Internet Use by Gynecologic Oncology Patients and Its Relationship with Anxiety.

This study describes the use of the Internet for health information research by patients attending a gynecologic oncology practice and examines the association between its use and anxiety. A self-administered survey assessed patients' demographic information and Internet use. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered concurrently. Of 212 patients who consented to the study, 98 (46%) had an appointment because of a cancer diagnosis. Of 199 respondents, 91 (46%) reported searching the Internet for information about their condition. Internet searching was unassociated with race/ethnicity and positively associated with education level, annual household income, and married/partnered civil status. Only 16% of the patients reported that a health-care provider recommended use of the Internet for research. Comparing patients who used the Internet for research with those who did not, the STAI state and trait anxiety scores were similar. The HADS anxiety subscale score was higher for those who used the Internet versus those who did not, which suggests heightened anxiety. Internet use for research is common in gynecologic oncology patients, and its use is associated with increased anxiety. Physicians can use this medium to educate patients about their disease, build trust, and alleviate fear.

Testosterone Therapy on Active Surveillance and Following Definitive Treatment for Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Previously considered an absolute contraindication, the use of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer has undergone an important paradigm shift. Recent data has changed the way we approach the treatment of testosterone deficiency in men with prostate cancer. In the current review, we summarize and analyze the literature surrounding effects of testosterone therapy on patients being treated in an active surveillance protocol as well as following definitive treatment for prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: The conventional notion that defined the relationship between increasing testosterone and prostate cancer growth was based on limited studies and anecdotal case reports. Contemporary evidence suggests testosterone therapy in men with testosterone deficiency does not increase prostate cancer risk or the chances of more aggressive disease at prostate cancer diagnosis. Although the studies are limited, men who received testosterone therapy for localized disease did not have higher rates of recurrences or worse clinical outcomes. Current review of the literature has not identified adverse progression events for patients receiving testosterone therapy while on active surveillance/watchful waiting or definitive therapies. The importance of negative effects of testosterone deficiency on health and health-related quality of life measures has pushed urologists to re-evaluate the role testosterone plays in prostate cancer. This led to a paradigm shift that testosterone therapy might in fact be a viable option for a select group of men with testosterone deficiency and a concurrent diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Utilizing time-driven activity-based costing to understand the short- and long-term costs of treating localized, low-risk prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Given the costs of delivering care for men with prostate cancer remain poorly described, this article reports the results of time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) for competing treatments of low-risk prostate cancer. METHODS: Process maps were developed for each phase of care from the initial urologic visit through 12 years of follow-up for robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), cryotherapy, high-dose rate (HDR) and low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and active surveillance (AS). The last modality incorporated both traditional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy and multiparametric-MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy. The costs of materials, equipment, personnel, and space were calculated per unit of time and based on the relative proportion of capacity used. TDABC for each treatment was defined as the sum of its resources. RESULTS: Substantial cost variation was observed at 5 years, with costs ranging from $7,298 for AS to $23,565 for IMRT, and they remained consistent through 12 years of follow-up. LDR brachytherapy ($8,978) was notably cheaper than HDR brachytherapy ($11,448), and SBRT ($11,665) was notably cheaper than IMRT, with the cost savings attributable to shorter procedure times and fewer visits required for treatment. Both equipment costs and an inpatient stay ($2,306) contributed to the high cost of RALP ($16,946). Cryotherapy ($11,215) was more costly than LDR brachytherapy, largely because of increased single-use equipment costs ($6,292 vs $1,921). AS reached cost equivalence with LDR brachytherapy after 7 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TDABC is feasible for analyzing cancer services and provides insights into cost-reduction tactics in an era focused on emphasizing value. By detailing all steps from diagnosis and treatment through 12 years of follow-up for low-risk prostate cancer, this study has demonstrated significant cost variation between competing treatments.

Testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer: a time-varying analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with prostate cancer is controversial given concerns of androgen-related cancer progression. Although emerging evidence suggests that TRT may be safe in this setting, no study has investigated dose-related effects. AIM: We used time-varying analysis to determine whether increasing TRT exposure is associated with worse outcomes. METHODS: Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1991 to 2007. Subjects treated with TRT were stratified by duration of treatment. Weighted propensity score methods were used to adjust for differences between groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to assess the effect of injectable TRT exposure on outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Overall mortality (OM), prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), and use of salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). RESULTS: Men treated with TRT, regardless of duration, did not experience higher OM or PCSM (all hazard ratio [HR] <1.0, all P ≤ 0.002). We found no difference in use of salvage ADT in the ≤ 30-day and 31-60 day groups compared with no-TRT (HR 1.23 and 1.05, P=0.06 and 0.81, respectively), whereas it was lower for men on long-term TRT (HR 0.70, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: TRT following prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment does not increase mortality or the use of salvage ADT. Using time-varying analysis, we demonstrate that longer duration of TRT is not associated with adverse mortality or greater need for ADT.

Decisional conflict in economically disadvantaged men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer: baseline results from a shared decision-making trial.

BACKGROUND: Decisional conflict is a source of anxiety and stress for men diagnosed with prostate cancer given uncertainty surrounding myriad treatment options. Few data exist to help clinicians identify which patients are at risk for decisional conflict. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with decisional conflict in economically disadvantaged men diagnosed with prostate cancer before any treatment choices were made. METHODS: A total of 70 men were surveyed at a Veterans Administration clinic with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized trial testing a novel shared decision-making tool. Baseline demographic, clinical, and functional data were collected. Independent variables included age, race, education, comorbidity, relationship status, urinary/sexual dysfunction, and prostate cancer knowledge. Tested outcomes were Decisional Conflict Scale, Uncertainty Subscale, and Perceived Effectiveness Subscale. Multiple linear regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with decisional conflict. RESULTS: Mean age was 63 years, 49% were African American, and 70% reported an income less than $30,000. Poor prostate cancer knowledge was associated with increased decisional conflict and higher uncertainty (P < .001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Poor knowledge was also associated with lower perceived effectiveness (P = 0.003) whereas being in a relationship was associated with higher decisional conflict (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased patient knowledge about prostate cancer is associated with increased decisional conflict and lower perceived effective decision-making. Interventions to increase comprehension of prostate cancer and its treatments may reduce decisional conflict. Further work is needed to better characterize this relationship and identify effective targeted interventions.

Testosterone replacement therapy following the diagnosis of prostate cancer: outcomes and utilization trends.

INTRODUCTION: Late-onset hypogonadism may impair quality of life and contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidity in aging men. Testosterone replacement therapy is effective in treating hypogonadism. However, for the millions of men with a history of prostate cancer, exogenous testosterone has long been considered contraindicated, even though little data in such men are available. Clarification of this safety issue could allow treatment to be considered for a sizeable segment of the aging male population. AIM: The aim of this study is to examine population-based utilization and impact of testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer. METHODS: Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1992 to 2007. Of those, 1181 (0.79%) men received exogenous testosterone following their cancer diagnosis. We used propensity scoring analysis to examine the effect of testosterone replacement on the use of salvage hormone therapy and overall and prostate cancer-specific mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed overall mortality, cancer-specific mortality, and the use of salvage hormone therapy. RESULTS: Following prostate cancer diagnosis, testosterone replacement was directly related to income and educational status and inversely related to age (all P < 0.001). Men undergoing radical prostatectomy and men with well-differentiated tumors were more likely to receive testosterone (all P < 0.001). On adjusted analysis, testosterone replacement therapy was not associated with overall or cancer-specific mortality or with the use of salvage hormone therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based observational study of testosterone replacement therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer, treatment was not associated with increased overall or cancer-specific mortality. These findings suggest testosterone replacement therapy may be considered in men with a history of prostate cancer, but confirmatory prospective studies are needed.

Time-driven activity-based costing: a driver for provider engagement in costing activities and redesign initiatives.

OBJECT: To date, health care providers have devoted significant efforts to improve performance regarding patient safety and quality of care. To address the lagging involvement of health care providers in the cost component of the value equation, UCLA Health piloted the implementation of time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC). Here, the authors describe the implementation experiment, share lessons learned across the care continuum, and report how TDABC has actively engaged health care providers in costing activities and care redesign. METHODS: After the selection of pilots in neurosurgery and urology and the creation of the TDABC team, multidisciplinary process mapping sessions, capacity-cost calculations, and model integration were coordinated and offered to engage care providers at each phase. RESULTS: Reviewing the maps for the entire episode of care, varying types of personnel involved in the delivery of care were noted: 63 for the neurosurgery pilot and 61 for the urology pilot. The average cost capacities for care coordinators, nurses, residents, and faculty were $0.70 (range $0.63-$0.75), $1.55 (range $1.28-$2.04), $0.58 (range $0.56-$0.62), and $3.54 (range $2.29-$4.52), across both pilots. After calculating the costs for material, equipment, and space, the TDABC model enabled the linking of a specific step of the care cycle (who performed the step and its duration) and its associated costs. Both pilots identified important opportunities to redesign care delivery in a costconscious fashion. CONCLUSIONS: The experimentation and implementation phases of the TDABC model have succeeded in engaging health care providers in process assessment and costing activities. The TDABC model proved to be a catalyzing agent for cost-conscious care redesign.

The effect of monthly resident reflection on achieving rotation goals.

BACKGROUND: Reflection is a learning tool increasingly being used in medical education. It has not been well studied as a method of communicating resident rotation goals and objectives. PURPOSE: The purpose was to study the effect of monthly resident reflection on achieving curriculum goals. METHODS: During the first half of the 2005-06 academic year, obstetrics/gynecology residents at a community hospital received curriculum goals in a traditional written manner. During the second 6 months, the same trainees underwent 1-hr monthly structured reflection sessions on the rotation goals and objectives. RESULTS: Sixteen residents were studied. Compared to control, residents reported the rotation goals as better defined during reflection months. More trainees rated reflection as more valuable than the didactic time it replaced. All 16 residents documented more cumulative procedures in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education operative log Web site during reflection months for each of the three major categories; there was a mean increased number of procedures logged in Obstetrics (23.1 +/- 14.0, p < .001), Gynecology (18.3 +/- 10.9, p < .001), and Primary Care (21.1 +/- 23.5, p = .003). Overall, there was a mean of 62.6 +/- 32.1 (p < .001) more procedures entered during the reflection period, which translated to an 18% increase. CONCLUSIONS: Structured monthly reflection may lead to a higher success of achieving rotation goals.

Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Analysis of Urological Stone Disease.

INTRODUCTION: The documented increasing incidence of nephrolithiasis in the United States will likely be associated with significant economic impact. Time-driven activity-based costing is an analytical method that has been successfully adapted from industrial analysis for use in health care. Using this costing approach we characterized the cost of 4 stone treatment modalities at our academic medical center, including trial of passage, semirigid ureteroscopy, flexible ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. METHODS: We developed process mapping for urological evaluation, treatment and followup of renal or ureteral stones less than 10 mm in size for each treatment method. We calculated cost of resources, equipment, disposables, personnel and space used for each step in the process. Cost was based on the capacity of each resource and the amount of time required for the treatment process. RESULTS: The cost for trial of stone passage, $389, was expectedly lower than for surgical interventions and was mainly driven by clinic visit costs. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and semirigid and flexible ureteroscopy costs were $4,367, $4,830 and $5,356, respectively. Intraoperative disposables and personnel were the top contributors to overall treatment costs. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative management is less costly than surgical interventions. Flexible ureteroscopy is the most expensive of surgical interventions. We describe the first time-driven activity-based cost analysis of stone management to our knowledge. Identifying the main drivers of cost can help to improve the value of urological care and improve future cost-effectiveness analyses.

Improving patient engagement in self-measured blood pressure monitoring using a mobile health technology.

OBJECTIVE: To understand usage patterns and clinical efficacy of Hello Heart, an mHealth technology application designed to facilitate patient engagement in managing hypertension. METHODS: In this single-arm observational study, all subjects with ≥2 blood pressure (BP) recordings were included. The cohort was divided into subgroups by weeks passed since download that patients were still recording measurements. Changes in BP were compared between subgroups. RESULTS: Of 5115 eligible subjects, 3803 (74%) recorded BP for ≥2 weeks. In the 4-week subgroup, 23% achieved BP reduction of ≥10 mmHg versus 24% in the 22-week subgroup (p < 0.001). Among 783 subjects reporting baseline hypertension 57% of the 4-week and 69% of the 22-week subgroups achieved BP normalization (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We show significant decrease in BP with improved metrics over time. Higher engagement was associated with greater BP reduction and engagement was higher among those with greater clinical need of BP control. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Hello Heart represents an operational mHealth technology to improve patient engagement and clinical outcomes.

Development and Validation of an Automated Method to Identify Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer Using Natural Language Processing.

INTRODUCTION: Measurement for quality improvement relies on accurate case identification and characterization. With electronic health records now widely deployed, natural language processing, the use of software to transform text into structured data, may enrich quality measurement. Accordingly we evaluated the application of natural language processing to radical cystectomy procedures for patients with bladder cancer. METHODS: From a sample of 497 procedures performed from March 2013 to October 2014 we identified radical cystectomy for primary bladder cancer using the approaches of 1) a natural language processing enhanced algorithm, 2) an administrative claims based algorithm and 3) manual chart review. We also characterized treatment with robotic surgery and continent urinary diversion. Using chart review as the reference standard we calculated the observed agreement (kappa statistic), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for natural language processing and administrative claims. RESULTS: We confirmed 84 radical cystectomies were performed for bladder cancer, with 50.0% robotic and 38.6% continent diversions. The natural language processing enhanced and claims based algorithms demonstrated 99.8% (κ=0.993, 95% CI 0.979-1.000) and 98.6% (κ=0.951, 95% CI 0.915-0.987) agreement with manual review, respectively. Both approaches accurately characterized robotic vs open surgery, with natural language processing enhanced algorithms showing 98.8% (κ=0.976, 95% CI 0.930-1.000) and claims based 90.5% (κ=0.810, 95% CI 0.686-0.933) agreement. For urinary diversion natural language processing enhanced algorithms correctly specified 96.4% of cases (κ=0.924, 95% CI 0.839-1.000) compared with 83.3% (κ=0.655, 95% CI 0.491-0.819). CONCLUSIONS: Natural language processing enhanced and claims based algorithms accurately identified radical cystectomy cases at our institution. However, natural language processing appears to better classify specific aspects of cystectomy surgery, highlighting a potential advantage of this emerging methodology.

Testosterone Therapy in Men With Prostate Cancer.

CONTEXT: The use of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer was previously contraindicated, although recent data challenge this axiom. Over the past 2 decades, there has been a dramatic paradigm shift in beliefs, attitude, and treatment of testosterone deficiency in men with prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze current literature regarding the effect of testosterone replacement in men with prostate cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a Medline search to identify all publications related to testosterone therapy in both treated and untreated prostate cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The historical notion that increasing testosterone was responsible for prostate cancer growth was based on elegant yet limited studies from the 1940s and anecdotal case reports. Current evidence reveals that high endogenous androgen levels do not increase the risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis. Similarly, testosterone therapy in men with testosterone deficiency does not appear to increase prostate cancer risk or the likelihood of a more aggressive disease at prostate cancer diagnosis. Androgen receptor saturation (the saturation model) appears to account for this phenomenon. Men who received testosterone therapy after treatment for localized prostate cancer do not appear to suffer higher rates of recurrence or worse outcomes; although studies to date are limited. Early reports of men on active surveillance/watchful waiting treated with testosterone have not identified adverse progression events. CONCLUSIONS: An improved understanding of the negative effects of testosterone deficiency on health and health-related quality of life-and the ability of testosterone therapy to mitigate these effects-has triggered a re-evaluation of the role testosterone plays in prostate cancer. An important paradigm shift has occurred within the field, in which testosterone therapy may now be regarded as a viable option for selected men with prostate cancer suffering from testosterone deficiency. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this article, we review and summarize the existing literature surrounding the use of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer. Historically, testosterone was contraindicated in men with a history of prostate cancer. We show that this contraindication is unfounded and, with careful monitoring, its use is safe in that regard.

The Cost Burden of Complications after Major Surgery for Urological Cancer: Opportunities for Value Creation in Urology.

INTRODUCTION: While improving patient outcomes and controlling costs have become primary pursuits in health care, priority areas for value creation remain unclear. In urology operative morbidity serves as a major barrier to high value care. To guide improvement efforts we assessed the prevalence and cost of inpatient complications among patients undergoing major surgery for urological cancer. METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2009 to 2011 we identified hospital admissions for cancer related prostatectomy, nephrectomy and cystectomy among adults age 18 years or older. We then measured the occurrence of inpatient complications, medical and surgical, and used multivariable, mixed effect models to estimate the associated marginal cost. RESULTS: Among weighted samples of 229,743 prostatectomies, 111,683 nephrectomies and 31,213 cystectomies, inpatient complications occurred in 9.4% (95% CI 8.6-10.2), 32.0% (95% CI 30.7-33.4) and 57.7% (95% CI 54.7-60.6) of hospital admissions, respectively. For these respective samples an adverse event added $4,947 (95% CI 4,523-5,454), $6,782 (95% CI 6,336-7,293) and $10,756 (95% CI 9,999-11,759) to the cost of inpatient care. While surgical events occurred most frequently, medical complications generated $1,699 (95% CI 994-2,423), $2,052 (95% CI 1,545-2,662) and $4,852 (95% CI 3,519-6,531) more in expense per episode for prostate, kidney and bladder cancer cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients undergoing major surgery for urological cancer experience a complication, adding substantially to health care costs. As urologists seek to generate value in urological cancer care, the prevention and management of complications, especially medically driven events, represent an immediate opportunity for quality improvement and cost savings.

Factors associated with comprehensive dental care following an initial emergency dental visit.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the patient population utilization of a dental home as grouped by: (1) age; (2) sex; and (3) payment method. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 1,020 patients, who initially presented for an emergency visit, was performed. From the original data pool, 2 groups were delineated: (1) those patients who returned for comprehensive dental care; and (2) those who did not return for comprehensive dental care. RESULTS: Patients with private dental insurance or Medicaid dental benefits were statistically more likely to return for comprehensive oral health care than those with no form of dental insurance. Younger patients (< or =3 years of age) were least likely to return for comprehensive dental care. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in care-seeking behaviors. These obstacles are often a barrier to preventive and comprehensive oral health care.

Students' perceived importance of diversity exposure and training in dental education.

Intercultural competence is an important component of the doctor-patient relationship in the multicultural climate evolving in the United States. We hypothesized that 1) exposure to racial and ethnic diversity in the student body, faculty, staff, and patient population in dental school and 2) a dental school curriculum that includes presentations on issues concerning racial and ethnic diversity will contribute to students' feeling more competent and confident to enter the multicultural work environment that is rapidly developing in the United States. A Likert-type scale questionnaire was administered to 627 fourth-year dental students enrolled in seven dental schools representing geographically diverse regions of the United States. Of these, 376 questionnaires were returned for a response rate of 60 percent. Results indicated that both the perception of diversity in the school environment and the presentation of diversity-specific content in the curriculum had moderately positive and significant correlations with the students' perception of their competency or ability to serve and work with diverse populations. The respective Pearson correlation coefficients for diversity in the school environment and diversity curriculum were .497 (p<.001) and .459 (p<.001). These results support the hypotheses that diversity exposure and training in the dental school environment are important for dental students entering a multicultural workplace.

Undergraduate basic science preparation for dental school.

In the Institute of Medicines report Dental Education at the Crossroads, it was suggested that dental schools across the country move toward integrated basic science education for dental and medical students in their curricula. To do so, dental school admission requirements and recommendations must be closely reviewed to ensure that students are adequately prepared for this coursework. The purpose of our study was twofold: 1) to identify student dentists' perceptions of their predental preparation as it relates to course content, and 2) to track student dentists' undergraduate basic science course preparation and relate that to DAT performance, basic science course performance in dental school, and Part I and Part II National Board performance. In the first part of the research, a total of ninety student dentists (forty-five from each class) from the entering classes of 1996 and 1997 were asked to respond to a survey. The survey instrument was distributed to each class of students after each completed the largest basic science class given in their second-year curriculum. The survey investigated the area of undergraduate major, a checklist of courses completed in their undergraduate preparation, the relevance of the undergraduate classes to the block basic science courses, and the strength of requiring or recommending the listed undergraduate courses as a part of admission to dental school. Results of the survey, using frequency analysis, indicate that students felt that the following classes should be required, not recommended, for admission to dental school: Microbiology 70 percent, Biochemistry 54.4 percent, Immunology 57.78 percent, Anatomy 50 percent, Physiology 58.89 percent, and Cell Biology 50 percent. The second part of the research involved anonymously tracking undergraduate basic science preparation of the same students with DAT scores, the grade received in a representative large basic science course, and Part I and Part II National Board performance. Using T-test analysis correlations, results indicate that having completed multiple undergraduate basic science courses (as reported by AADSAS BCP hours) did not significantly (p < .05) enhance student performance in any of these parameters. Based on these results, we conclude that student dentists with undergraduate preparation in science and nonscience majors can successfully negotiate the dental school curriculum, even though the students themselves would increase admission requirements to include more basic science courses than commonly required. Basically, the students' recommendations for required undergraduate basic science courses would replicate the standard basic science coursework found in most dental schools: anatomy, histology, biochemistry, microbiology, physiology, and immunology plus the universal foundation course of biology.

The future of bladder cancer care in the USA.

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the USA and the most expensive to treat on a per-patient basis. Despite its prevalence, morbidity, mortality and associated cost of management, bladder cancer remains grossly under-recognized as a public health concern and underfunded scientifically. Although 5-year survival rates for patients with prostate or kidney cancer have improved tremendously in the past 30 years, progress in bladder cancer has stalled. A renewed interest from the clinical and research communities, as well as a young and eager advocacy network, are raising the profile of bladder cancer. As awareness and funding of bladder cancer increase, improved diagnostics, therapeutics and health services for patients with the disease will develop accordingly.

The impact of radical prostatectomy operative time on outcomes and costs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of radical prostatectomy (RP) operative time on outcomes and cost, we performed a population-based assessment of operative time as a predictor of outcomes. Although operative time has been used as a metric to evaluate RP surgeon learning curves, the effect of RP operative times on outcomes remains understudied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked data to identify 7534 men aged≥66 years diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2003-2007 who underwent RP for localized prostate cancer through 2009. We categorized RP operative time into quartiles (short, intermediate, long, and very long) and used propensity score analyses to assess its impact on perioperative complications, mortality, length of hospitalization, readmissions, emergency room visits, and costs. RESULTS: Quartiles ranged from 0 to 172 minutes for short, 173 to 214 minutes for intermediate, 215 to 268 minutes for long, and ≥269 minutes for very long RP operative times. After propensity score adjustment, longer operative time was associated with more surgery-related complications (short, 12.0%; intermediate, 12.3%; long, 14.4%; and very long, 22.8%; P<.001), longer median (interquartile range) length of stay in days (short, 2 [2-3]; intermediate, 2 [2-3]; long, 2 [1-3]; and very long, 2 [1-3]; P<.001), and higher median costs (short, $10,647; intermediate, $10,957; long, $11,405; and very long, $11,966; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Longer RP operative time is associated with more complications, longer lengths of hospital stay, and higher costs. Increasing operative efficiency may reduce complications, length of stay, and health-care costs.

Use of testosterone replacement therapy in the United States and its effect on subsequent prostate cancer outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess utilization trends and determine the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on outcomes in men who subsequently developed prostate cancer. METHODS: We used linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data to identify 149,354 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1992 to 2007. Of those, 2,237 men (1.5%) underwent testosterone replacement therapy before their prostate cancer diagnosis. Propensity scoring methods were used to assess cancer-specific outcomes of testosterone replacement vs no replacement therapy. RESULTS: Testosterone replacement was associated with older age at cancer diagnosis, nonwhite race, and higher comorbidity (P <.001). No testosterone vs testosterone before the prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with higher grade (34% vs 30%, P <.0001) and more T4 (6.5% vs 4.3%, P <.0001) tumors. Mortality was decreased in men with ≥2 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests in the year before their cancer diagnosis. No significant difference was found between groups in overall survival, cancer-specific survival, or use of salvage androgen-deprivation therapy after initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Through our observational study design, we show that testosterone use was low throughout the study period. Testosterone use was not associated with aggressive prostate cancer and did not affect overall or disease-specific mortality. Although our findings support growing evidence that testosterone replacement is safe with respect to prostate cancer, confirmatory prospective studies are needed.