Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models.

Excess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrease in diabetes-related metabolic disturbance. We have previously reported that the supplementation of low molecular chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) significantly inhibited blood glucose levels in both animals and humans. However, the effect of GO2KA1 on obesity still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of GO2KA1 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and plasma lipid profiles using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated to differentiate under the adipogenic stimulation in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of GO2KA1. Adipocyte differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipids and the expression of adipogenic gene expression. Compared to control group, the cells treated with GO2KA1 significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α). Consistently, the mRNA expression of downstream adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group. In vivo, male SD rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity, followed by oral administration of GO2KA1 at 0.1 g/kg/body weight or vehicle control in HFD. We assessed body weight, food intake, plasma lipids, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for liver function, and serum level of adiponectin, a marker for obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Compared to control group GO2KA1 significantly suppressed body weight gain (185.8 ± 8.8 g vs. 211.6 ± 20.1 g, p < 0.05) with no significant difference in food intake. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was higher in the GO2KA1 group. The GO2KA1-treated group also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the control. Moreover, serum adiponectin levels were significantly 1.5-folder higher than the control group. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.

Immune Modulatory Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Enriched Natural Products in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models.

The immune system plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis. Recent studies on the immune-enhancing effects of ginseng saponins have revealed more diverse mechanisms of action. Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl-fructose (AF). The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of AF have been reported. However, the possible immune enhancing effects of non-saponin ginseng compounds, such as AF, have not been investigated. In this study the effects of AF and AF-enriched natural product (Ginofos, GF) on proliferation of normal mouse splenocytes were evaluated in vitro and male BALB/c mice models. The proliferation of splenocytes treated with mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide) were further increased by addition of AF (p < 0.01) or GF (p < 0.01), in a dose dependent manner. After the 10 days of oral administration of compounds, changes in weights of spleen and thymus, serum immunoglobulin, and expression of cytokines were measured as biomarkers of immune-enhancing potential in male BALB/c mice model. The AF or GF treated groups had higher weights of the thymus (0.94 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.18, p < 0.05, respectively) than that of cyclophosphamide treated group (0.59 ± 0.18). This result indicates that AF or AF-enriched extract (GF) increased humoral immunity against CY-induced immunosuppression. In addition, immunoglobulin contents and expression of cytokines including IgM (p < 0.01), IgG (p < 0.05), IL-2 (p < 0.01), IL-4 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) were also significantly increased by supplementation of AF or GF. These results indicate that AF has immune enhancing effects by activation of adaptive immunity via increase of expression of immunoglobulins and cytokines such as IgM, IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and thereby proliferating the weight of thymus. Our findings provide a pharmacological rationale for AF-enriched natural products such as ginseng and red ginseng that can possibly have immune-enhancement potential and should be further evaluated.

Inhibitory Effects of Roseoside and Icariside E4 Isolated from a Natural Product Mixture (No-ap) on the Expression of Angiotensin II Receptor 1 and Oxidative Stress in Angiotensin II-Stimulated H9C2 Cells.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to elucidate whether the natural product mixture No-ap (NA) containing Pine densiflora, Annona muricate, and Monordica charantia, or its single components have inhibitory effects on hypertension-related molecules in Angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated H9C2 cells. Individual functional components were isolated and purified from NA using various columns and solvents, and then their structures were analyzed using ESI⁻MS, ¹H-NMR, and 13H-NMR spectra. H9C2 cells were stimulated with 300 nM Ang II for 7 h. NA, telmisartan, ginsenoside, roseoside (Roseo), icariside E4 (IE4), or a combination of two components (Roseo and IE4) were administered to the cells 1 h before Ang II stimulation. The expression and activity of hypertension-related molecules or oxidative molecules were determined using RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA. Ang II stimulation increased the expression of Ang II receptor 1 (AT1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) mRNA, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (•O2-) and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity. NA significantly improved the expression or activities of all hypertension-related molecules altered in Ang II-stimulated cells. Roseo or IE4 pretreatment either decreased or increased the expression or activities of all hypertension-related molecules similar to NA, but to a lesser extent. The pretreatment with a combination of Roseo and IE4 (1:1) either decreased or increased the expression of all hypertension-related molecules, compared to each single component, revealing a synergistic action of the two compounds. Thus, the combination of single components could exert promising anti-hypertensive effects similar to NA, which should be examined in future animal and clinical studies.

Calorie Restriction Effect of Heat-Processed Onion Extract (ONI) Using In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Models.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is widely consumed as food or medicinal plant due to its well-defined health benefits. The antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of onion and its extracts have been reported well. However, very limited information on anti-hyperglycemic effect is available in processed onion extracts. In our previous study, we reported that Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by heat-processing in Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. To prove the enhancement of anti-hyperglycemic effect and ARCs content by heat-processing in onion extract, a correlation between the anti-hyperglycemic activity and the total content of ARCs of heat-processed onion extract (ONI) was investigated. ONI has a high content of ARCs and had high rat small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (0.34 ± 0.03 mg/mL, IC50) relevant for the potential management of postprandial hyperglycemia. The effect of ONI on the postprandial blood glucose increase was investigated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed on sucrose or starch meals. The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of heat-processed onion extract were significantly decreased by about 8.7% (from 188.60 ± 5.37 to 172.27 ± 3.96, p < 0.001) and 14.2% (from 204.04 ± 8.73 to 175.13 ± 14.09, p < 0.01) in sucrose and starch loading tests, respectively. These results indicate that ARCs in onion extract produced by heat-processing have anti-diabetic effect by suppressing carbohydrate absorption via inhibition of intestinal sucrase, thereby reducing the postprandial increase of blood glucose. Therefore, enhancement of ARCs in onion by heat-processing might be a good strategy for the development of the new product on the management of hyperglycemia.

Inhibition of Osteoarthritis-Related Molecules by Isomucronulatol 7-O-ß-d-glucoside and Ecliptasaponin A in IL-1ß-Stimulated Chondrosarcoma Cell Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the common form of arthritis and is characterized by disability and cartilage degradation. Although natural product extracts have been reported to have anti-osteoarthritic effects, the potential bioactivity of Ryupunghwan (RPH), a traditional Korean medicinal botanical formula that contains Astragalus membranaceus, Turnera diffusa, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica gigas, Eclipta prostrata, Eucommia ulmoides, and Ilex paraguariensis, is not known well. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of single compounds isolated from RPH on the OA-related molecules were investigated using IL-1ß-stimulated chondrosarcoma SW1353 (SW1353) cell model. Two bioactive compounds, isomucronulatol 7-O-ß-d-glucoside (IMG) and ecliptasaponin A (ES) were isolated and purified from RPH using column chromatography, and then the structures were analyzed using ESI-MS, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrum. The expression or amount of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1ß or p65 was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RPH pretreatment reduced the expression and amounts of MMP13, and the expression of collagen II, COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1ß or p65, which were increased in IL-1ß-stimulated SW1353 cells. IMG reduced the expression of all OA-related molecules, but the observed inhibitory effect was less than that of RPH extract. The other single compound ES showed the reduced expression of all OA-related molecules, and the effect was stronger than that in IMG (approximately 100 fold). Combination pretreatment of both single components remarkably reduced the expression of MMP13, compared to each single component. These synergic effects may provide potential molecular modes of action for the anti-osteoarthritic effects of RPH observed in clinical and animal studies.

Invasive urothelial carcinoma with chordoid features or abundant myxoid stroma: A reappraisal of morphologic spectrum and risk stratification based on molecular classification.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) with myxoid stroma or chordoid features is a rare diagnosis. We retrospectively collected data from 17 cases of diagnosed UC with myxoid stroma, mucin production, or chordoid features. We aimed to investigate the molecular subtypes of this neoplasm and to assess subtype correlations with clinical outcomes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with a panel composed of markers for basal subtypes (CK5/6, CK14, and CD44) and luminal subtypes (GATA3, FOXA1, and CK20) was performed. Morphologically, all cases included an at least partial conventional UC component, with the first histologic pattern, named as "typical", characterized by a small- or medium-sized tumor cell nest. The second histologic pattern, named as "chordoid", was characterized by tumor cells with cording that mimic extra-skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma or chordoma, and the third histologic pattern, named as "sarcomatoid", was characterized by non-cohesive spindle tumor cells with a mucin-producing or myxoid stroma background. The "typical" cases showed [CK5/6- CK14- CD44-] [GATA3 + FOXA1 + CK20-] IHC results and was classified as lumina subtype. The "chordoid" cases showed [CK5/6 + CK14 + CD44-] [GATA3- FOXA1- CK20-] IHC results and was classified as basal subtype, and the "sarcomatoid" cases showed [CK5/6- CK14- CD44+] [GATA3- FOXA1- CK20-] IHC results and was "not classified". All pT3 cases and all cases with lymph node (LN) metastasis belonged to the "sarcomatoid" pattern. All patients who had metastasis or died showed the "chordoid" or "sarcomatoid" morphology. Our findings suggest that UC with myxoid stroma/chordoid features shows characteristic expression of luminal and basal markers and different prognosis according to the morphologic pattern spectrum.

Selected coffee (Coffea arabica L.) extracts inhibit intestinal α-glucosidases activities in-vitro and postprandial hyperglycemia in SD Rats.

One of the therapeutic approaches for decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia is to retard absorption of glucose by the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, α-amylase, and α-glucosidases, in the digestive organs. Coffee consumption has been reported to beneficial effects for controlling calorie and cardiovascular diseases, however, the clear efficacy and mode of action are yet to be proved well. Therefore, in this study we evaluated in- vitro rat intestinal α-glucosidases and porcine α-amylase inhibitory activities as well as in vivo (Sprague-Dawley rat model) blood glucose lowering effects of selected coffee extracts. The water extracted Sumatra coffee (SWE) showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50, 4.39 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner followed by Ethiopian water extract (EWE) (IC50, 4.97) and Guatemala water extract (GWE) (IC50, 5.19). Excepted for GWE all the coffee types significantly reduced the plasma glucose level at 0.5 h after oral intake (0.5 g/kg-body weight) in sucrose and starch-loaded SD rats. In sucrose loading test SWE (p < 0.001) and EWE (p < 0.05) had significantly postprandial blood glucose reduction effect, when compared to control. The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of EWE administration group were decreased by about 18% (from 222.3 ± 16.0 to 182.5 ± 15.4, p < 0.01) and 19% (from 236.2 ± 25.1 to 191.3 ± 13.2 h·mg/dL, p < 0.01) in sucrose and starch loading tests, respectively. These results indicate that selected coffee extract may improve exaggerated postprandial spikes in blood glucose via inhibition of intestinal sucrase and thus delays carbohydrate absorption. These in vitro and in vivo studies therefore could provide the biochemical rationale for the benefit of coffee-based dietary supplement and the basis for further clinical study.

In Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Hyperglycemic Activities of Taxifolin and Its Derivatives Isolated from Pigmented Rice (Oryzae sativa L. cv. Superhongmi).

Superhongmi is a new rice variety, which was developed for the enrichment of bioactive compounds through cross-breeding three varieties of rice breeds in Korea. The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector quadrupole and tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/PDA/QTOF-MS) analysis has revealed that superhongmi bran extract contained four taxifolin derivatives as well as cyanidin 3-glucoside. The high-performance countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and reversed-phase HPLC led to the isolation of aforementioned five compounds, and spectroscopic analysis identified cyanidin 3-glucoside (1), along with (2R,3R)-taxifolin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (2), (2R,3R)-4'-O-methyltaxifolin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (a novel compound) (3), (2R,3R)-taxifolin (4), and (2R,3R)-4'-O-methyltaxifolin (5). Compound 2 had the highest rat small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (0.54 mM) relevant for potentially managing postprandial hyperglycemia, followed by compound 1 (0.97 mM) and compound 4 (1.74 mM, IC50). The anti-hyperglycemic effect of compound 4 (taxifolin), a main peak in HPLC analysis was investigated using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Compared to a control, taxifolin treatment (p < 0.001) reduced significantly after sucrose loading the observed postprandial blood glucose and the maximum blood glucose (Cmax) by 15% (203.60 ± 15.86 to 172.30 ± 12.74). These results indicate that taxifolin derivatives that inhibit the activity of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes resulting in reduced dietary carbohydrate absorption can potentially be used as a strategy to manage diabetes.