Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 Paralyzes the Function of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.

Herpes simplex viruses not only infect a variety of different cell types, including dendritic cells (DCs), but also modulate important cellular functions in benefit of the virus. Given the relevance of directed immune cell migration during the initiation of potent antiviral immune responses, interference with DC migration constitutes a sophisticated strategy to hamper antiviral immunity. Notably, recent reports revealed that HSV-1 significantly inhibits DC migration in vitro. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether HSV-2 also modulates distinct hallmarks of DC biology. Here, we demonstrate that HSV-2 negatively interferes with chemokine-dependent in vitro migration capacity of mature DCs (mDCs). Interestingly, rather than mediating the reduction of the cognate chemokine receptor expression early during infection, HSV-2 rapidly induces ß2 integrin (LFA-1)-mediated mDC adhesion and thereby blocks mDC migration. Mechanistically, HSV-2 triggers the proteasomal degradation of the negative regulator of ß2 integrin activity, CYTIP, which causes the constitutive activation of LFA-1 and thus mDC adhesion. In conclusion, our data extend and strengthen recent findings reporting the reduction of mDC migration in the context of a herpesviral infection. We thus hypothesize that hampering antigen delivery to secondary lymphoid organs by inhibition of mDC migration is an evolutionary conserved strategy among distinct members of Herpesviridae.

Heart failure after pressure overload in autosomal-dominant desminopathies: Lessons from heterozygous DES-p.R349P knock-in mice.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the human desmin gene (DES) cause autosomal-dominant and -recessive cardiomyopathies, leading to heart failure, arrhythmias, and AV blocks. We analyzed the effects of vascular pressure overload in a patient-mimicking p.R349P desmin knock-in mouse model that harbors the orthologue of the frequent human DES missense mutation p.R350P. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed on heterozygous (HET) DES-p.R349P mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Echocardiography demonstrated reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in HET-TAC (WT-sham: 69.5 ± 2.9%, HET-sham: 64.5 ± 4.7%, WT-TAC: 63.5 ± 4.9%, HET-TAC: 55.7 ± 5.4%; p<0.01). Cardiac output was significantly reduced in HET-TAC (WT sham: 13088 ± 2385 µl/min, HET sham: 10391 ± 1349µl/min, WT-TAC: 8097 ± 1903µl/min, HET-TAC: 5793 ± 2517µl/min; p<0.01). Incidence and duration of AV blocks as well as the probability to induce ventricular tachycardias was highest in HET-TAC. We observed reduced mtDNA copy numbers in HET-TAC (WT-sham: 12546 ± 406, HET-sham: 13526 ± 781, WT-TAC: 11155 ± 3315, HET-TAC: 8649 ± 1582; p = 0.025), but no mtDNA deletions. The activity of respiratory chain complexes I and IV showed the greatest reductions in HET-TAC. CONCLUSION: Pressure overload in HET mice aggravated the clinical phenotype of cardiomyopathy and resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction. Preventive avoidance of pressure overload/arterial hypertension in desminopathy patients might represent a crucial therapeutic measure.

Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Degradation of CYTIP Modulates Dendritic Cell Adhesion and Migration.

As potent antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the initiation of effective antiviral immune responses. Viruses and especially herpesviruses, which are able to establish lifelong persistence, exploit several immune evasion mechanisms targeting DC biology. Our group has previously shown that the α-herpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 1 inhibits mature DC (mDC) migration by inducing adhesion via degrading the cellular protein CYTIP (cytohesin-1 interacting protein), an important negative regulator of ß2-integrin activity. In the present study, we extended our analysis to the ß-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), to investigate whether other herpesviridae also induce such modulations. Indeed, HCMV impairs mDC transwell migration capability following a CCL19-chemokine gradient, despite equivalent expression levels of the cognate chemokine receptor CCR7 at the corresponding time points post-infection. Remarkably, HCMV infection potently induced ß2-integrin activity on mDCs. Furthermore, directly HCMV-infected mDCs, exhibiting viral gene expression, strongly adhere to fibronectin and ICAM-1, in contrast to mDCs lacking infection or viral gene expression. Interestingly, HCMV-positive mDCs display a proteasome-dependent degradation of CYTIP. Contrasting the migration toward CCL19, elevated expression levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in HCMV-infected mDCs were associated with functional CXCL12-chemotaxis under the herein used conditions. In summary, our results show that HCMV shapes mDC adhesion to compromise migration toward CCL19, but retaining CXCL12 responsiveness. Thus, we hypothesize that a preferred migration pattern toward the bone marrow, but not to secondary lymphoid organs, could ultimately cause a failure in the induction of potent antiviral immune responses.

The Major Immediate-Early Protein IE2 of Human Cytomegalovirus Is Sufficient to Induce Proteasomal Degradation of CD83 on Mature Dendritic Cells.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the prototypic beta-herpesvirus and widespread throughout the human population. While infection is asymptomatic in healthy individuals, it can lead to high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised persons. Importantly, HCMV evolved multiple strategies to interfere with immune cell function in order to establish latency in infected individuals. As mature DCs (mDCs) are antigen-presenting cells able to activate naïve T cells they play a crucial role during induction of effective antiviral immune responses. Interestingly, earlier studies demonstrated that the functionally important mDC surface molecule CD83 is down-regulated upon HCMV infection resulting in a reduced T cell stimulatory capacity of the infected cells. However, the viral effector protein and the precise mechanism of HCMV-mediated CD83 reduction remain to be discovered. Using flow cytometric analyses, we observed significant down-modulation of CD83 surface expression becoming significant already 12 h after HCMV infection. Moreover, Western bot analyses revealed that, in sharp contrast to previous studies, loss of CD83 is not restricted to the membrane-bound molecule, but also occurs intracellularly. Furthermore, inhibition of the proteasome almost completely restored CD83 surface expression during HCMV infection. Results of infection kinetics and cycloheximide-actinomycin D-chase experiments, strongly suggested that an HCMV immediate early gene product is responsible for the induction of CD83 down-modulation. Consequently, we were able to identify the major immediate early protein IE2 as the viral effector protein that induces proteasomal CD83 degradation.