Critical review of IgG4-related hypophysitis.

PURPOSE: IgG4-related hypophysitis is a rare disease, with only 34 cases published in English (2015). Available short reviews may not present complete details of IgG4-related hypophysitis. We aimed to survey case reports of IgG4-related hypophysitis, including abstracts of scientific meetings, in English and Japanese. METHODS: We searched for information about IgG4-related hypophysitis in PubMed and Igakuchuozasshi (Japan Medical Abstracts Society). Among 104 case reports found, we reviewed 84 fulfilling Leporati's diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: The mean ±  SD age of onset was 64.2  ±  13.9, 67.5  ±  9.8, and 56.4  ±  18.6 years for all subjects, men, and women, respectively. Men:women was 2.4:1. On magnetic resonance imaging, pituitary, stalk, and pituitary-stalk mass were observed at frequencies of 14.3, 21.4, and 64.3%, respectively. Manifestations were anterior hypopituitarism in 26.2% (22 cases), central diabetes insipidus in 17.9% (15 cases), and panhypopituitarism in 52.4% (44 cases). The median level of serum IgG4 was 264.5 mg/dL for all subjects, 405 mg/dL for men, and 226 mg/dL for women. The mean number of IgG4-related systemic diseases was 2.7  ±  1.5 in all subjects, 3.0  ±  1.5 in men, and 1.8  ±  1.1 in women. Among the IgG4-related diseases, retroperitoneal fibrosis was the most frequent (26.2%), followed by salivary gland diseases (25%). Glucocorticoid therapy was generally effective, except for two cases that received replacement doses. There were significant differences between sexes in terms of age, serum IgG4 levels, and number of IgG4-related diseases. CONCLUSION: IgG4-related hypophysitis may have different clinical characteristics between genders. This survey may lack some information because the Japanese abstracts did not contain certain details.

Impact of glycemic control with sitagliptin on the 2-year progression of arterial stiffness: a sub-analysis of the PROLOGUE study.

BACKGROUND: No conclusive evidence has been obtained yet on the significance of the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4 inhibitor) treatment on the arterial stiffness in clinical settings. In addition, the effects of good glycemic control on the arterial stiffness have also not been clarified yet. As a sub-analysis of the PROLOGUE study, we examined the effect of a DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) on the 2-year progression of the arterial stiffness and also to determine the effect of good glycemic control on the rate of progression of the arterial stiffness. METHODS: In the PROLOGUE study, the study participants were either allocated to add-on sitagliptin treatment or to continued treatment with conventional anti-diabetic agents. Among the 463 participants of the PROLOGUE study, we succeeded in measuring the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) at least two times during the 2-year study period in 96 subjects. RESULTS: The changes in the baPWV during the study period were similar between the both groups (i.e., with/without staglipitin), overall. On the other hand, when the study subjects were divided into two groups according to the glycemic control status during the study period {good glycemic control group (GC) = hemoglobin (Hb)A1c <7.0 at both 12 and 24 months after the treatment randomization; poor glycemic control group (PC) = HbA1c ≥7.0 at either 12 months, 24 months, or both}, the 2-year increase of the baPWV was marginally significantly larger in the PC group (144 ± 235 cm/s) as compared to that the GC group (-10 ± 282 cm/s) (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: While the present study could not confirm the beneficial effect of sitagliptin per se on the arterial stiffness, the results suggested that good glycemic control appears to be beneficial for delaying the annual progression of the arterial stiffness. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000004490.

Assessing hypoglycemia frequency using flash glucose monitoring in older Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral hypoglycemic agents.

AIM: It is important to consider hypoglycemia for glycemic control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Continuous blood glucose monitoring system is an effective method to investigate blood glucose fluctuation. This study examined hypoglycemia frequency using continuous blood glucose monitoring system in older patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 70 patients with type 2 diabetes aged >65 years, receiving oral treatment only and having a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of <8% were enrolled. Flash glucose monitoring system was used for the device. Patients were classified into three groups according to the type of medicine administered, in addition to other oral hypoglycemics, and were compared: (i) those taking sulfonylureas (SU); (ii) those taking glinides; and (iii) those who did not take either SU or glinides. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between the coefficient of variation and hypoglycemic frequency in all the patients, and a significant negative correlation between HbA1c and hypoglycemia in those receiving SU. When hypoglycemia was defined as glucose levels <54 mg/dL and <70 mg/dL, the cut-off HbA1c values for developing hypoglycemia were 6.3% and 6.7%, sensitivity was 75.0% and 76.2%, and specificity was 90.9% and 77.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In older patients with type 2 diabetes receiving SU, hypoglycemic frequency increases with decreases in HbA1c level. In particular, in patients with HbA1c levels of <6.3% receiving SU, it is necessary to consider medication modification. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1030-1035.

Usefulness and limitations of unilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in a patient with poor glycemic control.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare disease which causes Cushing's syndrome. Bilateral adrenalectomy has been recommended as the treatment of choice for AIMAH. However, bilaterally adrenalectomized patients require lifelong steroid replacement therapy. Therefore, an increasing number of patients have undergone unilateral adrenalectomy for AIMAH. We report a case of AIMAH due to refractory diabetes in whom unilateral adrenalectomy initially yielded good diabetes control, but in whom poor glycemic control developed after 5 years, requiring eventual additional contralateral adrenalectomy. In elderly patients with AIMAH, one-stage bilateral adrenalectomy may be the treatment of choice.