RESUMO
Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rates among all types of cancer worldwide, and 80%-85% of patients with lung cancer are diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has 5-year survival rate of only 5% at advanced stages. Development of new therapeutic agents and strategies is required to enhance the treatment efficiency in patients with NSCLC. Metabolic alterations and anticancer effects of plant hormones and their derivatives have not been investigated in NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. The present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of 11 plant hormones and their derivatives against NSCLC cell lines; ortho-topolin riboside (oTR) showed the highest cytotoxicity among all tested compounds against NSCLC cells. Alteration of metabolites and lipids was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nano electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry in oTR-treated NSCLC cells and a xenograft mouse model. oTR reduced amino acid and pyrimidine synthesis in NSCLC cells and xenograft tumors. Moreover, oTR reduced glycolytic function and decreased mitochondrial respiration function by inhibiting glutamine and fatty acid oxidation. Increased levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine species suggested that oTR might act as a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor. In addition, the increased level of phosphatidylserine species implied that phosphatidylserine-mediated apoptosis occurred in oTR-treated NSCLC cells and xenograft tumor. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of oTR were mediated by the reduced p-ERK and p-AKT levels and increased cleaved Caspase-3 levels, respectively. This is the first study to investigate the metabolic alterations and anticancer activity of oTR in in vitro and in vivo models of NSCLC. Our results provide basis for the development of oTR-based therapeutic agent for patients with NSCLC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Citocininas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Metaboloma/fisiologia , Células A549 , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Mitocôndrias/metabolismoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Circulating CTRP1 (C1q/TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor-α]-related protein 1) levels are increased in hypertensive patients compared with those in healthy subjects. Nonetheless, little is known about the molecular and physiological function of CTRP1 in blood pressure (BP) regulation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the physiological/pathophysiological role of CTRP1 in BP regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS: CTRP1 production was increased to maintain normotension under dehydration conditions, and this function was impaired in inducible CTRP1 KO (knockout) mice (CTRP1 ΔCAG). The increase in CTRP1 under dehydration conditions was mediated by glucocorticoids, and the antagonist mifepristone prevented the increase in CTRP1 and attenuated BP recovery. Treatment with a synthetic glucocorticoid increased the transcription, translation, and secretion of CTRP1 from skeletal muscle cells. Functionally, CTRP1 increases BP through the stimulation of the AT1R (Ang II [angiotensin II] receptor 1)-Rho (Ras homolog gene family)/ROCK (Rho kinase)-signaling pathway to induce vasoconstriction. CTRP1 promoted AT1R plasma membrane trafficking through phosphorylation of AKT and AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). In addition, the administration of an AT1R blocker, losartan, recovered the hypertensive phenotype of CTRP1 TG (transgenic) mice. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we provide evidence that CTRP1 contributes to the regulation of BP homeostasis by preventing dehydration-induced hypotension.
Assuntos
Adipocinas/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Desidratação/metabolismo , Hipotensão/metabolismo , Adipocinas/genética , Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/uso terapêutico , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Desidratação/complicações , Desidratação/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipotensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipotensão/etiologia , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Losartan/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Vasoconstrição , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismoRESUMO
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor has been effective in treating pathological ocular neovascularization, but it has limitations including the need for repeated intraocular injections for the maintenance of therapeutic effects in most patients and poor or non-response to this agent in some patients. in vitro cellular studies were conducted using retinal pigment epithelial cell lines (ARPE-19 and hTERT-RPE1), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs). in vivo efficacy of ilimaquinone (IQ) was tested in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse and rabbit models. Tissue distribution study was performed in male C57BL6/J mice. IQ, 4,9-friedodrimane-type sesquiterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge, repressed the expression of angiogenic/inflammatory factors and restored the expression of E-cadherin in retinal pigment epithelial cells by inhibiting the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. In addition, it selectively inhibited proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs by activating the p53 pathway. Topical and intraperitoneal administration of IQ significantly reduced choroidal neovascularization in rabbits and mice with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Notably, IQ by the oral route of exposure was highly permeable to the eyes and suppressed abnormal vascular leakage by downregulation of ß-catenin and stabilization of p53 in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that IQ functions through regulation of p53 and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways with conceivable advantages over existing cytokine-targeted anti-angiogenic therapies.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Neovascularização de Coroide/prevenção & controle , Degeneração Macular/prevenção & controle , Quinonas/farmacologia , Neovascularização Retiniana/prevenção & controle , Vasos Retinianos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Neovascularização de Coroide/metabolismo , Neovascularização de Coroide/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Degeneração Macular/metabolismo , Degeneração Macular/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Coelhos , Neovascularização Retiniana/metabolismo , Neovascularização Retiniana/patologia , Vasos Retinianos/metabolismo , Vasos Retinianos/patologiaRESUMO
Although bilobetin, a biflavone isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, represents a variety of pharmacological activities, to date there have been no validated determination methods for bilobetin in biological samples. Thus, we developed a liquid chromatographic method using a tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of bilobetin in rat plasma. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile including diclofenac (internal standard), the analytes were chromatographed on a reversed-phased column with a mobile phase of purified water and acetonitrile (3:7, v/v, including 0.1% formic acid). The ion transitions of the precursor to the product ion were principally deprotonated ions [M - H]- at m/z 551.2 â 519.2 for bilobetin and 296.1 â 251.7 for the IS. The accuracy and precision of the assay were in accordance with US Food and Drug Administration regulations for the validation of bioanalytical methods. This analytical method was successfully applied to monitor plasma concentrations of bilobetin over time following intravenous administration in rats.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Flavonoides/sangue , Flavonoides/farmacocinética , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Administração Intravenosa , Animais , Flavonoides/química , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Ratos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Duloxetine (DLX) is a potent drug investigated for the treatment of depression and urinary incontinence. DLX is extensively metabolized in the liver by two P450 isozymes, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. Propolis (PPL) is one of the popular functional foods known to have effects on activities of CYPs, including CYP1A2. Due to the high probability of using DLX and PPL simultaneously, the present study was designed to investigate the potent effect of PPL on pharmacokinetics (PKs) of DLX after co-administration in humans. A PK study was first conducted in 18 rats (n = 6/group), in which the plasma concentration of DLX and its major metabolite 4-hydroxy duloxetine (4-HD) with or without administration of PPL was recorded. Population PKs and potential effects of PPL were then analyzed using NONMEM software. Lastly, these results were extrapolated from rats to humans using the allometric scaling and the liver blood flow method. PPL (15,000 mg/day) exerts a statistically significant increase in DLX exposures at steady state, with a 20.2% and 24.6% increase in DLX C m a x , s s and the same 28.0% increase in DLX A U C s s when DLX (40 or 60 mg) was administered once or twice daily, respectively. In conclusion, safety issues are required to be attended to when individuals simultaneously use DLX and PPL at high doses, and the possibility of interactions between DLX and PPL might be noted.
Assuntos
Interações Medicamentosas/fisiologia , Cloridrato de Duloxetina/metabolismo , Própole/metabolismo , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2D6/metabolismo , Cloridrato de Duloxetina/farmacocinética , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Própole/farmacocinética , RatosRESUMO
Owing to the development of information technology and the electronics industry, and the increase in the use of electronic products, an increasing number of people are exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in daily life. There has been concern about the effects of EMFs on the human body. Th9 cells, which are characterized by the generation of interleukin-(IL-9), are a recently defined subset of T helper (Th) cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of extremely low-frequency (60 Hz) EMFs, such as those generated by household power sources, at 0.8 mT intensity on CD4+ T cells. The exposure of CD4+ T cells to such EMFs under Th9-polarizing conditions increased IL-9 secretion and gene expression of transcription factors that are important for Th9 development. The expression of GATA3 increased in the early stage, and the phosphorylation of STAT5 and STAT6, which regulate the expression of GATA3, increased. In addition, EMFs increased the expression of IL-2 by the T cells. In conclusion, the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th9 phenotype was increased by exposure to extremely low-frequency EMFs, and this appeared to be dependent on the IL-2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, co-cultures of EMF-exposed Th9 cells and mast cells showed an increased expression of mast cell proteases, FcεR1α, and mast cell-derived inflammatory cytokines compared with co-cultures of non-EMF-exposed Th9 cells and mast cells. Our results suggest that EMFs enhance the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th9 phenotype, resulting in mast cell activation and inflammation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:588-601. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Campos Eletromagnéticos , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/citologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
An ilimquinone (IQ) mixture isolated from Hippiospongia metachromia, consisting of IQ and epi-ilimaquinone (epi-IQ), exerts anti-HIV, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of the two epimers in rat plasma, separating them using a biphenyl column. Ascorbic acid is added during the sample preparation to ensure the stability of both isomers. The plasma concentrations of the isomers were monitored following intravenous and oral administration of the IQ mixture in rats as well as the individual epimers that were separately orally administered. Compare to IQ, epi-IQ was much more stable in rat plasma, likely due to its configurations of decalin. Both substances decayed in more than bi-exponential pattern, with an elimination rate constant of 1.2 h-1 for IQ and 1.7 h-1 for epi-IQ. The epi-IQ was distributed more widely than IQ by about two-fold. Consequently, the clearance of epi-IQ was greater than that of IQ by about three-fold. The oral absolute bioavailability for IQ was 38%, and, that for epi-IQ, was 13%. Although the systemic exposure of IQ was greater than that of epi-IQ by ~8.7-fold, the clearance of each isomer was similar when administered either orally or intravenously, when normalized for bioavailability. The stereo-specific behavior of the isomers appears to originate from differences in both their tissue distribution and gastrointestinal permeability.
Assuntos
Poríferos/química , Quinonas/química , Quinonas/farmacocinética , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Isomerismo , Masculino , Quinonas/administração & dosagem , Quinonas/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sesquiterpenos/administração & dosagem , Sesquiterpenos/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number and variety of electronic devices that emit electromagnetic waves. Because people live and work in close proximity to these pieces of electrical equipment, there is growing concern surrounding the destruction of homeostasis by electromagnetic field exposure. In the present study, the effects of 60 Hz 0.8 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) were examined. Under defined ELF-EMF exposure conditions, the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, were increased in RAW 264.7 cells and the expression of those genes was also upregulated. However, cell proliferation was not altered. Translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), molecules that act downstream of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, were increased to the nucleus under ELF-EMF exposure conditions. In addition, we found that ELF-EMF exposure elevated activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 2, as well as positively affected the influx of calcium. Furthermore, with both the presence of a potent antioxidant (Resveratrol) and downregulation of the antioxidant-related gene Prx-1 (Peroxiredoxin-1), ELF-EMF was associated with higher inflammatory responses of macrophages. These results suggest that an ELF-EMF amplifies inflammatory responses through enhanced macrophage activation and can decrease the effectiveness of antioxidants. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:374-385, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Campos Eletromagnéticos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Citocinas/genética , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos da radiação , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase/efeitos da radiação , Inflamação/metabolismo , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Resveratrol , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos da radiação , Estilbenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a meta-analysis of recently published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to identify the most effective and safe etanercept dosing regimen and duration of therapy for the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: We systematically reviewed PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for RCTs. The proportion of patients attaining 20 percent improvement (according to the Spondyloarthritis International Society response criteria [ASAS 20]) was evaluated as a primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included 50 percent increase in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI 50) used for evaluating efficacy, as well as the BASDAI/Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) scores and adverse events. RESULTS: ASAS 20 indicated that the efficacy of etanercept did not differ amongst dosing regimens (25 mg twice-weekly versus 50 mg once-weekly: relative risk [RR], 2.18, 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 1.78-2.67 versus RR, 2.00, 95 percent CI, 1.70-2.37). The ASAS 20 reported subgroup differences among treatment durations of less than 12 weeks (RR, 2.70; 95 percent CI, 2.09-3.49); 12 weeks (RR, 1.74; 95 percent CI, 1.37-2.22); and more than 12 weeks (RR, 2.56; 95 percent CI, 1.88-3.48). Other outcomes included BASDAI, BASDAI 50, and BASFI. Drug safety differed according to the treatment regimen and duration. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis found that there was no significant efficacy difference between 50 mg once-weekly and 25 mg twice-weekly dosing for the treatment of AS, and a dosing duration of less than 12 weeks was more effective for treating AS patients.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Etanercepte/administração & dosagem , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Since many glycoside compounds in natural products are hydrolyzed by intestinal microbiota when administered orally, it is of interest to know whether their pharmacological effects are derived from the glycoside itself or from the aglycone form in vivo. An interesting example is baicalin versus baicalein, the aglycone of baicalin, which is contained in some herbs from Labiatae including Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria lateriflora Linne. The herbs have been extensively used for treatment of inflammatory diseases in Asia. Although there have been numerous reports regarding the pharmacological effects of baicalin and baicalein in vivo and in vitro, some reports indicated that the glycoside form would hardly be absorbed in the intestine and that it should be hydrolyzed to baicalein in advance for absorption. Therefore, the role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota should also be considered in the metabolism of baicalin. In addition, baicalin contains a glucuronide moiety in its structure, by which baicalin and baicalein show complex pharmacokinetic behaviors, due to the interconversion between them by phase II enzymes in the body. Recently, concerns about drug interaction with baicalin and/or baicalein have been raised, because of the co-administration of Scutellaria species with certain drugs. Herein, we reviewed the role of intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetic characteristics of baicalin and baicalein, with regards to their pharmacological and toxicological effects.
Assuntos
Interações Medicamentosas , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Biomarcadores , Flavanonas/química , Flavanonas/farmacocinética , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacocinética , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Estrutura Molecular , RatosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) make important contributions to allergic responses via their regulation of degranulation, eicosanoid production, and cytokine expression by mast cells, yet the mechanisms underlying their positive effects on FcεRI-dependent signaling are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that mast cell activation and anaphylaxis are negatively regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, little is known about the relationship between ERK1/2-mediated positive and the AMPK-mediated negative regulation of FcεRI signaling in mast cells. OBJECTIVE: We investigated possible interactions between ERK1/2 and AMPK in the modulation of mast cell signaling and anaphylaxis. METHODS: Wild-type or AMPKα2(-/-) mice, or bone marrow-derived mast cells obtained from these mice, were treated with either chemical agents or small interfering RNAs that modulated the activity or expression of ERK1/2 or AMPK to evaluate the functional interplay between ERK1/2 and AMPK in FcεRI-dependent signaling. RESULTS: The ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor U0126 and the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-4-ribofuranoside similarly inhibited FcεRI-mediated mast cell signals in vitro and anaphylaxis in vivo. ERK1/2-specific small interfering RNA also mimicked this effect on FcεRI signals. Moreover, AMPKα2 knockdown or deficiency led to increased FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis that were insensitive to U0126 or activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-4-ribofuranoside, suggesting that the suppression of FcεRI signals by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway relies largely on AMPK activation. ERK1/2 controlled AMPK activity by regulating its subcellular translocation. CONCLUSIONS: ERK1/2 ablated the AMPK-dependent negative regulatory axis, thereby activating FcεRI signals in mast cells.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Anafilaxia/imunologia , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/farmacologia , Anafilaxia/etiologia , Animais , Butadienos/farmacologia , Degranulação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Hipersensibilidade/complicações , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Ribonucleosídeos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Leptin, a hormone with multiple biological actions, is produced predominantly by adipose tissue. Among its functions, leptin can stimulate tumour cell growth. Oestrogen receptor α (ERα), which plays an essential role in breast cancer development, can be transcriptionally activated in a ligand-independent manner. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin on CYP1B1 expression and its mechanism in breast cancer cells. Leptin induced CYP1B1 protein, messenger RNA expression and promoter activity in ERα-positive MCF-7 cells but not in ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, leptin increased 4-hydroxyoestradiol in MCF-7 cells. Also, ERα knockdown by siRNA significantly blocked the induction of CYP1B1 expression by leptin, indicating that leptin induced CYP1B1 expression via an ERα-dependent mechanism. Transient transfection with CYP1B1 deletion promoter constructs revealed that the oestrogen response element (ERE) plays important role in the up-regulation of CYP1B1 by leptin. Furthermore, leptin stimulated phosphorylation of ERα at serine residues 118 and 167 and increased ERE-luciferase activity, indicating that leptin induced CYP1B1 expression by ERα activation. Finally, we found that leptin activated ERK and Akt signalling pathways, which are upstream kinases related to ERα phosphorylation induced by leptin. Taken together, our results indicate that leptin-induced CYP1B1 expression is mediated by ligand-independent activation of the ERα pathway as a result of the activation of ERK and Akt in MCF-7 cells.
Assuntos
Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/biossíntese , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Leptina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocromo P-450 CYP1B1 , Estrogênios de Catecol/biossíntese , Feminino , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Fosforilação , RNA Mensageiro , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Elementos de Resposta , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Transcricional/efeitos dos fármacos , Transfecção , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
We developed a method for the simultaneous quantification of 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A and its active metabolite, macrolactin A, in dog plasma. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile including flufenamic acid as an internal standard, 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A, macrolactin A, and flufenamic acid were chromatographed on a reverse-phase C18 analytical column. The mobile phase, consisting of 20 mM acetate buffer and acetonitrile, was eluted using a gradient program at 1 mL/min, and the UV absorbance was measured at 230 nm. The retention times of 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A, flufenamic acid, and macrolactin A were 3.4, 4.8, and 6.9 min, respectively. The coefficient of variation in the assay precision for both substances was less than 6%, and the accuracy ranged from 96 to 105%. This method was used to measure the concentrations of 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A and macrolactin A in dog plasma following an intravenous administration of a single dose (25 mg/kg) of 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A salt.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Macrolídeos/sangue , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Animais , Calibragem , Cães , Macrolídeos/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
1. JHL45, a novel immune modulator against atopic dermatitis (AD), was synthesized from decursin isolated from Angelica gigas. The goal is to evaluate the lead compound using quantitative modeling approaches to novel anti-AD drug development. 2. We tested the anti-inflammatory effect of JHL45 by in vitro screening, characterized its in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. The dose-dependent efficacy of JHL45 was developed using a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics/disease progression (PK/PD/DIS) model in NC/Nga mice. 3. JHL45 has drug-like properties and pharmacological effects when administered orally to treat atopic dermatitis. The developed PK/PD/DIS model described well the rapid metabolism of JHL45, double-peak phenomenon in the PK of decursinol and inhibition of IgE generation by compounds in NC/Nga mice. Also, a quantitative model was developed and used to elucidate the complex interactions between serum IgE concentration and atopic dermatitis symptoms. 4. Our findings indicate that JHL45 has good physicochemical properties and powerful pharmacological effects when administered orally for treatment of AD in rodents.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Benzopiranos/farmacocinética , Butiratos/farmacocinética , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Acrilatos , Angelica/química , Animais , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacocinética , Linhagem Celular , Cromanos , Cumarínicos/farmacocinética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
AIM: The objective of the present study was to develop population pharmacokinetic models for olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide and to investigate the influence of demographic factors on these population pharmacokinetics. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide were measured in 41 healthy volunteers enrolled in our bioequivalence study by LC-MS/MS following oral administration of an olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide (20/12.5 mg) fixed-dose combination tablet. This data and covariates were subjected to nonlinear mixed-effect modeling analysis using the NONMEM software. Evaluation featured a visual predicted check and bootstrapping. RESULTS: The distributions of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide were best fitted using a two-compartment model with no lag time and first-order elimination. When analyzing hydrochlorothiazide kinetics, we found that TCHO and CL/F were correlated, while. HB and Ka influenced olmesartan medoxomil modeling. All evaluations indicated that the pharmacokinetic profiles of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide were adequately described using our PPK model. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that demographic factors influence the inter-individual variability in the disposition of the combination drug, and it might be more useful to apply it to the PK of olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide (20/12.5 mg) FDC tablets administered to patients with hypertension. *These two authors contributed equally to this work.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacocinética , Hidroclorotiazida/farmacocinética , Imidazóis/farmacocinética , Modelos Biológicos , Tetrazóis/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Adulto , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Estudos Cross-Over , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hidroclorotiazida/administração & dosagem , Imidazóis/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Dinâmica não Linear , Olmesartana Medoxomila , República da Coreia , Comprimidos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Tetrazóis/administração & dosagem , Equivalência Terapêutica , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To investigate the nephrotoxic potential of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CA) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, 7-d repeated-dose studies were performed. The experimental groups of MEL100 and CA100 were orally administered with MEL and CA at 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d, respectively. In groups dosed with MEL-CA mixtures, melamine and cyanuric acid (1:1) were simultaneously administered at 4, 20, or 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d (i.e., MEL-CA4, MEL-CA20, or MEL-CA100, respectively). Body weights were not markedly affected in MEL100, CA100, and MEL-CA4 groups, but significantly reduced in MEL-CA 20 and 100 rats. Most parameters determined in sera and tissues were not markedly altered in MEL100, CA100, and MEL-CA4-treated rodents. However, BUN, creatinine, total protein, and kidney weights were significantly increased in MEL-CA20- and MEL-CA100-treated animals. Renal histopathologic findings also revealed signs of toxicity, including tubular dilatation, crystal deposition, granulomatous tubulo-interstitial inflammation, and tubular necrosis with regeneration. Data suggested that the combination of MEL and CA might be responsible for observed nephrotoxicity that was not seen following individual exposure to either MEL or CA alone. Subsequently, the concentrations of MEL and CA were determined in serum, urine, and kidney tissues by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicokinetic studies indicated that MEL or CA alone might be eliminated almost completely within 24 h after dosing showing no accumulation in kidney. However, the combined MEL-CA dose produced marked accumulation of chemicals in blood and kidneys. These results suggested that combined MEL and CA might produce renal toxicity due to significant chemical accumulation in kidney accompanied by low excretion.
Assuntos
Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Triazinas/toxicidade , Administração Oral , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/patologia , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Toxicocinética , Triazinas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Although systemic exposure to peptides, such as Gly-Pro-Hyp, Pro-Hyp, and Gly-Pro, has been reported following administration of collagen hydrolysates from fish scale and porcine skin in vivo, the individual peptide pharmacokinetics remain unknown. We administered the three peptides individually to rats via the intravenous (5 mg/kg) and intragastric (100 mg/kg) routes and then monitored systemic exposure and urinary excretion. The peptides in biological samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Gly-Pro-Hyp tended to exhibit higher first-pass metabolism than Pro-Hyp; the absolute oral bioavailabilities of Gly-Pro-Hyp and Pro-Hyp were 4.4% and 19.3%, respectively. Gly-Pro levels were very low in the systemic circulation. Pro-Hyp biotransformed from Gly-Pro-Hyp behaved similarly to Pro-Hyp alone when administered orally. Flip-flop kinetics (elimination rate â« absorption rate) were evident, probably reflecting transporter-mediated slow absorption. A double-peak phenomenon was observed for Gly-Pro-Hyp and Pro-Hyp when administered orally, and 5.9% ± 2.6% and 1.9% ± 0.3% of each dose were excreted in urine after intravenous administration, respectively. Urinary recovery of Gly-Pro was limited to 0.4% ± 0.5% of the intravenous dose. This work represents the first individual pharmacokinetics of Gly-Pro-Hyp, Pro-Hyp, and Gly-Pro in vivo.
Assuntos
Colágeno , Dipeptídeos , Oligopeptídeos , Ratos , Animais , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Colágeno/química , PeptídeosRESUMO
Propolis is a natural resinous substance made by bees through mixing various plant sources. Propolis has been widely recognized as a functional food due to its diverse range of beneficial bioactivities. However, the therapeutic effects of consuming propolis against atopic dermatitis (AD) remain largely unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the potential efficacy of propolis against AD and explore the active compound as well as the direct molecular target. In HaCaT keratinocytes, propolis inhibited TNF-α-induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 secretion. It also led to a reduction in chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), while restoring the levels of barrier proteins, filaggrin and involucrin. Propolis exhibited similar effects in AD-like human skin, leading to the suppression of AD markers and the restoration of barrier proteins. In DNCB-induced mice, oral administration of propolis attenuated AD symptoms, improved barrier function, and reduced scratching frequency and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). In addition, propolis reversed the mRNA levels of AD-related markers in mouse dorsal skin. These effects were attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the active compound identified by comparing major components of propolis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CAPE as well as propolis could directly and selectively target MKK4. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that propolis may be used as a functional food agent for the treatment of AD.
RESUMO
Hepatocytes are used widely as a cell model for investigation of xenobiotic metabolism and the toxic mechanism of drugs. Simvastatin is the first statin drug used extensively in clinical practice for control of elevated cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia. However, it has also been reported to cause adverse effects in liver due to cellular damage. In this study, for proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, rat primary hepatocytes were exposed to simvastatin at IC20 concentration for 24 h. Among a total of 607 differentially expressed proteins, 61 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins have been identified in the simvastatin-treated group. At the mRNA level, results of transcriptomic analysis revealed 206 upregulated and 41 downregulated genes in the simvastatin-treated group. Based on results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, xenobiotics by metabolism of cytochrome P450, fatty acid metabolism, bile metabolism, and urea cycle and inflammation metabolism pathways were focused using IPA software. Genes (FASN, UGT2B, ALDH1A1, CYP1A2, GSTA2, HAP90, IL-6, IL-1, FABP4, and ABC11) and proteins (FASN, CYP2D1, UG2TB, ALDH1A1, GSTA2, HSP90, FABP4, and ABCB11) related to several important pathways were confirmed by real-time PCR andWestern blot analysis, respectively. This study will provide new insight into the potential toxic pathways induced by simvastatin.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas/metabolismo , Sinvastatina/efeitos adversos , Animais , Bile/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hepatite/metabolismo , Masculino , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Proteínas/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sinvastatina/toxicidade , Software , Ureia/metabolismoRESUMO
Low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF) is widely used to treat metabolic disorders, but its physiologic effects have not been well determined. In the present study, we investigated the metabolic effects of LMWF in obese diabetic mice (leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice) and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-responsive L6 myotubes. The effect of LMWF-mediated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation on insulin resistance via regulation of the ER stress-dependent pathway was examined in vitro and in vivo. In db/db mice, LMWF markedly reduced serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and gradually reduced body weights by reducing lipid parameters. Furthermore, it effectively ameliorated glucose homeostasis by elevating glucose tolerance. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of AMPK and Akt were markedly reduced by ER stressor, and subsequently, glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation were also reduced. However, these adverse effects of ER stress were significantly ameliorated by LMWF. Finally, in L6 myotubes, LMWF markedly reduced the ER stress-induced upregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin-p70S61 kinase network and subsequently improved the action of insulin via AMPK stimulation. Our findings suggest that AMPK activation by LMWF could prevent metabolic diseases by controlling the ER stress-dependent pathway and that this beneficial effect of LMWF provides a potential therapeutic strategy for ameliorating ER stress-mediated metabolic dysfunctions.