Sex and age difference in risk factor distribution, trend, and long-term outcome of patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative coronary artery disease risk factors (CADRFs) distribution and pattern may also have an important role in determining major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CADRFs distribution and trend over 10 years and also the long-term outcome of CABG in different age-sex categories. METHOD: In this registry-based serial cross-sectional study, we enrolled 24,328 patients who underwent isolated CABG and evaluated the prevalence of CADRFs according to sex and age. We used inverse probability weighting (IPW) to compare survival and MACE between the sexes. We also used Cox regression to determine each CADRFs effect on survival and MACEs. RESULTS: In general, DLP (56.00%), HTN (53.10%), DM (38.40%), and positive family history (38.30%) were the most frequent risk factors in all patients. Prevalence of HTN, DLP, DM, obesity, and positive family history were all higher in women, all statistically significant. The median follow-up duration was 78.1 months (76.31-79.87 months). After inverse probability weighting (to balance risk factors and comorbidities), men had lower MACEs during follow-up (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.57-0.91; P value 0.006) and there was no significant difference in survival between sexes. DM and HTN were associated with higher mortality and MACEs in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Although DLP is still the most frequent CADRF among the CABG population, the level of LDL and TG is decreasing. Women experience higher MACE post CABG. Therefore, health care providers and legislators must pay greater attention to female population CADRFs and ways to prevent them at different levels.

Effects of a psychoeducation intervention on fear and anxiety about surgery: randomized trial in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a brief psychoeducation group intervention on fear and anxiety in patients undergoing the coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Sixty consecutive patients undergoing CABG for the first time were recruited for a clinical trial and randomized into two groups. The control group received routine care. The study group received a brief psychoeducation group intervention combined with routine care. The psychoeducation session consisted of a discussion of fear and anxiety in a psychotherapeutic atmosphere and relaxation techniques. Fear was scored with the Bypass Grafting Fear Scale (BGFS) and anxiety was scored with the Spielberger State Inventory (STAI) Questionnaire. The BGFS and the STAI were given to the patients the day after hospital admission and a day before the operation to measure fear and anxiety. Fear scores decreased in the psychoeducation group. Of the 29 patients treated with psychoeducation, the mean (SD) fear score decreased from 4.6 (1.7) at baseline to 2.8 (1.2) before the operation (p < .001). In the 31 patients who received routine care, there was a nonsignificant trend from 3.7 (1.9) to 4.1 (2.1) (p > .05). The mean difference in fear score before the operation was significantly lower in the psychoeducation group than the routine care group (mean difference -1.3; 95% CI, -2.1, -.2; p < .05). There were no differences in anxiety scores before the operation between the psychoeducation and routine care groups. In patients undergoing CABG, adding psychoeducation to routine care had a significant positive effect on fear but not on anxiety scores. A larger study of psychoeducation in these patients is warranted to assess the efficacy of this intervention in greater detail.

A realistic approach to evaluating the effect of baseline lipid profile in postcoronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

BACKGROUND: There are still many uncertainties in the association between lipid profile and postcoronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) outcomes. Although simplifying the association to linear equations makes it understandable but cannot explain many findings. HYPOTHESIS: There is a nonlinear associatin between lipid profile indices and adverse outcomes after CABG. METHODS: A total of 17 555 patients who underwent isolated CABG between 2005 and 2016 were evaluated. During the median follow-up of 75.24 months, the Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) estimated from the Cox regression model adjusted for all possible confounders was applied to show a nonlinear relationship of lipid profile contents with the "ln hazard ratio" of mortality and major cerebro-cardiac events (MACCE). RESULTS: The relationship between LDL-C and HDL-C with all-cause mortality was nonlinear (nonlinear p were .004 and <.001, respectively). The relationship between remnant cholesterol and all-cause mortality was linear (linearity p = .023). Among men, those in the highest LDL-C level (Q4, LDL-C > 114) and those in the lowest HDL-C level (Q1, HDL-C < 30) showed a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to other groups (compared with Q3, LDL-C Q4, HR = 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.02-1.26, p = .014; HDL-C Q1, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.31, p = .041). Female patients in the lowest HDL-C level (Q1, HDL-C < 30) showed a significantly higher (compared with Q3, HR = 1.14, 95% CI:1.01-1.31, p = .028) and those in the highest HDL-C level (Q4, HDL-C > 43) showed a significantly lower (compared with Q3, HR = 0.74, 95% CI:0.58-0.98, p = .019) risk of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Determining a universal cut off for components of lipid profile may be misleading and should better be revised. Extreme values (very low or very high) for HDL-C and LDL-C have different effects on cardiovascular outcomes.

Clinical features, management and in-hospital outcome of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in young adults under 40 years of age.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the demographic and clinical findings and in-hospital management and outcome in patients with an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: By review of the Cardiovascular Tehran Heart Center Registry (CVDTHCR), 2028 patients were found to have the acute STEMI. We compared the patients' characteristics in 109 (5.4%) subjects < or = 40 and 1919 subjects > 40-years-old. RESULTS: The young patients had less diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and history of MI or prior revascularization, and were more likely to be male (92.7% vs. 74%), smoker (58.7% vs. 31.7%) and have family history of CVD (50.5% vs. 23.4%). The young patients had higher prevalence of angiographically normal coronary artery (13.7% vs. 0.9%; p<0.001). The young patients were more likely to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (38.5% vs. 18.6%), whereas coronary artery bypass grafting was more common in the old ones (p<0.001). In-hospital death was markedly different among young and old patients (0.9% and 6.1%, respectively; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In STEMI population, the risk profile, clinical findings and severity of coronary disease of the young differ substantially from the elderly counterparts. Young patients with STEMI have a favorable outcome compared with that in older patients.

Factors predicting discontinuation of a hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation programme.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes play an important role in the management of patients with coronary artery disease. However, a significant proportion of patients do not participate or do not complete CR. AIM: To asses the prevalence and predictors of discontinuation of a hospital-based CR programme and to investigate whether or not the completers and dropouts differed in relation to their baseline characteristics. METHODS: Data used for analysis were from a hospital-based CR programme involving 1986 discharged patients at Tehran Heart Centre between July 2004 and January 2006. The patients who completed all 24 sessions of the CR programme were compared with the dropouts. RESULTS: The CR completion rate was 18.1% (average of 11.4+/-8.1, ranging from 1 to 78 sessions) including patients who completed 24 (n=284) or more sessions (n=77) of the CR programme. Factors predicting dropout were male gender (OR 1.441, p=0.0094), younger age (OR 0.979, p=0.005), and lower levels of education (OR 0.412, p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a relatively high rate of CR programme dropout. Only less than a fifth of the patients completed this hospital-based programme. Patients who were male and younger and had lower education levels were better likely to drop out of the CR programme. Social support and educational programmes may be helpful in achieving better compliance.

Effect of Prophylactic Dialysis on Morbidity and Mortality in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction. Numerous measures have been implemented to overcome this problem; however, no improvement in outcomes has been achieved. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of prophylactic dialysis on mortality and morbidity in these patients. METHODS: This randomized-controlled clinical trial enrolled 88 non-dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease awaiting CABG surgery. Thirty-nine randomly selected patients received dialysis 3 times prior to surgery, and 49 patients formed the control group. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to identify factors associated with survival. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the development of morbidities between the groups (p = 0.413). A significant difference was evident in the average survival time (p = 0.037). Cox proportional-hazards models determined that the hazard ratio of death after surgery was 10.854-fold greater in non-dialysis patients than in patients who received dialysis (hazard ratio = 2). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic dialysis prior to CABG decreases mortality, but does not affect morbidity, in patients with renal insufficiency.

Sharp dissection versus electrocautery for radial artery harvesting.

Radial arteries have been increasingly used during the last decade as conduits for coronary artery revascularization. Although various harvesting techniques have been described, there has been little comparative study of arterial damage and patency. A radial artery graft was used in 44 consecutive patients, who were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the 1st group, the radial artery was harvested by sharp dissection and in the 2nd, by electrocautery. These groups were compared with regard to radial artery free flow, harvest time, number of clips used, complications, and endothelial damage. Radial artery free flow before and after intraluminal administration of papaverine was significantly greater in the electrocautery group (84.3 +/- 50.7 mL/min and 109.7 +/- 68.5 mL/min) than in the sharp-dissection group (52.9 +/- 18.3 mL/min and 69.6 +/- 28.2 mL/ min) (P=0.003). Harvesting time by electrocautery was significantly shorter (25.4 +/- 4.3 min vs 34.4 +/- 5.9 min) (P=0.0001). Electrocautery consumed an average of 9.76 clips, versus 22.45 clips consumed by sharp dissection. The 2 groups were not different regarding postoperative complications, except for 3 cases of temporary paresthesia of the thumb in the electrocautery group; histopathologic examination found no endothelial damage. We conclude that radial artery harvesting by electrocautery is faster and more economical than harvesting by sharp dissection and is associated with better intraoperative flow and good preservation of endothelial integrity.

Results of the repair of aortic false aneurysm.

Aortic false aneurysm is a rare complication of surgery of the aorta that can occur several months to years after the initial operation. We reviewed our results with false aneurysm repair using deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Three patients were reoperated for false aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass with a heparinized system was used in all patients. Hypothermic circulatory arrest at an average temperature of 20 degrees C was instituted in all patients for repair. Two patients had a patch repair with pericardium, and the other one had primary repair of the defect. All patients had false aneurysms in the ascending aorta at the site of a previous aortotomy. Two patients had proven infection as the cause. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 183 +/- 20 minutes, and the mean circulatory arrest time was 35 minutes. Operative mortality was not seen. The mean time for extubation in survivors was 10 - 12 hours, and the average time to discharge was 26 days. Aortic false aneurysms can be safely approached using femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermic circulatory arrest, and patch repair with acceptable operative mortality and long-term survival.

Preoperative oral pentoxifylline in case of coronary artery bypass grafting with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction equal to/less than 30%).

OBJECTIVE: Most coronary artery bypass grafts are done by applying cardiopulmonary bypass, which usually induces unwanted inflammatory reactions and impairs the outcomes. In order to minimize the perilous response of cardiopulmonary bypass, pentoxifylline was getting used orally. METHODS: In a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, 178 coronary artery bypass graft candidates with ejection fraction lower/equal to 30%, divided into two equal groups (pentoxifylline and control), participated in the study. Pentoxifylline patients received 400 mg pentoxifylline 3 times a day for 3 days before operation. The outcomes were compared between groups using student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson chi-square, or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Pentoxifylline administration did not significantly affect troponin-T (p=0.68), but it reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (p=0.01) and interleukin-6 (p=0.01). It improved left ventricular ejection fraction significantly (p=0.01). White blood cell and platelet counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not influenced by pentoxifylline. The drug did not affect blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, occurrence of renal failure, cerebrovascular accidents, and in-hospital mortality rate. The need for an intra-aortic balloon pump, cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic cross-clamp times were not affected, either. Pentoxifylline decreased the intensive care unit stay (p<0.001), ventilation time, 10.4 hours in the pentoxifylline group against 14.7 hours in the control group (p=0.01), and the requirement of inotropic agents (p=0.02) and blood transfusion (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline has more beneficial potencies in reducing adverse events after coronary artery bypass graft using cardiopulmonary bypass, than what are known.

Impact of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers on mortality of coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: There is controversy over the potential benefits/harms of the usage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as regards the postoperative mortality of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study investigates the correlation between the in-hospital mortality of CABG and the preoperative administration of ACEI/ARB. METHODS: Out of 10055 consecutive patients with isolated CABG from 2006 to 2009, 4664 (46.38%) patients received preoperative ACEI/ARB. Data were gathered from the Cardiac Surgery Registry of Tehran Heart Center. In-hospital mortality was defined as death within the same admission for surgery. Adjusted for confounders, multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the impact of preoperative ACEI/ARB therapy on in-hospital death. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 60.04 ± 9.51 years and 7364 (73.23%) were male. Eighty-seven (0.86%) patients expired within 30 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that the administration of ACEI/ARB significantly protected against in-hospital deaths inasmuch as there were 33 (0.70%) vs. 54 (1.0%) deaths in the ACEI/ARB positive and negative groups, respectively (OR: 0.628; p value = 0.09). Patients without ACEI/ARB were more likely to have a higher global ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: Preoperative ACEI usage in patients undergoing CABG can be associated with decreased in-hospital mortality. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are suggested.

Opium consumption in men and diabetes mellitus in women are the most important risk factors of premature coronary artery disease in Iran.

We performed this study to compare of CAD risk factors in young male and female in Iran. In an analytic cross-sectional study, two groups of patients were evaluated with and without Coronary artery disease. The result of study suggests that there is a relationship between CAD and diabetes mellitus, increasing level of LDL and lipoprotein A in women, While CAD in men had more relation with smoking and opium use. High prevalence and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in females and relatively high prevalence of opium consumption in males result in different premature CAD patterns.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the right ventricle causing tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Cardiac inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare lesion consisting of inflammatory cells and myofibroblastic spindle cells. We describe a case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that involved the right ventricle, thereby causing tricuspid valve regurgitation in an 18-year-old man who presented with a fever of unknown origin and of 1 month's duration. With the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass, we excised the lesion and replaced the tricuspid valve without serious intraoperative or postoperative sequelae. The patient had a favorable outcome.

The association of opium with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease are still unknown. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2405 patients admitted to the Angiographic Ward at Tehran Heart Center from 7 May 2005 to 13 August 2005. RESULTS: After adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, opium consumption was a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease (P=0.01 and odds ratio=1.8). Moreover, the amount of opium consumption was associated significantly with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis, as measured by clinical vessel score (r=0.2, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first time that the adverse effects of opium consumption on coronary arteries was defined.