonists for the following seven events: headache, palpitations, anaemia, insomnia, feeling abnormal, increased blood pressure and asthma. Most of these are known adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of losartan except for two events: increased blood pressure and asthma. In pharmacists' data, the event rate for losartan was significantly greater than that for control drugs for the following ten events: hot flushes, abnormal hepatic function, oedema, peripheral swelling, decreased blood pressure, increased blood pressure, rhinitis, contact dermatitis, dry skin and heat rash. The first five events were known ADRs of losartan but the other five were not. When the two sets of data were combined, the rate of an additional event, increased blood creatinine phosphokinase, which is a known ADR of losartan, was significantly greater than that for the control drugs. The six events that were not documented as ADRs for losartan were not judged to be ADRs based on the results of follow-up studies and comparison with the UK PEM study on losartan. The crude rate of cough with losartan treatment was similar to that with calcium channel antagonists, but was significantly less than that with ACE inhibitors. CONCLUSION: No novel safety problems were found in this observational cohort study on losartan. The rates of some known ADRs differed significantly between patients treated with losartan and those in the control groups.

Efficacy and safety of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone in Japanese patients with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study.

Approximately 40% of Japanese patients with essential hypertension, including low-renin hypertension, are inadequately managed. Low-renin hypertension generally responds poorly to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers, but may respond more optimally to diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and aldosterone blockers. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-ranging study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone in 193 Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Although not a study inclusion criterion, baseline active plasma renin levels were consistently low (5.7-10.1 mU/L); most patients met the criteria for low-renin hypertension (< or =42.5 mU/L; normal range, 7-76 mU/L). Patients received placebo or eplerenone 50, 100, or 200 mg once daily for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (-6.8 to -10.6 mm Hg vs. -2.1 mm Hg; p< or =0.0022 vs. placebo). Eplerenone offers significant blood pressure reduction with good tolerability in Japanese patients with hypertension, including those with low-renin hypertension.

Effect of combination therapy with repaglinide and metformin hydrochloride on glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: We investigated the efficacy and safety of repaglinide as an add-on therapy for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving metformin monotherapy (at a dose of 1,500 mg/day, mainly) in addition to diet and exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the 16-week multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (the phase III study), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with metformin monotherapy were randomly assigned to the repaglinide or placebo group. Thereafter, a 36-week, multicenter, uncontrolled, dose-titration method study was extended to a total duration of 52 weeks (the long-term study). The primary end-point of each study was a change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, mean reductions in HbA1c were significantly greater for the repaglinide group than for the placebo group (-0.98 ± 0.72% vs 0.13 ± 0.63%, P < 0.001). In the long-term study, the mean change in HbA1c was -0.76 ± 0.83%. The rate of adverse events was 60.6 and 50.0% in the repaglinide and placebo groups, respectively, in the phase III study, and 78.3% in the long-term study. Hypoglycemia was reported in 11.7, 0 and 13.3% of patients in the repaglinide group, placebo group and long-term study, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with repaglinide and metformin resulted in an approximately 1% reduction in HbA1c at week 16 and in a significant long-term improvement in HbA1c at the end of the study. No safety problems were noted during the concomitant use of repaglinide and metformin. These studies were registered with JapicCTI (nos. JapicCTI-101202 and JapicCTI-101203).

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

AIMS: Ipragliflozin is a novel and highly selective sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that reduces plasma glucose levels by enhancing urinary glucose excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of two oral doses of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T2DM. METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, patients were treated with placebo, 50mg or 100mg ipragliflozin once daily for 14 days. Plasma and urine pharmacodynamic parameters were measured on Days -1 and 14, and pharmacokinetic parameters on Day 14. Pharmacodynamic characteristics included area under the curve (AUC) for plasma glucose and insulin for 0-3h (AUC0-3h) and 0-24h (AUC0-24h). Pharmacokinetic characteristics included AUC0-24h, maximum ipragliflozin concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum plasma ipragliflozin concentration (tmax). RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled; 28 were included in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses and 30 in safety analyses. Administration of 50 and 100mg ipragliflozin significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose, as well as the AUC0-3h and AUC0-24h for plasma glucose relative to placebo. Both doses of ipragliflozin also reduced AUC0-24h for insulin, body weight, and glycoalbumin, while urinary glucose excretion increased remarkably. Cmax and AUC0-24h were 1.7- and 1.9-fold higher, respectively, in the 100-mg group than in the 50-mg group. CONCLUSIONS: Ipragliflozin increased urinary glucose excretion and improved fasting and postprandial glucose, confirming its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties in Japanese patients with T2DM.

A prospective stratified case-cohort study on statins and multiple adverse events in Japan.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between statins and diverse adverse events in Japanese population. METHODS: New users of statin who started statin after 6-month period of non-use were identified in 68 hospitals between January 2008 and July 2010. In addition to the random sample subcohort, we selected additional subcohort members to make the stratified sample subcohort have at least one patient in all subgroups stratified by each combination of statin and hospital. By abstraction from medical records, detailed information was obtained for all potential cases and pre-selected subcohort members. The event review committee consisting of 3 specialists judged whether possible cases met the definition of one of the adverse events of interest, and for adjudicated cases the committee further judged whether statin was a certain, probable or possible cause of the occurrence of the event. Adjusted for covariates including age, gender, status of "switcher", use of high daily dose and comorbidities at baseline, hazard ratio (HR) was estimated by the Cox proportional hazards model with Barlow's weighting method. Data were also analyzed by the method proposed by Breslow in 2009. RESULTS: A total of 6,877 new users of a statin were identified (median age: 66 years; males: 52%). The hazard ratios of increase in serum creatinine for atorvastatin and fluvastatin have wide confidence intervals, but both of the point estimates were around 2.5. Estimates of hazard ratios by the method of Barlow (1999) were similar to those by the method of Breslow (2009). CONCLUSIONS: Use of statin was not associated with a significant increased risk for renal, liver and muscle events. However, the hazard ratio of increase in serum creatinine tended to be high with atorvastatin and fluvastatin to require further studies.

High rate of awarding compensation for claims of injuries related to clinical trials by pharmaceutical companies in Japan: a questionnaire survey.

INTRODUCTION: International norms and ethical standards have suggested that compensation for research-related injury should be provided to injured research volunteers. However, statistical data of incidence of compensation claims and the rate of awarding them have been rarely reported. METHOD: Questionnaire surveys were sent to pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions, focusing on industry-initiated clinical trials aiming at new drug applications (NDAs) on patient volunteers in Japan. RESULTS: With the answers from pharmaceutical companies, the incidence of compensation was 0.8%, including 0.06% of monetary compensation. Of the cases of compensation claims, 99% were awarded. In turn, with the answers from medical institutions, the incidence of compensation was 0.6%, including 0.4% of serious but not death cases, and 0.04% of death cases. Furthermore, most claims for compensation were initiated by medical institutions, rather than by the patients. On the other hand, with the answers from clinical trial volunteers, 3% of respondents received compensations. These compensated cases were 25% of the injuries which cannot be ruled out from the scope of compensation. CONCLUSION: Our study results demonstrated that Japanese pharmaceutical companies have provided a high rate of compensation for clinical trial-related injuries despite the possibility of overestimation. In the era of global clinical development, our study indicates the importance of further surveys to find each country's compensation policy by determining how it is being implemented based on a survey of the actual status of compensation coming from statistical data.

Efficacy and safety of repaglinide vs nateglinide for treatment of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: Aims/Introduction: Repaglinide is a short-acting insulin secretagogue. We assessed the efficacy and safety of repaglinide in comparison with nateglinide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes previously treated with diet and exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 16-week randomized, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled superiority trial, Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of ≥6.9 and ≤9.4% were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.5 mg repaglinide (n = 64) or 90 mg nateglinide (n = 66) three times a day. The primary end-point was changes in HbA1c from baseline to the end of treatment. RESULTS: Mean reductions of HbA1c were significantly greater for the repaglinide group than the nateglinide group (-1.17 ± 0.62 vs -0.81 ± 0.39%, P < 0.001). The target HbA1c values of <6.9% were achieved by 75.0% of the repaglinide group vs 59.1% for nateglinide. Mean changes in fasting plasma glucose also showed significantly greater efficacy for repaglinide than nateglinide (-26.0 ± 20.9 vs -18.3 ± 17.8 mg/dL, P < 0.001). There were no differences in the adverse event rates between the repaglinide and the nateglinide group, by 57.8% (37/64) and 60.6% (40/66), respectively. Incidences of hypoglycemic symptoms were 17.2% (11/64, 28 events) in the repaglinide group and 6.1% (4/66, 20 events) in the nateglinide group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet and exercise, repaglinide monotherapy gives greater glycemic improvement than nateglinide monotherapy in reducing HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose values after 16 weeks. This trial was registered with JapicCTI (no. JapicCTI-080521). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00188.x, 2011).

Optimal Combination of Effective ANtihypertensives (OCEAN) study: a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint trial--rationale, design and results of a pilot study in Japan.

There are limited clinical trials examining the efficacy of antihypertensive drug combinations aimed at preventing cardiovascular events. Therefore, we designed a randomized controlled trial using amlodipine as the base drug of a multi-drug regimen, the Optimal Combination of Effective ANtihypertensives (OCEAN) Study, to determine the drug combination that is most efficacious in the prevention of cardiovascular events, such as stroke. The OCEAN Study is a collaborative study between Japan and China, enrolling 20 000 patients and following them for 3 to 4 years. A pilot study was conducted before the full-scale study to confirm the feasibility of the protocol and that the study groups and infrastructures could function properly. A total of 279 Japanese patients were enrolled from 57 participating medical institutions between June and December 2004. Two hundred and sixty-six patients (mean age: 65.9 years) were treated with amlodipine alone. One hundred and fifty-four of these patients (57.9%) did not reach the treatment targets (<140/90 mm Hg for the elderly and patients with cerebrovascular disease, <130/80 mm Hg for those with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease or prior myocardial infarction) and a second agent was added. They were randomly allocated into three different treatment groups using a diuretic, a ß-blocker or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor antagonist. The pilot study showed that the protocol was appropriate, and the inclusion of patients with slightly higher blood pressures was necessary to increase the randomization rate. It also confirmed that we organized properly functioning study groups and infrastructures.

Interactions between serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphisms for renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine associations among serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels, 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D (1,25OHD) levels, vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms, and renal function based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 410 patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage assessed by eGFR was compared with 25OHD, 1,25OHD, and VDR FokI (rs10735810) polymorphisms by an ordered logistic regression model adjusted for the following confounders: disease duration, calendar month, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers or statins, and serum calcium, phosphate, and intact parathyroid hormone levels. RESULTS: 1,25OHD levels, rather than 25OHD levels, showed seasonal oscillations; peak levels were seen from May to October and the lowest levels were seen from December to February. These findings were evident in patients with CKD stage 3 ~ 5 but not stage 1 ~ 2. eGFR was in direct proportion to both 25OHD and 1,25OHD levels (P<0.0001), but it had stronger linearity with 1,25OHD (r = 0.73) than 25OHD (r = 0.22) levels. Using multivariate analysis, 1,25OHD levels (P<0.001), but not 25OHD levels, were negatively associated with CKD stage. Although FokI polymorphisms by themselves showed no significant associations with CKD stage, a significant interaction between 1,25OHD and FokITT was observed (P = 0.008). The positive association between 1,25OHD and eGFR was steeper in FokICT and CC polymorphisms (r = 0.74) than FokITT polymorphisms (r = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that higher 1,25OHD levels may be associated with better CKD stages in patients with type 2 diabetes and that this association was modified by FokI polymorphisms.

Clinical efficacy of magnesium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of magnesium (Mg) supplementation on nine mild type 2 diabetic patients with stable glycemic control were investigated. Water from a salt lake with a high natural Mg content (7.1%) (MAG21) was used for supplementation after dilution with distilled water to 100mg/100mL; 300mL/day was given for 30 days. Fasting serum immunoreactive insulin level decreased significantly, as did HOMA squareR (both p < 0.05). There was also a marked decrease of the mean triglyceride level after supplementation. The patients with hypertension showed significant reduction of systolic (p < 0.01), diastolic (p = 0.0038), and mean (p < 0.01) blood pressure. The salt lake water supplement, MAG21, exerted clinical benefit as a Mg supplement in patients with mild type 2 diabetes mellitus.