Risk Factors for Adverse Fetal Outcome in Hemodialysis Pregnant Women.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy in women on dialysis is associated with a higher risk of adverse events, and the best care for this population remains to be established. METHODS: In this series, we aimed to identify factors associated with the risk of adverse fetal outcomes among 93 pregnancies in women on hemodialysis. Dialysis dose was initially assigned according to the presence of residual diuresis, body weight, and years on dialysis. Subsequent adjustments on dialysis dose were performed according to several parameters. RESULTS: The overall successful delivery rate was 89.2%, with a dialysis regimen of 2.6 ± 0.7 h/d, 15.4 ± 4.0 h/wk, and mean weekly standard urea Kt/V of 3.3 ± 0.6. In the logistic models, preeclampsia, lupus, primigravida, and average midweek blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level were positively related to the risk of a composite outcome of perinatal death or extreme prematurity, whereas polyhydramnios was inversely related to it. In multivariable linear regression, preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, primigravida, average midweek BUN, and residual diuresis remained significantly and independently related to fetal weight, which is a surrogate marker of fetal outcome. An average midweek BUN of 35 mg/dl was the best value for discriminating the composite outcome, and BUN ≥35 mg/dl was associated with a significant difference in a Kaplan-Meier curve (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that a good fetal outcome could be reached and that preeclampsia, lupus, primigravida, residual diuresis, polyhydramnios, and hemodialysis dose were important variables associated with this outcome. In addition, we suggested that a midweek BUN <35 mg/dl might be used as a target for adjusting dialysis dose until hard data were generated.

Maternal mortality due to arterial hypertension in São Paulo City (1995-1999).

AIM: To describe the case profile of maternal death resulting from hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to propose measures for its reduction. METHODS: The Committee on Maternal Mortality of São Paulo City has identified 609 cases of obstetric maternal death between 1995 and 1999 with an underreporting rate of 52.2% and a maternal mortality rate of 56.7/100,000 live births. Arterial hypertension was the main cause of maternal death, corresponding to 142 (23.3%) cases. RESULTS: Ninety-five (66.9%) of the deaths occurred during the puerperal period and 34 (23.9%) occurred during pregnancy. The time of death was not reported in 13 (9.2%) cases. Seizures were observed in 41 cases and magnesium sulfate was used in four of them. The causes of death were ruled to be cerebrovascular accident (44.4%), acute pulmonary edema (24.6%), and coagulopathies (14.1%). Cesarean section was performed in 85 (59.9%) cases and vaginal delivery in 15 (16.0%). CONCLUSION: Complications of arterial hypertension are responsible for the high rates of pregnancy-related maternal death in São Paulo City. Quality prenatal care and appropriate monitoring of the hypertensive pregnant patient during and after delivery are important measures for better control of this condition and are essential to reduce disorders in pregnancy.

Stress in pregnancy: a new Wistar rat model for human preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Our study evaluated the effects of chronic and/or acute stress on pregnant and nonpregnant female rats. STUDY DESIGN: The rats were exposed to the sonic stimulus associated with overpopulation between days 7 and 14 of pregnancy. The rats were immobilized 2 days before the vascular reactivity experiments. RESULTS: In 14-day pregnant rats, chronic stress led to lower weight, increased adrenal weight, lower endothelium-derived relaxing factor release, and lower fetal weight. In 20-day pregnant rats, chronic stress caused decreased weight gain, higher blood pressure, increased vasomotility and proteinuria, lower endothelium-derived relaxing factor release, and lower fetal weight. In the 20-day pregnant group, the higher adrenal weight resulted in higher blood pressure, lower vascular relaxation, and lower average fetal weight. A greater number of fetuses had higher adrenal weight, higher blood pressure, and lower vascular relaxation. CONCLUSION: The alterations found in the rats were similar to those that occur in human preeclampsia. Therefore, we propose a new animal model for human preeclampsia.

A study of the incidence and recognition of surgical glove perforation during obstetric and gynecological procedures.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of surgical glove perforation among obstetric and gynecological surgical procedures, and to evaluate surgeons' perceptions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which nursing personnel examined the gloves used in obstetric and gynecological procedures, immediately after the surgery, in order to detect perforations. RESULTS: Surgical glove perforation occurred in 20.8% of 817 obstetrics procedures and 24.4% of 131 gynecology procedures. The observed difference between groups was not statistically significant (p=0.35). Obstetricians perceived the occurrence of perforation in 30.6% of the events, and gynecologists in 37.5%. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.44).

Glycemia in newborns of hypertensive mothers according to maternal treatment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the evolution of glycemic levels in newborns of hypertensive mothers according to maternal treatment. METHODS: Prospective randomized study, including 93 newborns of mothers treated with isradipine (n = 39), atenolol (n = 40), or low sodium diet (control group - n=14). Glycemia was determined at birth (mother and newborn by the oxidase glucose method) and in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24th hours after birth (newborn by a test strip method). The evolution of glycemia was analyzed in each group (Friedman test). The groups were compared regarding glycemia (Kruskall-Wallis test), and linear regression models were constructed for the analyses (independent variable = maternal glycemia; dependent variables = umbilical cord, 3rd, and 6th hour glycemia). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among the mean blood glucose levels of the 3 groups in any of the assessments. There was a correlation between maternal and umbilical cord blood glucose in the isradipine (r = 0.61; P <.05) and control (r = 0.84; P <.05) groups. Regarding glycemia levels of the mothers and newborns in the third and sixth hours postpartum, this correlation was present only in the control group (maternal x third hour: r = 0.65; P <.05; maternal x sixth hour: r = 0.68; P <.05). There were no correlations in the atenolol group. Hypoglycemia was detected in 51.3% of the isradipine group, 60% of the atenolol group, and 35.7% of the control group, and it was more frequent in the first hour postpartum in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a similar effect of the 3 types of treatment upon newborn glycemia. The correlation analysis suggests that isradipine could have effects upon newborn glycemia only after birth (correlation only in umbilical cord blood), whereas atenolol could act earlier (there was no correlation at any moment). The results also point to the need for glycemic control from the first hour postpartum of newborns of hypertensive mothers whether they have or have not undergone treatment with antihypertensive drugs.

Diffusion imaging may predict reversible brain lesions in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia: initial experience.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to validate diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of the evolutive course of brain edema and to establish its pathophysiologic presence in patients with eclampsia/severe preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: Seventeen patients with a clinical diagnosis of severe eclampsia/preeclampsia and T2 hyperintense brain lesions on routine magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated at hospital admission and 8 weeks later. RESULTS: Brain edema was reversible in 13 patients and irreversible in 4 patients, as indicated on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. Sixteen of 17 patients were differentiated accurately into reversible and irreversible groups on the basis of diffusion imaging on hospital admission. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a significant increase in water mobility in abnormal regions compared with normal-appearing brains in patients in the reversible group (1.34+/-0.10 mm(2) vs 0.79+/-0.08 mm(2)/s x 10(-3), P<.001). In the irreversible group, restricted water diffusion was present, which was consistent with cytotoxic edema and early brain infarction in 3 of 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can predict successfully the evolutive course of brain edema in an acute setting in these patients. Our findings indicate that brain edema is vasogenic, although ischemic/cytotoxic edema was observed less commonly.

Maternal mortality due to arterial hypertension in São Paulo City (1995-1999)

AIM: To describe the case profile of maternal death resulting from hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to propose measures for its reduction. METHODS: The Committee on Maternal Mortality of São Paulo City has identified 609 cases of obstetric maternal death between 1995 and 1999 with an underreporting rate of 52.2 percent and a maternal mortality rate of 56.7/100,000 live births. Arterial hypertension was the main cause of maternal death, corresponding to 142 (23.3 percent) cases. RESULTS: Ninety-five (66.9 percent) of the deaths occurred during the puerperal period and 34 (23.9 percent) occurred during pregnancy. The time of death was not reported in 13 (9.2 percent) cases. Seizures were observed in 41 cases and magnesium sulfate was used in four of them. The causes of death were ruled to be cerebrovascular accident (44.4 percent), acute pulmonary edema (24.6 percent), and coagulopathies (14.1 percent). Cesarean section was performed in 85 (59.9 percent) cases and vaginal delivery in 15 (16.0 percent). CONCLUSION: Complications of arterial hypertension are responsible for the high rates of pregnancy-related maternal death in São Paulo City. Quality prenatal care and appropriate monitoring of the hypertensive pregnant patient during and after delivery are important measures for better control of this condition and are essential to reduce disorders in pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil dos casos de morte materna decorrente de complicações da hipertensão arterial e propor medidas para sua redução. MÉTODOS: De 1995 a 1999 o Comitê de Mortalidade Materna da Cidade de São Paulo identificou 609 casos de morte materna obstétrica, com uma subnotificação de 52,2 por cento e um CMM=56,7/100.000 Nascidos Vivos. A hipertensão arterial foi a principal causa de óbito materno, correspondendo a 142 (23,3 por cento) casos. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 95 (66,9 por cento) de óbitos no puerpério e 34 (23,9 por cento) durante a gestação. Em 13 (9,2 por cento) casos não se teve referência ao momento do óbito. Houve relato de crises convulsivas em 41 casos com a utilização de sulfato de magnésio em quatro deles. As principais causas determinantes do óbito foram: o acidente vascular cerebral (44,4 por cento), o edema agudo de pulmão (24,6 por cento) e as coagulopatias (14,1 por cento). A cesárea foi realizada em 85 (59,9 por cento) casos e o parto vaginal em 15 (16,0 por cento). Em 28 (19,7 por cento) casos não foi realizada nenhuma conduta para interromper a gravidez e em 14 (9,8 por cento) não se obteve relato do procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: As complicações da hipertensão arterial no ciclo gravídico-puerperal determinam altos índices de mortalidade materna na cidade de São Paulo. A realização de um pré-natal de qualidade e o atendimento apropriado da gestante hipertensa no parto e no pós-parto são medidas de fundamental importância para um melhor controle desse evento, sendo primordial para a redução dessas ocorrências.

Management of pregnancy in a University Hospital: a 6-year study

In order to evaluate the obstetric care in the Obstetric Clinic of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of University of Sao Paulo, the authors present a survey of the management of pregnancy during the 6-year period from 1993 to 1998. The number of deliveries increased during the study by 45 percent over the 6 years. During this same period the number of fetal deaths was 526 (4.48 percent), but there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the incidence of fetal death. However, there was no concomitant increase in the proportion of pregnant women with prenatal care that could explain this improvement. Incidence of premature labor also decreased considerably. The authors believe that the increment in the number of deliveries was due mainly to the increasing number of pregnant women referred to our service. The efforts made by the service towards decreasing the time of hospitalization of both newborns in the nursery and the mothers in the hospital made this possible. Despite the increasing number of deliveries, there was a significant improvement in the management of pregnancy during the period of study. This improvement may be a consequence of the standardization of a protocol of management of pregnancy based on the recent progress in scientific and technological knowledge

Gestação na paciente dialítica / Pregnancy in dialysis patients

A gestação em pacientes com insuficiência renal e em terapia dialítica constitui uma situação desafiadora. Desde a sua primeira descrição em 1971, um crescente número de casos é relatado com informações conflitantes e discordantes quanto ao prognóstico materno e fetal. As principais intercorrências clínicas e obstétricas encontradas no manejo dessas pacientes são: hipertensão arterial, polidrâmnio, restrição de crescimento fetal e prematuridade. As consequências neonatais são complicações clínicas diversas, decorrentes, principalmente, da prematuridade tais como: pneumotórax, síndrome da angústia respiratória do recém-nato, sepse, enterocolite necrosante, doença pulmonar crônica, hemorragia intraventricular e surdez. Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar o tema apresentando os resultados maternos e perinatais mais recentes relatados na literatura, discutir as controvérsias no manejo dessas gestantes e apresentar a conduta obstétrica tanto no pré-natal como na assistência ao parto.

Pregnancy in insufficiency renal and dialysis patients is a challenging situation. Since its first description in 1971, a growing number of cases have been described with conflicting information about maternal and fetal outcome. The main obstetrical adverse outcomes on the management of these patients are: arterial hypertension, polihydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction and prematurity. The neonatal complications are consequences of prematurity and include pneumothorax, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, necrotizing entercolitis, chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage and deafness. This article aims to review the literature presenting the outcome of the most recent maternal and perinatal outcomes, discussing the controversies in the treatment of these patients and presenting the main steps in prenatal care as well as during labor.

The effect of chronic nitric oxide inhibition on vascular reactivity and blood pressure in pregnant rats

CONTEXT: The exact mechanism involved in changes in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance during pregnancy is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the importance of endothelium-derivated relaxing factor (EDRF) and its main component, nitric oxide, in blood pressure and vascular reactivity in pregnant rats. DESIGN: Clinical trial in experimentation animals. SETTING: University laboratory of Pharmacology. SAMPLE: Female Wistar rats with normal blood pressure, weight (152 to 227 grams) and age (90 to 116 days). INTERVENTION: The rats were divided in to four groups: pregnant rats treated with L-NAME (13 rats); pregnant control rats (8 rats); virgin rats treated with L-NAME (10 rats); virgin control rats (12 rats). The vascular preparations and caudal blood pressure were obtained at the end of pregnancy, or after the administration of L-NAME in virgin rats. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The caudal blood pressure and the vascular response to acetylcholine in pre-contracted aortic rings, both with and without endothelium, and the effect of nitric oxide inhibition, Nw-L-nitro-arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME), in pregnant and virgin rats. The L-NAME was administered in the drinking water over a 10-day period. RESULTS: The blood pressure decreased in pregnancy. Aortic rings of pregnant rats were more sensitive to acetylcholine than those of virgin rats. After L-NAME treatment, the blood pressure increased and relaxation was blocked in both groups. The fetal-placental unit weight of the L-NAME group was lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation sensitivity was greater in pregnant rats and that blood pressure increased after L-NAME administration while the acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation response was blocked.

Glycemia in newborns of hypertensive mothers according to maternal treatment

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento da glicemia em recém-nascidos (RN) de mães hipertensas conforme o tratamento materno. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, incluindo 93 RN de mães tratadas com isradipina(n=39), atenolol (n=40) ou dieta - controle (n=14). Determinou-se a glicemia ao nascimento (mãe e RN, pela glicose oxidase) e na 1ª., 3ª., 6ª., 12ª. e 24ª. horas (RN, por fita reagente). A evolução da glicemia, em cada grupo, foi analisada (Teste de Friedman). Os grupos foram comparados, quanto às glicemias, em cada momento (Teste de Kruskall-Wallis) e foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear para as glicemias (variável independente = glicemia materna; variáveis dependentes = glicemias de cordão, 3ª. e 6ª. horas). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as glicemias médias dos 3 grupos, em qualquer uma das coletas. Houve correlação entre as glicemias materna e de cordão umbilical nos grupos isradipina (r =0,61; p<0,05) e controle (r =0,84; p<0,05); entre as glicemias materna e 3ª. e 6ª. horas, houve apenas no grupo controle (materna X 3ª.hora: r = 0,65; p<0,05; materna X 6a.hora: r =0,68; p<0,05). Não houve correlação em nenhum momento no grupo atenolol. Detectou-se hipoglicemia em 51,3% (Isradipina), 60% (Atenolol) e 35,7% (Controle), mais freqüentemente na 1ª. hora de vida, em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem efeito semelhante dos 3 tipos de terapêutica sobre a glicemia do RN. As análises de correlação sugerem que a isradipina possa ter efeitos sobre a glicemia somente após o nascimento (correlação apenas em cordão umbilical), enquanto o atenolol, possa atuar mais precocemente (não se correlacionou em nenhum momento). Também reforçam a necessidade de controle glicêmico desde a 1ª. hora de vida em RN de mães hipertensas, submetidas ou não a tratamento medicamentoso.

Uso do verapamil em gestantes hipertensas crônicas: análise do fluxo das artérias uterinas e umbilical / Use od verapamil in chronic hypertensive pregnant women: flow analysis of uterine and umbilical artery

Objetivo: este trabalho, utilizando verapamil, um bloqueador dos canais lentos de cálcio, constituiu ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo controlado, e objetivou procurar variação do fluxo uteroplacentário e fetoplacentário durante uso oral crônico do fármaco em gestantes com hipertensão crônica leve para moderada. Métodos: 123 pacientes divididas em dois grupos: grupo estudo (n = 61), submetidas a 240 mg/dia de verapamil, e grupo controle (n = 62), submetidas ao placebo. As pacientes randomizadas em grupos de quatro utilizaram a medicação ou placebo durante trinta dias. Um exame do fluxo das artérias uterinas e da artéria umbilical pela dopplervelocimetria foi registrado. Pelo cálculo da média e desvio padrão, foram comparados os valores dos índices de resistência (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP) e da relação sístole/diástole (A/B) das artérias em estudo após administração dos comprimidos. Resultados: o grupo verapamil apresentou os seguintes valores médios para as artérias uterinas: IR = 0,82 (0,28), IP de 1,06 (0,12) e A/B de 2,42 (0,51). O grupo placebo mostrou: IR de 0,75 (0,35), IP de 1,00 (0,18) e A/B de 2,30 (0,38). Quando analisada a artéria umbilical, os valores foram para o grupo verapamil: IR = 0,73 (0,12), IP = 1,04 (0,13) e A/B = 2,94 (0,32). No grupo placebo, IR = 0,70 (0,14), IP = 1,03 (0,07) e A/B = 3,02 (0,78). A análise estatística das diferenças das médias por meio da razão F mostrou não haver diferença entre os dois grupos avaliados. Conclusão: este trabalho referenda o uso do verapamil entre gestantes com hipertensão crônica (leve para moderada), pois não oferece prejuízos no fluxo uteroplacentário e fetoplacentário.

Diagnóstico pré-natal das cardiopatias congênitas e arritmias pela ecodopplercardiografia / Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases and cardiac dysrrhythmias by echocardiography

Detectar precocemente cardiopatias congênitas e arritmias pela EcoDopplercardiografia em gestantes pertencentes ao grupo de risco para tais alteraçöes de acordo com as indicaçöes clássicas. Ecocardiografia bidimensional associada ao Modo M e Doppler foi realizada em 200 gestantes pelas seguintes indicaçöes: diabete materna, arritmia fetal, filho anterior com cardiopatia, retardo de crescimento intra-uterino, hidropsia fetal näo imune, rubéola materna, isoimunizaçäo, malformaçöes fetais ao ultra-som, polihidrámnio, gemelidade, oligoâmnio, ingestäo materna de drogas, lupus eritematoso sistêmico e outros. Anormalidades estruturais isoladas foram encontradas em 6 casos e associadas com bradiarritmia em 5 casos (total 5,5%). Arritmias fetais sem malformaçäo cardíaca ocorreram em 30 casos (15%) sendo a extrrasistolia atrial a mais freqüente. Os achados deste estudo inicial indicam que a anatomia e funçäo cardíaca fetal podem ser avaliados com precisäo. Baseados nisto, temos divulgado o método enfatizando suas indicaçöes, com a finalidade de proporcionar cada vez mais assistência adequada ao feto e ao recém-nascido portadores de cardiopatia congênita ou arritmia

Purpose - To detect in prenatal life fetal arrhythmia and congenital heart disease. We performed fetal echocardiography following classical indications according to the literature. Patients and Methods - Two-dimensional echocardiography associated with M-mode and Doppler was performed in 200 patients according to the indications: maternal diabetes, fetal arrhythmia, maternal congenital heart disease, previous fetus with cardiac defect, intrauterine growth retardation, nonimmune fetal hydrops, rubeola, isoimunization, fetal malformation by ultrasound, polyhidramnio, gemelarity, olygohydramnio, maternal ingestion of drugs, lupus and others. Results - Structural abnormalities of the heart were found in 6 cases and associated with bradiarrhythmia in 5 cases (total of 5,5%). Fetal arrhythmias without cardiac malformation were found in 35 cases (17,5%) and premature atrial contractions were the most frequent. Conclusion - The findings in this study indicate that it is possible the accurate definition of the cardiac anatomy and function. We have enphazised the method trying to spread it, objecting to improve assistance to the fetus and newborn with arrhythmias anal or congenital heart disease

Síndrome antifosfolípide e gestaçäo: tratamento com heparina e aspirina em doses baixas / Antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin

Objetivos: determinar a eficácia e a segurança do tratamento de gestantes com síndrome antifosfolípide com heparina associada à aspirina em baixas doses, e determinar possíveis fatores agravantes da síndrome. Métodos: 16 pacientes portadoras da síndrome antifosfolípide foram submetidas a rigoroso acompanhamento pré-natal. A heparina foi utilizada na dose de 10.000 UI/dia e a aspirina na dose de 100 mg/dia. Foram analisados resultados perinatais e maternos, mediante a utilizaçäo do teste do X² e do teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: o índice de recém-nascidos vivos foi de 88,2 por cento nas gestaçöes tratadas dessas pacientes contra 13,3 por cento nas gestaçöes prévias näo-tratadas dessas mesmas pacientes. Foi alta a incidência de complicaçöes gestacionais: oligoidrâmnio (40 por cento), sofrimento fetal anteparto (33,3 por cento), crescimento intra-uterino retardado (33,3 por cento), diabetes mellitus gestacional (29,4 por cento), pré-eclâmpsia (23,5 por cento) e prematuridade (60 por cento). A presença do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico foi indicaçäo de mau prognóstico. Nenhum efeito colateral significativo foi observado durante o tratamento. Conclusöes: o tratamento adotado se mostrou efetivo na obtençäo de maior índice de recém-nascidos vivos, seguro, mas incapaz de impedir a alta incidência de complicaçöes maternas e perinatais associadas à síndrome. O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico se mostrou um fator agravante da síndrome antifosfolípide.

Quando vamos melhorar a qualidade da assistencia perinatal no Brasil? / When we will improve the quality of perinatal assistance in Brazil?

Recentemente, um menino saudavel nasceu na Bosnia simbolizando o fato da populacao mundial estar atingindo o numero de 6 bilhoes. Naturalmente, este dado afeta a medicina perinatal pois, estima-se que a cada dia ocorram 300.000 nascimentos. Anualmente no mundo, alem das 500.000 mortes maternas registradas, ocorrem pelo menos 7 milhoes de mortes perinatais e a principal causa determinante dessas mortes e a...

Conceito, classificaçäo e incidência das síndromes hipertensivas na gestaçäo / Concept, Classification and incidence of hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy

Aproximadamente 10 por cento de todas as gestações são complicadas por hipertensão arterial, que continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade materna e fetal. Na ausência de história de hipertensão arterial pode ser difícil distinguir clinicamente a pré-eclâmpsia de outros estados hipertensivos, tais como hipertensão essencial ou secundária, doença renal, ou combinações dessas entidades. Admite-se que há tantas classificações das síndromes hipertensivas na gravidez quantos são os pesquisadores na área, mas avanços no conhecimento da fisiopatologia da hipertensão arterial têm proporcionado, também, melhor compreensão dos mecanismos que desencadeiam o aparecimento da pré-eclâmpsia. Essa melhor interpretação fisiopatogênica tem permitido racionalizar a classificação dos estados hipertensivos da gravidez e propor bases terapêuticas mais eficazes.

Area da valva mitral estenotica em gestantes portadoras de doenca reumatica: correlacao com o prognostico perinatal / Mitral valve stenosis and its correlation with the development of the conception product

Em um estudo prospectivo, 52 pacientes, divididas em 29 gestantes portadoras de estenose da valva mitral 23 gestantes normais sem intercorrencias clinicas foram acompanhadas durante o ciclo gravidico-puerperal por um obstetra e um cardiologista. As pacientes dos dois grupos foram submetidas a exames de ecocardiodopplergrafia em fases distintas de idade gestacional entre a vigesima quarta e vigesima oitava semanas e a trigesima segunda e trigesima sexta semanas, a fim de medir a area da valva mitral e sua correlacao com desenvolvimento do produto conceptual e as provaveis repercussoes perinatais advindas da patologia. Nao foram encontrados criterios numericos de correlacao entre tamanho da area mitral e os resultados perinatais. Os resultados perinatais do grupo patologico foram considerados bons, nao se registrando nenhuma morte perinatal ou materna. No entanto observamos a presenca de crescimento intra-uterino (31,03 por cento) quando comparado ao grupo controle (8,70 por cento). Permaneceu a indicacao de cirurgia cardiaca por interesse materno.

Mecanismo de acao do sulfato de magnesio no tratamento de eclampsia / The mechanism of action of magnesium sulfate therapy in eclampsia

A eclampsia e doenca que participa de modo significativo, pelo atual coeficiente de mortalidade materna em nosso pais. A fisiopatogenia parece estar relacionada com a...

Mortalidade materna relacionada a hipertensäo / Maternal mortality related to hypertension

A mortalidade materna relacionada a hipertensao e discutida com destaque para os aspectos fisiopatologicos das principais causas de obito. As medidas terapeuticas mais importantes sao mencionadas

Alteraçöes cerebrais na eclampsia / Cerebral evaluation in patients with eclampsia

Gestantes que desenvolvem eclampsia apresentam altos indices de mortalidade e morbidade materna e perinatal. Neste artigo de revisao discutimos a fisiopatologia da convulsao eclamptica e descrevemos os exames complementares relacionados ao cerebro que podem ser solicitados a fim de auxiliar na avaliacao diagnostica e conduta terapeutica