Clinician preferences for single-unit implant restoration designs and materials: A survey of the membership of the Pacific Coast Society for Prosthodontics.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Clinical research has difficulty keeping pace with the rapid evolution of materials, protocols, and designs of single-unit implant restorations. The clinical design preferences of prosthodontics for different clinical scenarios are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to determine the current prevalence of usage of various treatment options and materials for single-unit implant-supported restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From August to September of 2022, a survey invitation was sent to members of the Pacific Coast Society for Prosthodontics (PCSP). The survey was hosted online and asked 37 questions related to the materials, protocols, and design preferences for single-unit implant-supported restorations in various clinical scenarios. The prompts included the suggestion that answers should be based on preferences for the "ideal" treatment of a hypothetical patient seeking implant treatment for the replacement of a single missing tooth. RESULTS: Of 133 questionnaires sent via email, 35 were returned. The results are presented with histograms that use color coding as an experience proxy metric. A total of 87% of respondents was in private practice, and 60% reported having restored more than 1000 single-unit implant restorations. For the replacement of a single maxillary central incisor under ideal conditions and angulation through the palatal surface, respondents preferred bone level implants (93%) and screw-retained restorations (80%), with 50% of those being zirconia with a titanium abutment and 21% being cast metal-ceramic. For an identical scenario, except that the angulation would be through the facial surface, respondents preferred the angled screw system (55%) and cemented (41%) restorations. For the replacement of a single missing mandibular molar under ideal conditions, respondents preferred bone level implants (79%) and screw-retained restorations (79%), with 70% of those being zirconia with a titanium abutment and 17% being cast metal-ceramic. CONCLUSIONS: While a wide range of protocols, designs, and materials exist for the replacement of a single missing tooth, these results provide a snapshot of current single-unit implant prosthodontic preferences in the Western United States and Canada.

Posterior restoration rotational torque associated with cuspal incline angulation: A proof of concept.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Off-axis, external forces with a moment arm on posterior restorations have not been investigated in experimental studies. PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to determine the interaction between occlusal force directed toward cuspal incline angulations with variations in base width and preparation vertical heights. Torque forces on a single crown restoration in simulated premolar and molar tooth forms were calculated for 3 different rotational axes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Trigonometric calculations were made to determine the amount of torque generated in a simulated-crown restoration in premolar and molar tooth forms. Restorations with different cuspal incline angulations were loaded with an off-axis force of 200 N. This force was applied to 5 different cuspal incline angulations in both tooth forms at varying preparation heights. Right triangles were used to enable trigonometric computations of the resulting moment arms that accompanied the 3 rotational axes. RESULTS: The total torque values were calculated with a range from 7.5 to 372.8 Ncm. The highest levels of torque were generated in the 5-mm-high molar tooth form with a rotational axis located within the root form, perpendicular to the 45-degree cuspal incline. In general, large moment arms were generated with steep cuspal incline angulations and mid-root axis locations; the lowest torque values in all cuspal incline angulations were found in the rotational axis locations at the crown finish line. The torque values at the rotational axis finish line location were found to be greatest in the largest vertical tooth form height category (5 mm) in both tooth model sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The crown restoration cuspal incline angulations, vertical preparation heights, base widths, and rotational axis locations all played a role in the torque force levels generated, probably influencing restoration stability.

Prosthesis-Implant Arch Area Ratio (PIAAR) - A New Geometric Paradigm, Replacing the Current 'A-P Spread' of a Cantilever in Full-Arch Implant Prosthesis: A Proof-of-Concept Experiment.

PURPOSE: The anterior-posterior spread concept is relied upon to understand the bioengineering aspects of cantilevers in fixed complete denture prostheses. This concept is not evidence-based. With no other category existing in contemporary implant dentistry, this conventional anterior-posterior spread concept may have limited more precise and accurate biomechanical analysis. This paper aims to validate a scientific rationale for utilizing this new prosthesis-implant arch area ratio instead of the preexisting anterior-posterior spread concept. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing the preexisting mathematical principle of "Heron's formula," enabling the calculation of the area of a triangle with three known lengths and no angular information, a new prosthesis-implant arch area ratio is introduced through algebraic derivation. Geometrically, three different sections of prosthetic cantilevers are defined as: (1) anterior cantilever; (2) lateral cantilever; (3) posterior cantilever. The prosthesis-implant arch area ratio is defined as the prosthesis arch area (anterior, lateral, or posterior cantilever) divided by the sum of the platform arch area and the selected prosthesis arch area. As a proof-of-concept experiment, fifteen different laboratory cast arches (n = 15) were chosen; theorized four implant platforms were referenced from the conventional anterior-posterior spread ration of 1:1.5, followed by calculating platform arch area and prosthesis arch area using Heron's formula. Then, three different horizontal arch width ratios (1:1, 1.25:1, and 1.5:1) under the constant linear height ratio of anterior-posterior spread (1:1.5) were drawn to assign different experimental groups of prosthesis arch area on each patient scenario, followed by cantilever comparison combining all ratio values (n = 45). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: One-way ANOVA revealed statistical differences of all prosthesis-implant arch area ratios on each cantilever group; anterior cantilever, F(2, 42) = 8.326, p = 0.0009; lateral cantilever F(2, 42) = 43.92, p < 0.0001; posterior cantilever, F(2, 42) = 26.66, p < 0.0001, as well as cantilever's comparison, F(2, 132) = 240.8, p < 0.0001. Tukey's post hoc test showed a statistically significant ascending trend of prosthesis-implant arch area ratio as the horizontal width ratio increases. Interestingly, the posterior cantilever had the greatest prosthesis-implant arch area ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the preexisting anterior-posterior spread concept, a new prosthesis-implant arch area ratio seemed to be a more categorized, geometric, and perceptive modality of assessing the prosthetic cantilever in a full-arch implant-supported prosthesis, allowing a more systematic indexing of different full-arch implant clinical scenarios with greater specificity and consistency.

Clinician preferences for complete-arch fixed implant-supported prostheses: A survey of the membership of the Pacific Coast Society for Prosthodontics.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Current in vivo and in vitro research has difficulty keeping pace with the rapid evolution of materials, protocols, and designs of the complete-arch fixed implant-supported prosthesis. PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to determine the current prevalence of usage of various treatment modalities and materials for complete-arch fixed implant-supported prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From November to December of 2018, a survey invitation was sent out to members of the Pacific Coast Society for Prosthodontics (PCSP). The survey was hosted online, and asked a series of 18 questions related to the materials, protocols, and design preferences for complete-arch fixed implant-supported prostheses. The prompt included the suggestion that answers should be based on preferences for ideal treatment of a hypothetical completely edentulous patient seeking fixed, implant-supported prostheses, assuming sufficient native bone and an opposing complete-arch fixed implant-supported prosthesis. RESULTS: Of 133 invitations sent via email, 45 (34%) surveys were started and 48 (36%) were completed. Pertinent results are summarized in histograms with color coding in each answer group to indicate the total number of arches the person had treated (a proxy for experience). Most respondents were in private practice (73%) and had completed more than 21 arches of fixed implant-supported prostheses (62%). Nearly half (49%) of the respondents preferred 6 implants in the maxilla, while the preferred number in the mandible was highly varied between 4 (33%), 5 (27%), and 6 (29%) implants. Three-fourths (75%) preferred bone-level implant designs, and the plurality was ambivalent on the use of a platform-switched design (48%). Two-thirds (67%) preferred to deliver a complete-arch fixed provisional prosthesis at the time of surgery. Two-thirds (67%) preferred to make the definitive impression by using rigidly splinted, open-tray copings. While most (67%) preferred to fabricate the definitive maxillary and mandibular prostheses with identical occlusal materials, the specifics of material selection between arches varied greatly. In the maxilla, a plurality preferred anatomic contour zirconia with titanium bases (33%). In the mandible, a plurality preferred laboratory-processed resin with denture teeth over a milled metal bar (32%). CONCLUSIONS: While a wide range of protocols, designs, and materials exist in the use of the complete-arch fixed implant-supported prosthesis, these results provide a snapshot of current clinical preferences in the Western United States.

Gastric poorly cohesive carcinoma: a correlative study of mutational signatures and prognostic significance based on histopathological subtypes.

AIMS: Genome-wide next-generation sequencing has revealed several driver mutations and has allowed the establishment of a molecular taxonomy of gastric cancer. However, there are few detailed studies on the mutational spectrum of poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma. Thus, this study aim to investigate its mutation profile based on clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Herein, we analysed the mutational pattern of 77 genes in a cohort of 91 patients with poorly cohesive carcinoma by using targeted sequencing, and evaluated the clinicopathological significance of the various mutations based on histological pattern, either signet ring cell (SRC) or other types of poorly cohesive carcinoma (not otherwise specified) (PCC-NOS). Panels of seven (PIK3CA, CDH1, PTEN, RHOA, HDCA9, KRAS, and ATM), three (PIK3CA, CTNNB1, and KRAS) and two (HDCA9 and IGF1R) genes were associated with a diffuse infiltrative growth pattern, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion, respectively. Furthermore, PDGFRB mutations were associated with a favourable prognosis, whereas MET mutations were associated with a poor prognosis. The PCC-NOS-predominant type was associated with a greater depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis than the SRC-predominant type. Mutations in TP53, BRAF, PI3CA, SMAD4 and RHOA were associated with PCC-NOS. Interestingly, RHOA-mutated gastric cancers showed a distinct morphology, as they were characterised by a superficial SRC or tubular component and a deep invasive PCC-NOS component with desmoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings demonstrate that gastric poorly cohesive carcinomas show several mutational patterns associated with specific clinicopathological characteristics, and particularly show distinct morphological findings when associated with RHOA mutation.

Fetal Membrane Ultrastructure and Development in the Oviparous Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum (Colubridae) with Reference to Function and Evolution in Snakes.

In eggs of oviparous reptiles, fetal membranes maintain developing embryos through the exchange of respiratory gases and provision of water and calcium. As part of a survey of reptilian fetal membranes, we used scanning electron microscopy to study fetal membrane morphology in the oviparous Pueblan milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli. The chorioallantois initially is an avascular structure lined by enlarged chorionic and allantoic epithelia. Upon vascularization, the chorionic epithelium becomes greatly attenuated, enhancing the potential for gas exchange; the allantoic epithelium also flattens. The bilaminar omphalopleure of the yolk sac lacks blood vessels, but it becomes vascularized by allantoic capillaries and transformed into an omphalallantois. Upon regression of the isolated yolk mass, this membrane is converted to chorioallantois, equipping it for gas exchange. Allantoic fluid serves as a water reservoir, and we postulate that it facilitates water uptake by establishing an osmotic gradient. Early in development, epithelia of both the chorion and the omphalopleure show apical microvilli that greatly increase the cell surface area available for water uptake. However, these features are incompatible with gas exchange and are lost as oxygen needs take precedence. A comparison of the fetal membranes to those of other squamate species (both oviparous and viviparous) reveals characteristics that are probably ancestral for snakes, some of which are plesiomorphic for Squamata. The widespread phylogenetic distribution of these features reflects their utility as adaptations that serve functional requirements of squamate embryos.

MUC5AC and MUC5B enhance the characterization of mucinous adenocarcinomas of the lung and predict poor prognosis.

AIMS: From the viewpoint of histogenesis, lung adenocarcinoma can be subdivided into two groups: terminal respiratory unit (TRU) and non-TRU types. We recently reported a non-TRU type adenocarcinoma designated as ciliated adenocarcinoma (we now prefer central type adenocarcinoma). We suggest reasons that mucinous adenocarcinoma should encompass central type adenocarcinoma to represent its biological characteristics as non-TRU type adenocarcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mucin (MUC)5AC and MUC5B were expressed more significantly in non-TRU type adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01). Thirty-five (76.1%) and 45 cases (97.8%) of 46 non-TRU type adenocarcinoma showed positivity for MUC5AC and MUC5B. Twelve (7.6%) and eight (5.1%) cases of 157 TRU type adenocarainoma showed positivity for MUC5B and MUC5AC. NKX2-1 gene expression was measured with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). ΔΔCt of NKX2-1 gene expression was 6.79 for TRU type adenocarcinoma and 0.6 for non-TRU type adenocarcinoma. Overall survival and disease-free survival were poorer in non-TRU type adenocarcinoma (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). A multivariate test also showed that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma is an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: MUC5AC and MUC5B were specific makers for non-TRU adenocarcinoma, including both central type adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma. We suggest that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma presents a poorer prognosis, so it should be regarded separately from TRU type adenocarcinoma.

Enhancement of commercial antifungal agents by Kojic Acid.

Natural compounds that pose no significant medical or environmental side effects are potential sources of antifungal agents, either in their nascent form or as structural backbones for more effective derivatives. Kojic acid (KA) is one such compound. It is a natural by-product of fungal fermentation commonly employed by food and cosmetic industries. We show that KA greatly lowers minimum inhibitory (MIC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of commercial medicinal and agricultural antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMB) and strobilurin, respectively, against pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi. Assays using two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants, i.e., sakA∆, mpkC∆, of Aspergillus fumigatus, an agent for human invasive aspergillosis, with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or AMB indicate such chemosensitizing activity of KA is most conceivably through disruption of fungal antioxidation systems. KA could be developed as a chemosensitizer to enhance efficacy of certain conventional antifungal drugs or fungicides.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea: the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Because the mortality and social burden associated with COPD is increasing, repeated surveys of the prevalence of COPD have been used to assess risk factors, detect potential patients, and establish early diagnoses and management protocols. We report the prevalence of spirometrically detected COPD in Korea in 2008, using data from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. METHODS: Using nationwide stratified random sampling, based on the Korean Statistical Office census, 6840 subjects aged ≥19years underwent spirometry, which was performed by four trained technicians, during 2008. The place of residence, levels of education and income and smoking status, as well as other results from a COPD survey questionnaire were also assessed. RESULTS: Airflow obstruction (FEV(1) /FVC<0.7) was detected in 8.8% of subjects aged ≥19years (11.6% of men and 5.9% of women) and COPD was detected in 13.4% of subjects aged ≥40years (19.4% of men and 7.9% of women). Of the 6840 subjects, 27.3% were current smokers and 17.2% were former smokers, and the prevalence of COPD was higher in current and former smokers than in never smokers. Approximately 94% of patients with COPD had mild-to-moderate disease, without apparent symptoms; only 2.4% had been diagnosed by a physician and only 2.1% of patients had been treated. The independent risk factors for COPD were smoking, advanced age and male gender. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of COPD in Korea is high, the disease is underdiagnosed and most COPD patients are under-treated.

Minimum anesthetic concentration and cardiovascular dose-response relationship of isoflurane in cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus).

This study aimed to determine the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) and dose-related cardiovascular effects of isoflurane during controlled ventilation in cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus). The MAC was determined for 10 cinereous vultures as the midpoint between the end-tidal isoflurane concentration that allows gross purposeful movement and that which prevents the movement in response to clamping a pedal digit. Immediately after the MAC was determined, the cardiovascular effects of isoflurane at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the MAC were investigated in seven of the 10 birds. The MAC of isoflurane for 10 cinereous vultures during controlled ventilation was 1.06 +/- 0.07% (mean +/- SD). When the isoflurane concentration was increased to 1.5 and 2.0 times the MAC, there was significant dose-dependent decrease in the arterial blood pressure. However, the heart rate did not change over a range of 1.0 to 2.0 times the MAC.

Emergence Contours for Single-Unit Implant Provisionals in the Esthetic Zone.

The emergence contour of a provisional implant restoration is the key link between the implant and the crown. Its size and shape play a significant role in the treatment outcome biologically, functionally, and esthetically. Generally, for single-unit implants in the esthetic zone, the emergence contour should be narrow and smooth and allow space for biologic graft materials, native tissues, blood clot, and swelling, while maintaining distance from the surrounding bone. The "critical contour" area (near the gingival margin) should support but not compress the soft tissues. It should leave space for the gingival margin and papilla to migrate coronally during the healing and maturation stages. A properly designed and fabricated emergence contour of the provisional restoration will increase the potential for a successful outcome.

Ultrastructure of the fetal membranes of the oviparous kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula (Colubridae) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

In reptilian sauropsids, fetal (extraembryonic) membranes that line the eggshell sustain developing embryos by providing for gas exchange and uptake of water and eggshell calcium. However, a scarcity of morphological studies hinders an understanding of functional specializations and their evolution. In kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getula), scanning electron microscopy reveals two major fetal membranes: the chorioallantois and yolk sac omphalopleure. In early development, the chorioallantois contains tall chorionic epithelial cells, avascular connective tissue, and enlarged allantoic epithelial cells. During its maturation, the chorionic and allantoic epithelia thin dramatically and become underlain by a rich network of allantoic capillaries, yielding a membrane ideally suited for respiratory gas exchange. Yolk sac development initially is like that of typical lizards and snakes, forming an avascular omphalopleure, isolated yolk mass (IYM), and yolk cleft. However, unlike the situation in most squamates studied, the omphalopleure becomes transformed into a "secondary chorioallantois" via three asynchronous events: flattening of the epithelium, regression of the IYM, and vascularization by the allantois. Progressive expansion of chorioallantois parallels growing embryonic needs for gas exchange. In early through mid-development, external surfaces of both the chorionic and omphalopleure epithelium show an abundance of irregular surface protrusions that possibly increase surface area for water absorption. We postulate that the hypertrophied allantoic epithelial cells produce allantoic fluid, a viscous substance that facilitates water uptake and storage. Our findings are consistent with a previous study on the corn snake Pantherophis guttatus, but include new observations and novel functional hypotheses relevant to a reconstruction of basal squamate patterns.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy in dogs: an initial experience of 16 experimental procedures.

Left laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 16 dogs to describe the surgical techniques and initial experiences associated with operation time and surgery complications. The renal vein and artery were occluded by three ligating clips, respectively, and the ureter was sectioned after ligation with ligating clips at the level of the iliac vessels. A morcellation technique was used to remove the kidney from the abdominal cavity after placing it into a specimen retrieval bag. Total operation time and time spent for each different surgical stage in the first five operations were compared with those in the last five of the 16 operations. The factors that affected the differences of total operation time were examined, including sex, bodyweight, number of operations, incision length, and surgical stages. Six intra-operative complications occurred including splenic hemorrhage (3 cases), torn specimen retrieval bag during kidney morcellation (1 case), and subcutaneous emphysema (2 cases). Surgical time for laparoscopic nephrectomy was affected primarily by the time spent for renal vascular pedicle section and could be decreased as the number of cases increased. Thus, laparoscopic nephrectomy using ligating clips and morcellation for kidney removal could be considered where nephrectomy is indicated in dogs.

Cure mechanisms in materials for use in esthetic dentistry.

The current paper reviews the curing mechanisms found in resin-based materials used in dentistry. Historical aspects of dental products and the associated curing mechanisms are reviewed. In comparison with common industrial procedures, curing methods employed for dental materials are relatively limited because of the need to polymerize quickly in the oral cavity at an ambient temperature. Heat-cure and self-cure dental resins utilize benzoyl peroxide initiator alone with a tertiary amine co-initiator. At present, most dental restorative composites use a camphorquinone-amine complex initiation, visible light-cure, one-component systems, although alternative photoinitiators have been researched and developed. A multiple curing mode in a dual-cure material is a complex combination of various initiation systems. The use of aryl sulfinic acid sodium salt to overcome adverse chemical interactions between simplified adhesives and self- or dual-cure composites is based on another self-cure polymerization mechanism, sulfinic acid-initiated polymerization, proposed by Hagger in 1948. The sodium salt of aryl sulfinic acid reacts with an acidic monomer in simplified adhesives, and is believed to produce radicals. Clinically, it is important to try to optimize the degree of conversion of resin-based materials using proper manipulation and adequate light-curing techniques to ensure the best outcome for materials used to restore teeth.

Sprayed intraperitoneal bupivacaine reduces early postoperative pain behavior and biochemical stress response after laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

This study investigated the use of sprayed intraperitoneal bupivacaine to relieve postoperative pain behavior and biochemical stress response after laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (LOVH) in dogs. Sixteen sexually intact female dogs were randomly assigned to two groups. The sprayed intraperitoneal bupivacaine (SIB) group received 4.4 mg/kg of sprayed intraperitoneal bupivacaine diluted to 0.25% with an equivalent volume of saline after pneumoperitoneum. The control group received 1.76 mL/kg of saline in a similar fashion. Both groups received preoperative periportal 5% bupivacaine (1 mL) before incision. Postoperative pain was measured using the short form of the Glasgow composite measures pain scale (CMPS-SF, 0-24). Serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were measured preoperatively and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24h postoperatively. The SIB group had significantly lower CMPS-SF compared to the control group 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12h after the operation. Cortisol concentrations were significantly increased from preoperative concentrations in the control group at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4h post operation and at 0.5 and 1h post operation in the SIB group. No significant differences were seen in serum glucose within each group. This report suggests that the use of sprayed intraperitoneal bupivacaine can be used as part of a multimodal approach for pain management after LOVH in dogs.

Differences between vocalization evoked by social stimuli in feral cats and house cats.

To investigate how socialization can affect the types and characteristics of vocalization produced by cats, feral cats (n=25) and house cats (n=13) were used as subjects, allowing a comparison between cats socialized to people and non-socialized cats. To record vocalization and assess the cats' responses to behavioural stimuli, five test situations were used: approach by a familiar caretaker, by a threatening stranger, by a large doll, by a stranger with a dog and by a stranger with a cat. Feral cats showed extremely aggressive and defensive behaviour in most test situations, and produced higher call rates than those of house cats in the test situations, which could be attributed to less socialization to other animals and to more sensitivity to fearful situations. Differences were observed in the acoustic parameters of feral cats in comparison to those of house cats. The feral cat produced significantly higher frequency in fundamental frequency, peak frequency, 1st quartile frequency, 3rd quartile frequency of growls and hisses in agonistic test situations. In contrast to the growls and hisses, in meow, all acoustic parameters like fundamental frequency, first formant, peak frequency, 1st quartile frequency, and 3rd quartile frequency of house cats were of significantly higher frequency than those of feral cats. Also, house cats produced calls of significantly shorter in duration than feral cats in agonistic test situations. These results support the conclusion that a lack of socialization may affect usage of types of vocalizations, and the vocal characteristics, so that the proper socialization of cat may be essential to be a suitable companion house cat.

Behavioural reactivity of the Korean native Jindo dog varies with coat colour.

This study aimed to compare the behavioural reactivity of Jindo dogs with two different coat colours. Fawn (16 males, 15 females; mean age+/-S.D.=7.2+/-2.1 years) and white (10 males, 10 females; mean age+/-S.D.=6.9+/-2.1 years) Jindo dogs were exposed to a set of behavioural tests. All of the dogs were videotaped during the testing period to allow further analysis. The intensity of social, aggressive, fearful, and submissive reactivity and the frequency of urination as a scent-marking behaviour were scored on a scale running from 0 to 4 points. For each dog, each variable was defined as the average of the scores of nine behaviour tests. Then, the behavioural reactivities of Jindo dogs of each coat colour were compared. The results suggested that Jindo dogs of fawn coat colour exhibited a significantly lower intensity of fearful and submissive reactivity than those of white coat colour. In addition, fawn Jindo dogs produced scent-marking behaviour significantly more frequently. The results of the present study may provide useful information for scientific researchers, potential owners and breeders of Jindo dogs.