A 1-year follow-up study on checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: results from a European consortium.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the clinical outcome of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced colitis are scant. We aimed to describe the 12-month clinical outcome of patients with ICI-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, European, multicentre study. Endoscopy/histology-proven ICI-induced colitis patients were enrolled. The 12-month clinical remission rate, defined as a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events diarrhoea grade of 0-1, and the correlates of 12-month remission were assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients [male:female ratio 1.5:1; median age 65 years, interquartile range (IQR) 55.5-71.5 years] were included. Lung cancer (41, 42.7%) and melanoma (30, 31.2%) were the most common cancers. ICI-related gastrointestinal symptoms occurred at a median time of 4 months (IQR 2-7 months). An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like pattern was present in 74 patients (77.1%) [35 (47.3%) ulcerative colitis (UC)-like, 11 (14.9%) Crohn's disease (CD)-like, 28 (37.8%) IBD-like unclassified], while microscopic colitis was present in 19 patients (19.8%). As a first line, systemic steroids were the most prescribed drugs (65, 67.7%). The 12-month clinical remission rate was 47.7 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 33.5-67.8). ICI was discontinued due to colitis in 66 patients (79.5%). A CD-like pattern was associated with remission failure (hazard ratio 3.84, 95% CI 1.16-12.69). Having histopathological signs of microscopic colitis (P = 0.049) and microscopic versus UC-/CD-like colitis (P = 0.014) were associated with a better outcome. Discontinuing the ICI was not related to the 12-month remission (P = 0.483). Four patients (3.1%) died from ICI-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBD-like colitis may need an early and more aggressive treatment. Future studies should focus on how to improve long-term clinical outcomes.

How confocal laser endomicroscopy can help us in diagnosing gastric lymphomas?

Primary gastric diffuse large cell lymphoma is one of the most common extranodal lymphomas of the gastrointestinal system. Diagnosing gastrointestinal lymphomas can be difficult, since there is no pathognomonic sign in endoscopy to distinguish it from other malignancies. In some cases biopsy can be non-diagnostic. Therefore, multiple endoscopic examinations and biopsies can be necessary. With using confocal endomicroscopy, histology of the tissue can be seen in vivo and a range of diseases can be identified by using this technique. We are presenting a case, which is diagnosed as primary gastric diffuse large cell lymphoma during the evaluation of erythema nodosum etiology. We want to emphasize the role of confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of gastric lymphoma and directing the endoscopist for sampling the diseased mucosa. Confocal endomicroscopy decreases non-diagnostic rates in endoscopic biopsy and can be performed successfully in cases of gastric lymphoma. Pit patterns of gastric lymphoma, ring cell gastric carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma are similar. To best of our knowledge, this case is the fifth case of confocal laser endomicroscopy aided in diagnosing gastric lymphomas (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 13).

Choledochoscope-assisted antegrade-retrograde endoscopic dilation of complete esophageal stenosis in a patient with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a mucocutaneous disorder, characterized by recurrent formation of blisters and scarring. The gastrointestinal tract is commonly affected by the disease and the proximal esophagus is the most common area of involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. The esophageal strictures are common in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa that can lead to complete esophageal stenosis in some cases. The antegrade/retrograde endoscopic dilation is a commonly used method in these patients. Different kinds of endoscopes may be used for the retrograde procedure, such as conventional upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopes, slim-paediatric UGI endoscopes and ultrathin UGI nasal endoscopes. Herein, we reported the first antegrade/retrograde esophageal dilation case performed under choledochoscopic guidance.

Cardiac and great vessel thrombosis in Behçet's disease.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic relapsing systemic vasculitis in which orogenital ulceration is a prominent feature. The disease affects many systems and causes hypercoagulability. We present a 27-year-old male patient who exhibited widespread great vessel thrombosis including right atrial and ventricular thrombi in the setting of right-sided infectious endocarditis and orogenital aphthous ulcerations and erythema nodosum due to BD. We reviewed the enigmatic prothrombotic state of BD, and discuss our prior experiences in this field.

Abdominal tuberculosis leading to portal vein thrombosis, mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver cirrhosis.

Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare infectious disease that can involve the peritoneum and lead to portal vein thrombosis and mimic peritoneal carcinomatosis. We report on a 43-year-old male patient with fatigue and progressive weight loss for two years. Ascites was the only pathologic finding in his physical examination and laboratory findings revealed only a mild anaemia with Ca-125 elevation. The ascitic fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA) level was also elevated. Computed tomography revealed splenomegaly, a mesenteric mass measuring 3.5 cm and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathies at the hepatic hilum. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed oesophageal varices which was also consistent with portal hypertension. Diagnostic laparotomy and biopsies obtained from the omentum and the lymph nodes revealed acid-fast staining tuberculosis bacilli.

Serum vitamin-E levels and its relation to clinical features in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with elevated ALT levels.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and free oxygen radicals play an important role in the progression from simple fatty liver to steatohepatitis. Deficiency of antioxidants like vitamin-E has been reported to trigger this progression. The main aims of our study were to measure plasma vitamin-E levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), to explain its relationship with biochemical parameters and to examine the possible therapeutic and prophylactic role of vitamin-E. METHODS: 52 patients with NAFLD and elevated liver function tests were enrolled. After 6 months of follow-up with a standard low-fat, low-calorie diet, changes in liver enzymes were evaluated. RESULTS: Deficiency of vitamin-E was detected in 16 patients with NAFLD. Homogenous echo pattern of the liver and attenuation was found to be significantly higher in the low vitamin-E group (p = 0.03). The low vitamin-E group had significantly higher levels of triglyceride (p = 0.02). After 6 months, patients in the low vitamin-E group did not respond to the diet and no decrease in ALT levels was detected (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: This is the first study measuring the serum vitamin-E levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A correlation was found between low vitamin-E levels, high triglyceride levels, as well as sonographic findings, both of which are negative prognostic factors causing progression of fatty liver to steatohepatitis. Patients with low vitamin-E levels did not respond to a classical diet for fatty liver disease. Based on the data, we suggest that diet alone is not adequate for patients with fatty liver, and vitamin-E supplementation should be added.