Sleep is required to consolidate odor memory and remodel olfactory synapses.

Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and synaptic remodeling. Here, we show that, although the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system has a limited number of neurons, sleep is necessary for both processes. In addition, it is unclear if, in any system, sleep collaborates with experience to alter synapses between specific neurons and whether this ultimately affects behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined connections and well-described contributions to behavior. We show that spaced odor-training and post-training sleep induce long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a pair of interneurons, the AIYs, which play a role in odor-seeking behavior. In worms that consolidate memory, both sleep and odor conditioning are required to diminish inhibitory synaptic connections between the AWC chemosensory neurons and the AIYs. Thus, we demonstrate in a living organism that sleep is required for events immediately after training that drive memory consolidation and alter synaptic structures.

Barriers to consumption of fruits and vegetables and strategies to overcome them in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review.

This review provides an overview of the barriers to the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FVs) as well as strategies to improve the intake of FVs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The importance of the consumption of FVs and its role in disease prevention are discussed briefly. Trends in the consumption of FVs in LMICs are also summarised. The WHO recommends that every individual should consume at least five servings or 400 grams of FVs per day. Epidemiological and clinical investigations have demonstrated that FVs contain numerous bioactive compounds with health-protecting activities. Despite their health benefits, the intake of FVs in LMICs remains low. Major barriers identified were socio-demographic factors, environmental conditions, individual and cultural factors, and macrosystem influences. These barriers may be lowered at the household, school, community, and national level through multi-component interventions including behaviour change communication (BCC) initiatives, nutrition education (NE), gardening initiatives, farm to institution programs (FIPs), food baskets, cash transfers, nutrition-agriculture policy and program linkages, and food-market environment-based strategies. This review has research implications due to the positive outcomes of strategies that lower such barriers and boost consumption of FVs in LMICs.

Aloe Barbadensis Miller (Aloe Vera).

Aloe Barbadensis Miller (Aloe Vera, AV) is a widely recognized for its diverse health-promoting, skin care, and medicinal properties. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of AV's bioactive compounds, pharmacological activities, potential applications, its toxic and adverse effects, as well as the clinical evidence supporting AV's efficacy in disease prevention. AV contains over 200 bioactive compounds, with the inner clear gel of the leaves containing the majority of these compounds. These include phenolic acids (274.5-307.5 mg/100 g), flavonoids. (3.63-4.70 g/kg), polysaccharides (3.82-6.55 g/kg), saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthraquinone derivatives. Findings from clinical studies involving both humans and animals highlight the therapeutic potential of AV across diverse health domains. The studies demonstrate AV's efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels, exhibiting antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, protecting the liver from damage, and displaying antimicrobial properties. In the fields of dermatology and dentistry, AV has also been observed to promote skin and oral health. However, it is imperative to acknowledge potential risks, adhere to recommended dosages, and seek guidance from healthcare experts before employing AV as a natural therapeutic option. Moreover, considering safety concerns, further well-designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to substantiate the potential benefits of AV and comprehensively assess any associated risks.

The impact of changes in job security on mental health across gender and family responsibility: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.

PURPOSE: While there is strong evidence that job insecurity leads to mental distress, little is known about how gender and parental responsibilities may exacerbate this relationship. Examining their contribution as potential effect modifiers may provide insights into gender inequalities in mental health and inform gender-sensitive labour policies to ameliorate the negative effects of job insecurity. Our study addresses this gap by examining the longitudinal association between job insecurity and mental health across different configurations of gender and parental responsibilities. METHODS: Our sample includes 34,772 employed participants over the period of 2010-2018. A gender-stratified fixed-effect regression was used to model the within-person change over time in mental health associated with loss of job security, and effect modification by parent-partner status (e.g. childfree men, partnered father, etc.). RESULTS: Loss of job security was associated with a moderate decrease in mental health functioning for partnered fathers, partnered mothers, and childfree men and women ranging between a reduction in MCS-12 by 1.00 to 2.27 points (p < 0.05). Lone fathers who lose their job security experienced a higher decrease in mental health functioning at - 7.69 (95% CI - 12.69 to - 2.70), while lone mothers did not experience any change. CONCLUSION: The effects of job insecurity on mental health is consistent across gender and parent-partner status with the exception of lone fathers and lone mothers. Future studies should investigate the effects of policies that may reduce mental distress in the face of the threat of job loss such as reducing wait time for payment of unemployment benefits.

The Effect of Green Coffee Bean Extract on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of noncommunicable disease- related death. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the possible benefit of the green coffee bean extract on cardio-metabolic markers. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify clinical trials that examined the effect of green coffee bean extract on cardio-metabolic risk factors including serum lipid profiles, glycemic status-related markers, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices. Since the included RCTs were carried out in different settings, random effect models were used to conduct all meta-analyses. RESULTS: Fifteen studies (19 arms) consisting of 637 participants were included. The results indicated that green coffee bean extract significantly reduced levels of total cholesterol (-5.93 mg/dl; 95% CI: -9.21, -2.65; I2: 0%), fasting plasma glucose (-2.21 mg/dl; 95% CI: -3.94, -0.48; I2: 32%), systolic blood pressure (-3.08 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.41, -1.75; I2: 26%), diastolic blood pressure (-2.27 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.82, -0.72; I2: 61%), body weight (-1.24 kg; 95% CI: -1.82, -0.66; I2: 15%), and BMI (-0.55 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.88, -0.22; I2: 73%). Although the pooled effect size of LDL-C, fasting insulin, and waist circumstance were significant, the results were significantly influenced by individual studies. No significant effect was detected for triglycerides, HDL-C, HbA1C, and HOMA-IR. However, the nonsignificant pooled effect size for triglyceride levels was influenced by one individual study. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that green coffee been extract consumption can improve total cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose.

Exploring the ameliorative role of α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation in epilepsy and associated comorbidities in post-PTZ-kindled mice.

AIM: The present study aimed to explore the ameliorative role of alpha7 (α7) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulation in epilepsy and associated comorbidities in postpentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The subconvulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce kindling-associated epileptogenesis in mice. After successful kindling, animals were treated intraperitoneally with saline, phenytoin (35 mg/kg), valproate (300 mg/kg), choline chloride (α7 agonist; 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg), and methyllycaconitine citrate (α7 antagonist; 3.5 mg/kg and 7.0 mg/kg) for 10 days. All the groups except naive were exposed to PTZ injections on day 3, 6, and 9 of treatment to assess seizure severity score. Epilepsy-associated comorbid depression was evaluated by tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, and plasma corticosterone levels, whereas epilepsy-associated memory deficit condition was assessed by step-through paradigm, Morris water maze, and nitrite levels. Neurochemical perturbations related to epilepsy and associated depression and memory deficit were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Post-PTZ-kindled mice displayed significant depressive behavior and memory impairment as compared with naive mice as evidenced by corresponding behavioral and biochemical observations. Methyllycaconitine citrate treatment was unable to produce any ameliorative effect in diseased condition. Choline administration dose dependently ameliorated depression, memory impairment, and seizure severity in post-PTZ-kindled mice. The behavioral findings of the study were concurred with neurochemical and biochemical findings. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the amelioration of epilepsy, comorbid depression, and memory deficit by α7 nAChR agonist choline chloride in PTZ-kindled mice model.

Dominant Role of Entropy in Stabilizing Sugar Isomerization Transition States within Hydrophobic Zeolite Pores.

Lewis acid sites in zeolites catalyze aqueous-phase sugar isomerization at higher turnover rates when confined within hydrophobic rather than within hydrophilic micropores; however, relative contributions of competitive water adsorption at active sites and preferential stabilization of isomerization transition states have remained unclear. Here, we employ a suite of experimental and theoretical techniques to elucidate the effects of coadsorbed water on glucose isomerization reaction coordinate free energy landscapes. Transmission IR spectra provide evidence that water forms extended hydrogen-bonding networks within hydrophilic but not hydrophobic micropores of Beta zeolites. Aqueous-phase glucose isomerization turnover rates measured on Ti-Beta zeolites transition from first-order to zero-order dependence on glucose thermodynamic activity, as Lewis acidic Ti sites transition from water-covered to glucose-covered, consistent with intermediates identified from modulation excitation spectroscopy during in situ attenuated total reflectance IR experiments. First-order and zero-order isomerization rate constants are systematically higher (by 3-12×, 368-383 K) when Ti sites are confined within hydrophobic micropores. Apparent activation enthalpies and entropies reveal that glucose and water competitive adsorption at Ti sites depend weakly on confining environment polarity, while Gibbs free energies of hydride-shift isomerization transition states are lower when confined within hydrophobic micropores. DFT calculations suggest that interactions between intraporous water and isomerization transition states increase effective transition state sizes through second-shell solvation spheres, reducing primary solvation sphere flexibility. These findings clarify the effects of hydrophobic pockets on the stability of coadsorbed water and isomerization transition states and suggest design strategies that modify micropore polarity to influence turnover rates in liquid water.

Using Targeted Transcriptome and Machine Learning of Pre- and Post-Transplant Bone Marrow Samples to Predict Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease and Overall Survival after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We performed RNA analysis of 1408 candidate genes in bone marrow samples obtained from 167 patients undergoing HSCT. RNA expression data were used in a machine learning algorithm to predict the presence or absence of aGvHD using either random forest or extreme gradient boosting algorithms. Patients were randomly divided into training (2/3 of patients) and validation (1/3 of patients) sets. Using post-HSCT RNA data, the machine learning algorithm selected 92 genes for predicting aGvHD that appear to play a role in PI3/AKT, MAPK, and FOXO signaling, as well as microRNA. The algorithm selected 20 genes for predicting survival included genes involved in MAPK and chemokine signaling. Using pre-HSCT RNA data, the machine learning algorithm selected 400 genes and 700 genes predicting aGvHD and overall survival, but candidate signaling pathways could not be specified in this analysis. These data show that NGS analyses of RNA expression using machine learning algorithms may be useful biomarkers of aGvHD and overall survival for patients undergoing HSCT, allowing for the identification of major signaling pathways associated with HSCT outcomes and helping to dissect the complex steps involved in the development of aGvHD. The analysis of pre-HSCT bone marrow samples may lead to pre-HSCT interventions including choice of remission induction regimens and modifications in patient health before HSCT.

Mechanism of rectification and negative differential resistance in single-molecule junctions with asymmetric anchoring groups: a DFT study.

CONTEXT: This study aims to investigate the electronic transport properties of tetracene molecule connected to gold (Au) electrodes with asymmetric anchoring groups. More specifically, we investigate the effect of asymmetric electrode coupling on the rectification ratio of tetracene-based molecular device. To introduce coupling asymmetry in these junctions, one end of the tetracene molecule is terminated with thiol (-SH) or isocyanide (-NC) while the other end with amine (-NH2) or nitro (-NO2) anchoring group. The results indicate that the electronic transport behavior is affected by the nature of molecule-electrode coupling, and the rectification ratio can be modulated by a proper choice of the anchoring groups. We reveal that the tetracene molecule when connected with isocyanide and amine combination exhibits remarkable rectifying performance (with a rectification ratio of 74) in contrast with other configurations. Furthermore, a prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) feature is observed when the molecule is connected with thiol as one of the anchors. Our present findings with excellent rectifying performance and negative differential resistance pave a new roadmap for designing multifunctional molecular devices. METHODS: By applying non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism combined with density functional theory (DFT) Atomistic Tool Kit software package, the electronic transport properties of tetracene molecule connected to gold electrodes with asymmetric anchoring groups have been investigated. The calculations were performed using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) parameterization of DFT within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functional. To improve calculation precision and save computational efforts, the molecule and anchor groups were double-ζ (DZ) polarized, while single-ζ (SZ) polarized basis set was used for gold electrodes.

Tuning the transport properties of tetracene-based single-molecule junctions with chemical or structural variation of side and anchoring groups.

CONTEXT: This study aims to tune the transport properties of tetracene single-molecule junctions with the proper choice and placement of side and anchoring groups. For the operationalization of the molecule that was anchored with thiol or isocyanide groups, two different side groups, amine and nitro, in two different positions, were taken into consideration. For unperturbed tetracene molecule, a prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) feature at 1.8 V was observed with the isocyanide anchoring group while the thiol anchoring group exhibits a plateau region over a bias voltage of 2.2 to 3.2 V. At a bias voltage that is dependent on the chemical or structural change of side or anchoring groups, NDR feature of varying degree was seen in all configurations. Results show that the current flowing through the thiol-anchored molecule perturbed with the amine group at S' position is relatively larger than other configurations because of the smaller HOMO-LUMO gap and broader transmission peaks resulting in a peak to valley current ratio (PVCR) of 1.22. In addition, multiple NDR regions were realized in nitro-perturbed isocyanide-anchored molecule at S position. These results suggest their promising applications in switches, logic cells, and storage devices. METHODS: The modeling and simulation of side-group mediated anchored tetracene molecule through two electrodic systems were studied using density functional theory (DFT) combined with non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) in Virtual NanoLab-AtomistixToolkit (ATK). The electron transport properties were calculated using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation function. To optimize computing time, gold electrodes were single zeta polarized whereas the molecule, anchor groups, and side groups were double zeta polarized.

Gum arabic/guar gum stabilized Hydnocarpus wightiana oil nanohydrogel: Characterization, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm activities.

Hydnocarpus wightiana oil has proven to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms; however, the raw form is highly susceptible to oxidation, and thus it becomes toxic when uptake is in high amounts. Therefore, to minimize the deterioration, we formulated Hydnocarpus wightiana oil-based nanohydrogel and studied its characteristics as well biological activity. The low energy-assisted hydrogel was formulated by including gelling agent, connective linker, and cross-linker and it resulted in internal micellar polymerization of the milky white emulsion. The oil showed the presence of octanoic acid, n-tetradecane, methyl 11-(2-cyclopenten-1-yl) undecanoate (methyl hydnocarpate), 13-(2-cyclopenten-1-yl) tridecanoic acid (methyl chaulmoograte), and 10,13-eicosadienoic acid. The amount of caffeic acid was 0.0636 mg/g, which was higher than the amount of gallic acid (0.0076 mg/g) in the samples. The formulated nanohydrogel showed an average droplet size of 103.6 nm with a surface charge of -17.6 mV. The minimal inhibitory bactericidal, and fungicidal concentrations of nanohydrogel against pathogenic bacteria and fungi were ranging from 0.78 to 1.56 µl/mL with 70.29-83.62 % antibiofilm activity. Also, nanohydrogel showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher killing rate for Escherichia coli (7.89 log CFU/mL) than Staphylococcus aureus (7.81 log CFU/mL) with comparable anti-inflammatory activity than commercial standard (49.28-84.56 %). Therefore, it can be concluded that being hydrophobic, and having the capability of target-specific drug absorption as well as biocompatibility nanohydrogels can be utilized to cure various pathogenic microbial infections.

Neurologic and Thrombotic Complications in the Setting of Chronic Nitrous Oxide Abuse.

Nitrous oxide is a commonly used inhaled anesthetic for medical procedures, as well as a drug of abuse throughout the world. Excessive nitrous oxide inhalation has been shown to cause a functional vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, which can lead to peripheral neuropathy and hypercoagulability, respectively. While the development of neurologic toxicity from chronic nitrous oxide abuse (i.e., encephalopathy, myelopathy, and neuropathy) has been previously described, the thrombotic potential of chronic nitrous oxide abuse is less known. The authors report two cases of nitrous oxide abuse leading to both neurologic and thrombotic complications.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Low-Energy Assisted Nanohydrogel of Azadirachta indica Oil.

Plant-based bioactive compounds have been utilized to cure diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and as a substitute to reduce the side effects of chemically synthesized drugs. Therefore, in the present study, Azadirachta indica oil nanohydrogel was prepared to be utilized as an alternate source of the antimicrobial compound. The total phenolic compound in Azadirachta indica oil was quantified by chromatography analysis and revealed gallic acid (0.0076 ppm), caffeic acid (0.077 ppm), and syringic acid (0.0129 ppm). Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of Azadirachta indica oil revealed the presence of bioactive components, namely hexadecenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, ç-linolenic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester, methyl-8-methyl-nonanoate, eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, and 8-octadecane3-ethyl-5-(2 ethylbutyl). The nanohydrogel showed droplet size of 104.1 nm and −19.3 mV zeta potential. The nanohydrogel showed potential antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans with minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fungicidal concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 3.125 (µg/mL). The nanohydrogel showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher (8.40 log CFU/mL) value for Gram-negative bacteria E. coli compared to Gram-positive S. aureus (8.34 log CFU/mL), and in the case of pathogenic fungal strain C. albicans, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in log CFU/mL value (7.79−6.94). The nanohydrogel showed 50.23−82.57% inhibition in comparison to standard diclofenac sodium (59.47−92.32%). In conclusion, Azadirachta indica oil nanohydrogel possesses great potential for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and therefore can be used as an effective agent.

Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis: Role of C-Reactive Protein, Micro-ESR, and Gastric Aspirate for Polymorphs as Screening Markers.

INTRODUCTION: Early-onset neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidness and death in newborn children. Its timely diagnosis is usually a challenge in developing countries like India. AIM: To study the efficacy of C-reactive protein (CRP), micro-ESR, and gastric aspirate for polymorphs in the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included sixty term and preterm children, inborn and referred cases. The children who presented before day seven of life with clinical suspicion of sepsis or who were at high risk of developing sepsis were included. These were further investigated. Significant values for screening tests were taken as C - reactive protein > 0.6 mg/dl, micro-ESR-after 1 hour, fall in the column of blood in capillary tube was measured, and result was taken as mm fall in 1 hr, and gastric aspirate for polymorphs > 5 polymorphs/HPF. Sepsis screen positive result was 2 or more positive tests. The statistical evaluation was done using Fisher, and ANOVA tests using SPSS 20.0 version. RESULTS: Sixty children were included in the study with forty as the referred ones. Most of them had tachypnea (45%). CRP showed high sensitivity, whereas micro-ESR and gastric aspirate for polymorphs showed high specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal sepsis screening is required for the detection of infection as the blood culture report may not be positive in all the cases, and even if positive, the result takes few hours. CRP showed high sensitivity, whereas micro-ESR and gastric aspirate for polymorphs showed high specificity independently as well as when combined.

Meta-analysis of QTLs associated with popping traits in maize (Zea mays L.).

The rising demand for popcorn necessitates improving the popping quality with higher yield of popcorn cultivars. Towards this direction several Quantitative Traits Loci (QTLs) for popping traits have been identified. However, identification of accurate and consistent QTLs across different genetic backgrounds and environments is necessary to effectively utilize the identified QTLs in marker-assisted breeding. In the current study, 99 QTLs related to popping traits reported in 8 different studies were assembled and projected on the reference map "Genetic 2005" using BioMercator v4.2 to identify metaQTLs with consistent QTLs. Total ten metaQTLs were identified on chromosome 1 (7 metaQTLs) and 6 (3 metaQTLs) with physical distance ranging between 0.43 and 12.75 Mb, respectively. Four identified metaQTLs, viz., mQTL1_1, mQTL1_5, mQTL1_7 and mQTL6_2 harboured 5-8 QTL clusters with moderately high R2 value. The clustered QTLs were from two or more experiments. Based on the expression pattern in endosperm and pericarp tissues, a total of 229 genes were selected. Nineteen of these genes are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Of the 19 genes specifically involved in carbohydrate metabolism, 11 of them were in these regions, implying the importance of these clustered QTLs. MetaQTL1_1 at bin location 1.01 coincided with the reported QTLs related to various agronomic traits like stalk diameter, tassel length, leaf area and plant height. The identified metaQTLs can be further explored for fine mapping and candidate gene identification, which can be validated by loss or gain of function. Identified metaQTLs can be used for introgression of popping traits towards enhancing the popping ability.

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with high-titer convalescent plasma.

Here, we report on a phase IIa study to determine the intubation rate, survival, viral clearance, and development of endogenous Abs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with convalescent plasma (CCP) containing high levels of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs. Radiographic and laboratory evaluation confirmed all 51 treated patients had COVID-19 pneumonia. Fresh or frozen CCP from donors with high titers of neutralizing Abs was administered. The nonmechanically ventilated patients (n = 36) had an intubation rate of 13.9% and a 30-day survival rate of 88.9%, and the overall survival rate for a comparative group based on network data was 72.5% (1625/2241). Patients had negative nasopharyngeal swab rates of 43.8% and 73.0% on days 10 and 30, respectively. Patients mechanically ventilated had a day-30 mortality rate of 46.7%; the mortality rate for a comparative group based on network data was 71.0% (369/520). All evaluable patients were found to have neutralizing Abs on day 3 (n = 47), and all but 1 patient had Abs on days 30 and 60. The only adverse event was a mild rash. In this study on patients with COVID-19 disease, we show therapeutic use of CCP was safe and conferred transfer of Abs, while preserving endogenous immune response.

Statin-induced necrotising autoimmune myopathy and autoimmune hepatitis presenting with dysphagia.

Statin-induced necrotising autoimmune myopathy (SINAM) is a rare disease characterised by proximal muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase levels that is usually in the thousands. Anti-3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) antibodies are associated with SINAM. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an inflammatory disease of the liver that is usually of unknown aetiology but can also be associated with concurrent extrahepatic autoimmune disorders. We are reporting a case of biopsy proven AIH associated with SINAM in a patient presenting with oropharyngeal dysphagia. The patient had elevated anti-HMGCR antibodies and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. SINAM and AIH were confirmed by muscle biopsy and liver biopsy, respectively. The patient had complete resolution of his symptoms and complete normalisation of his liver function tests after 6 months of the treatment.

High resolution ultrasonography of the tibial nerve in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

AIM OF THE STUDY: High-resolution ultrasonography of the tibial nerve is a fast and non invasive tool for diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Our study was aimed at finding out the correlation of the cross sectional area and maximum thickness of nerve fascicles of the tibial nerve with the presence and severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 75 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus clinically diagnosed with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were analysed, and the severity of neuropathy was determined using the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score. 58 diabetic patients with no clinical suspicion of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and 75 healthy non-diabetic subjects were taken as controls. The cross sectional area and maximum thickness of nerve fascicles of the tibial nerves were calculated 3 cm cranial to the medial malleolus in both lower limbs. RESULTS: The mean cross sectional area (22.63 +/- 2.66 mm2) and maximum thickness of nerve fascicles (0.70 mm) of the tibial nerves in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy compared with both control groups was significantly larger, and statistically significant correlation was found with the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (p < 0.001). The diabetic patients with no signs of peripheral neuropathy had a larger mean cross sectional area (14.40 +/- 1.72 mm2) and maximum thickness of nerve fascicles of the tibial nerve (0.40 mm) than healthy non-diabetic subjects (12.42 +/- 1.01 mm2 and 0.30 mm respectively). CONCLUSION: The cross sectional area and maximum thickness of nerve fascicles of the tibial nerve is larger in diabetic patients with or without peripheral neuropathy than in healthy control subjects, and ultrasonography can be used as a good screening tool in these patients.

West Nile virus in Ontario, Canada: A twelve-year analysis of human case prevalence, mosquito surveillance, and climate data.

West Nile Virus (WNV) first arrived in Ontario, Canada in 2001 and has since spread throughout most of the province, causing disease in humans. The provincial government established a province-wide surveillance program to monitor WNV transmission throughout the 36 regional health units. Here we have acquired records of WNV human and mosquito surveillance from 2002 to 2013 to describe seasonal and geographic trends in WNV activity in southern Ontario. Additionally, we obtained climate data from seven municipalities to investigate how temperature and precipitation affect WNV transmission dynamics. We identified a strong quadratic relationship between the number of confirmed human cases and positive Culex mosquito pools recorded at the end of each year (R2 = 0.9783, p < 0.001). Using Spearman rank correlation tests, we identified that the minimum infection rate of Culex pipiens/restuans pools are the strongest predictor of human cases at a 1 week lag period. We also identified positive correlations between minimum infection rates, temperature, vector abundance, and cumulative precipitation. Global Moran's I index indicates strong positive autocorrelation and clustering of positive Culex pool counts in southern Ontario. Local indicators of spatial association tests revealed a total of 44 high-high and 1 high-low trap locations (n = 680). In the current work we have identified when and where hot spots of WNV activity have occurred in southern Ontario. The municipalities surrounding the western shore of the Lake Ontario and Windsor-Essex County have the largest records of positive mosquitoes and human cases. We identified that positive mosquitoes are a strong indicator of human cases to follow in the coming weeks. An epidemic action threshold of cumulative positive Culex pools was established, allowing Ontario public health officials to predict an epidemic at epidemiological week 34 (rho = 0.90, p < 0.001). These data have the potential to contribute to more efficient larvicide programs and awareness campaigns for the public.

Impact of Different Approaches of Epidural Steroid Injection on Outcome of Patients Treated for Low Backache.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of epidural steroid injections through different approaches using pain relief and improvement in functional capacity as outcome measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with low backache and unilateral radiculopathy were randomly assigned to three groups of twenty patients each, for undergoing lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI) through midline, transforaminal, and paramedian approaches under fluoroscopic guidance. All the patients were assessed at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postintervention using visual analog scale (VAS) score, Quebec disability score, and depression score. RESULTS: The primary and secondary outcome measured in terms of improvement of VAS showed statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) when compared to preprocedure baseline readings on both intragroup analysis (Groups I, II and III) at 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up. However, on intergroup comparison, the difference in improvement of VAS score noted was statistically insignificant with P value of 0.07 (Group I/II), 0.19 (Group II/III), 0.85 (Group I/III) at final 3rd month follow-up. In addition, intergroup comparison for secondary outcome showed statistically insignificant improvement (P value for Quebec score 0.73 [Group I/II], 0.34 [Group II/III], 0.79 [Group I/III] and depression score 0.78 [Group I/II], 0.67 [Group II/III], 0.98 [Group I/III]) at final 3rd month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: All three LESI approaches proved highly effective individually in terms of short-term pain relief, improvement in the quality of life, and depression; however, none proved to be better than the other.