Skin-directed radiation therapy for cutaneous lymphoma: The Mayo Clinic experience.

BACKGROUND: Focal or total skin radiation therapy can be used to treat mild to refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. OBJECTIVE: To report the broad therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. METHODS: Retrospective, single-institution review of outcomes for skin-directed radiation therapy. RESULTS: Skin-directed radiation therapy showed a 99% response rate and 80% complete response rate after treatment regardless of involvement, severity, histopathologic subtype, dose, or fractionation. The overall in-field recurrence rate was 15%, and median time to recurrence was 296 days (range, 1-1884 days). Focal and hypofractionated regimens were similarly associated with disease response and rare toxicity. Short-term rates of secondary skin cancer after treatment were comparable to expected incidence in a patient population without radiation. LIMITATIONS: Large total number of treatments courses compared with overall number of patients. Heterogenous mix of treatment regimens (no standardization of dose or fraction number). CONCLUSIONS: Radiation therapy is a well-tolerated treatment option for properly selected patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Denosumab-induced cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction with distinct clinical and histopathologic findings.

Cutaneous reactions from targeted biologics are increasingly common. We describe a case of a cutaneous lichenoid drug eruption from the RANK inhibitor denosumab and a previously unreported lymphohistiocytic reaction pattern. The clinical and histopathological details of this case will aid in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of drug rashes from denosumab.

Red tattoo-related mycosis fungoides-like CD8+ pseudolymphoma.

Cutaneous reactions to red tattoo pigment rarely manifest as pseudolymphomatous reactions. We describe an exceedingly rare case of red tattoo-related T-cell predominant pseudolymphoma microscopically mimicking mycosis fungoides. Careful clinicopathological correlation was required to obtain the correct diagnosis and aid in an effective treatment course.

The implementation of quantitative electromyographic neuromuscular monitoring in an academic anesthesia department.

BACKGROUND: Although experts agree on the importance of quantitative neuromuscular blockade monitoring, particularly for managing reversal, such monitoring is not in widespread use. We describe the processes and results of our departmental experience with the introduction of such quantitative monitoring. METHODS: In mid-2010, the senior authors became concerned about the management of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (NMB) by providers within the department, based on personal observations and on a review of a departmental quality assurance/adverse event database. This review indicated the occurrence of 2 to 4 reintubations/year in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) that were deemed to be probably or possibly related to inadequate reversal. In response, quantitative blockade equipment (Datex-Omeda ElectroSensor™ EMG system) was installed in all our main operating rooms in January 2011. This introduction was accompanied by an extensive educational effort. Adoption of the system was slow; by mid-2011, the quantitative system was being used in <50% of cases involving nondepolarizing relaxants and adverse NMB-related events continued to occur. Therefore, starting in August 2011 and extending over the next 2 years, we performed a series of 5 separate sampling surveys in the PACU in which train-of-four (TOF) ratios were recorded in 409 tracheally extubated adult patients who had received nondepolarizing NMB (almost exclusively rocuronium) as well as in 73 patients who had not received any nondepolarizing NMB. After each survey, the results were presented to the entire department, along with discussions of individual cases, reviews of the recent literature regarding quantitative monitoring and further education regarding the use of the quantitative system. RESULTS: In the initial (August 2011) PACU survey of 96 patients receiving nondepolarizing NMBs, 31% had a TOF ratio of ≤0.9, 17% had a ratio of ≤0.8, and 4 patients (4%) had ratios of ≤0.5. A record review showed that the quantitative monitoring system had been used to monitor reversal in only 51% of these patients, and 23% of patients had no evidence of any monitoring, including qualitative TOF assessment. By December of 2012 (after 2 interim PACU monitoring surveys), a fourth survey showed 15% of 101 monitored patients had a TOF ratio ≤0.9, and only 5% had ratios ≤0.8. (P < 0.05 vs August 2011). Clear documentation of reversal using the quantitative system was present in 83% of cases (P < 0.05 vs August 2011). A final survey in July 2013 showed nearly identical values to those from December 2012. The lowest TOF ratio observed in any patient not receiving a nondepolarizing NMB was 0.92. There were no changes in the patterns of either rocuronium or neostigmine use over the duration of the project (through December 2012), and there have been no cases of NMB-related reintubations in the PACU during the last 2 years. DISCUSSION: Implementation of universal electromyographic-based quantitative neuromuscular blockade monitoring required a sustained process of education along with repeated PACU surveys and feedback to providers. Nevertheless, this effort resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of incompletely reversed patients in the PACU.

Palliative care utilization in calciphylaxis: a single-center retrospective review of 121 patients (1999-2016).

BACKGROUND: Calciphylaxis is a debilitating dermatological condition associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Palliative care offers a multidisciplinary approach to addressing symptoms and goals of care in patients with serious medical diagnoses. Involvement of palliative services for calciphylaxis is infrequently reported in the literature. The purpose of this report is to assess rates of palliative and pain consultation for patients with calciphylaxis. METHODS: This is a comprehensive, single-institution retrospective chart review of 121 eligible patients with a diagnosis of calciphylaxis treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1999 to 2016. Inclusion criteria were an indisputable diagnosis of calciphylaxis based on clinical, histopathologic, and radiographic features. One hundred twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (42%) received either a palliative (n = 15) or pain (n = 20) consultation, or both (n = 16). Patients with a palliative care consultation were younger compared with those without (mean ages 57 vs. 62 years, P = 0.046). In 104 patients (86%), psychiatric symptoms were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with calciphylaxis, the majority do not receive palliative and pain care consultations. Psychiatric complications are inconsistently addressed. These observations highlight practice gaps in the care of patients with calciphylaxis.

"West by East-West": combination repair of wide or multiple distal nasal defects.

BACKGROUND: Surgical defects of the distal nose can pose reconstructive challenges when function, cosmesis, and morbidity are considered. AIMS: We aim to present a reproducible, single-stage reconstruction of the distal nose when defects are wide, multiple, or span multiple cosmetic subunits. MATERIALS & METHODS: Retrospective case series of selected patients with distal nose defects repaired with the "West by East-West" combination flap. RESULTS: Three patients with distal nasal tip defects were identified to show the use of the "West by East-West" combination flap, and one of these patients had an adjacent full-thickness skin graft as part of the reconstruction. DISCUSSION: A combination of CAF and BAF is useful for distal nasal reconstruction when the surgical defect is greater than 2 cm, spans multiple subunits like the nasal tip/supratip/dorsum/sidewall/ala, and where CAF or BAF alone would distort the free margins or give insufficient laxity for defect closure. In our experience, the BAF accomplishes the required medially based laxity with superior cosmesis and less nasal asymmetry created by the redundancy of a traditional medially based back cut. The combination repair can also be used for simultaneous repair of multiple distal nasal defects. CONCLUSIONS: The "West by East-West" reconstruction is designed to incorporate the CAF and the BAF utilizing the paranasal cheek tissue reservoir, midline nasal dorsum supra-perichondrial movement, and a shared standing tissue cone (STC). It provides a reproducible, single-stage reconstruction of the distal nose when defects are wide, multiple, or span multiple cosmetic subunits.

Direct oral anticoagulant medications in calciphylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that calciphylaxis is a thrombotic condition in which arteriolar thrombosis leads to painful skin infarcts and consequent morbidity and mortality. Paradoxically, warfarin is implicated as a risk factor for calciphylaxis. Our objective is to report the use of oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors (termed direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]) in patients with calciphylaxis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 16 patients with calciphylaxis who received concomitant administration of novel anticoagulants. Patient data, including demographics, comorbidities, other treatments, and adverse events, were abstracted from the health records. RESULTS: Eleven patients (69%) had chronic kidney disease (stage ≥3A), and eight (50%) received dialysis. Apixaban was the most frequently used agent (n = 11 [69%]). Dabigatran (n = 4 [25%]) and rivaroxaban (n = 2 [13%]) were reserved for patients with mild renal impairment (stage ≤2). One clinically relevant but nonmajor bleeding event occurred. There were no major bleeding events. Nine patients (56%) were alive at last follow-up, and five (31%) had complete resolution of their calciphylaxis (mean follow-up, 523 days; range, 26-1884 days). CONCLUSION: DOACs were safe and well tolerated in patients with calciphylaxis, in this initial experience. Several patients had improvement or resolution of calciphylaxis in response to therapy that included DOACs. The degree of renal impairment should guide DOAC choice. Randomized trials are required to determine treatment efficacy.