Immunotherapy for the treatment of penile intraepithelial neoplasia associated with human papilloma virus type 16 using topical imiquimod and human papilloma virus vaccination.

Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is frequently associated with human papilloma virus (HPV). Three cases of PeIN associated with HPV-type 16 were successfully treated with topical imiquimod and concurrent HPV vaccination. Human papilloma vaccine protects against oncogenic human papilloma viruses. In New Zealand, a decline in incidence of PeIN is anticipated with the recent funding of human papilloma vaccine for boys and young men aged 9-26 years. Therefore, HPV vaccination may have a role for treatment of PeIN and prophylaxis.