[The origin, distribution and relocability of supravital hemorrhages]. / Vznik, distribuce a mobilita supravitálních hematomu.

The hemorrhage as a result of intravital bleeding is considered, from forensic point of view, as important sign of vital reaction of injury. However, in special cases it must be accepted that hemorrhage occurred after the death. The formation of supravital changes is evident, e.g., in organ donors whose blood circulation and pulmonary ventilation is kept after the brain death. The post-mortem origin of hemorrhages can also be seen in donors of eyeballs after enucleation made before the autopsy at Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. These hemorrhages are manifested after several hours when eyeballs were removed. Moreover, we observed the origin of hemorrhage in orbit which was caused nor by intravital bleeding neither by direct force. Its origin could not be explained nothing but postmortem propagation of the hemorrhage from the fracture of anterior fossa of the scull base. We did not find information about postmortem origin or relocation of hemorrhage of such extent in the literature. In the frame of knowledge about supravital reaction, this finding is of general importance with forensic impact. The documentation from the scene of death allowed correcting the appreciation of the mechanism of injury and traumatic process from the point of view of foreign culpability which should be considered in such case (e.g., a blow to the orbit with following fall under passing subway train).

[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) as a cause of sudden death]. / Arytmogenní dysplazie/kardiomyopatie pravé srdecní komory jako prícina náhlé smrti.

Common cause of sudden death in children and teenagers are primary cardiomyopathies, mostly hypertrophic. The authors refer to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy as a possible cause of sudden death. The disease is not limited to the right hearth only, the presence of fat and scar tissue in the in the hearth muscle is variable.

[Correlation among clinical and morphological findings in a diffuse axonal injury]. / Korelace klinických a morfologických nálezu u difuzního axonálního poranení.

In a man of 56 years--a victim of traffic accident, contusions in both temporal lobes of the brain and a small subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage were diagnosed by CT and MR examination. According to the findings of petechial haemorrhages in the corpus callosum a diffuse axonal injury was clinically diagnosed. After 2 months the patient died. Excisions of corpus callosum and the brain-stem were examined by histological staining including Palmgren@s method and by immunohistochemical detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in damaged axons. Clinical findings were compared with morphological findings, i.e. autopsy, histological and immunohistochemical examination. The possibilities of clinical diagnostics of diffuse axonal injury are discussed.

Association of red blood cell sodium leak with blood pressure in recombinant inbred strains.

Red blood cell Na+ content as well as ouabain-resistant Na+ and Rb+ (K+) transport (susceptible or resistant to inhibition by loop diuretics) were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Brown Norway (BN) rats the erythrocytes of which were incubated in either saline or Mg(2+)-sucrose medium. Elevated ouabain-resistant Na+ net uptake contrasted with slightly decreased red blood cell Na+ content in SHR compared with BN rats. Acceleration of furosemide- and bumetanide-sensitive Na+ fluxes contributed to enhanced ouabain-resistant Na+ influx into SHR erythrocytes in saline medium, whereas higher furosemide- or bumetanide-resistant Na+ efflux caused greater ouabain-resistant Na+ efflux in Mg(2+)-sucrose medium. Furosemide- and bumetanide-resistant Rb+ leaks were augmented in SHR erythrocytes. The association of the disclosed ion transport alterations with blood pressure was examined in 20 recombinant inbred strains derived from F2 SHR x BN hybrids. Ouabain-resistant Na+ uptake as well as furosemide- and bumetanide-resistant Na+ inward leaks (but not red blood cell Na+ content or furosemide- and bumetanide-sensitive Na+ net uptake) cosegregated with systolic and pulse pressures but not diastolic pressure of the recombinant inbred strains. In contrast, neither ouabain-resistant Na+ efflux nor any component of ouabain-resistant Rb+ uptake correlated positively with blood pressure of the recombinant inbred strains. Increased ouabain-resistant Na+ influx was compensated for by accelerated ouabain-sensitive Na+ extrusion because red blood cell Na+ content was not elevated in the hypertensive strains. Thus, high cell Na+ turnover rates might be related to genetic hypertension if an altered Na+ inward leak would be less effectively compensated for in tissues involved in cardiovascular regulation.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of hsp70 gene, localized in the RT1 complex, is associated with hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the intermediate phenotype of thermosensitivity is present in hypertensive mice and rats. Increased expression of hsp70 caused by increased transcription rate was demonstrated in vivo, in organs, and in cultured cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats and hypertensive mice. In this study, a polymorphism of this gene was revealed with BamHI enzyme by using a human hsp70 probe. A 4.4-kb fragment was visualized in normotensive rats (Brown-Norway BN.lx and Sprague-Dawley), and a 3.0-kb fragment was found in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of three different origins and in Wistar and Buffalo rats. Both fragments were present in the Wistar-Kyoto rat strain. The present study mapped the polymorphism of hsp70 into the RT1 complex in BN.1K and SHR.1N congenic strains. The hsp70 restriction fragment length polymorphism is associated with a blood pressure difference of 15 mm Hg in recombinant inbred strains. These results justify the search for a mechanism by which hsp70 could influence blood pressure.

An analysis of spontaneous hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats by means of new recombinant inbred strains.

The mode of blood pressure inheritance and some genetic markers of spontaneous hypertension were evaluated in a new set of recombinant inbred (RI) strains obtained by crossing of normotensive (BN.lx) and hypertensive (SHR) progenitor strains. Blood pressure values of RI strains were continuously distributed between both progenitor strains, although normotensive strains slightly prevailed. Statistical analysis suggested that there are three major genes and multiple minor genes responsible of the determination of spontaneous hypertension. The association between blood pressure and gene(s) within RT1 complex or gene(s) closely linked to it was found by RI strain analysis. This suggestion was confirmed by the detection of significant difference in blood pressure between SHR and SHR.1N congenic strains. Our results indicate that RT1 complex gene(s) may be involved in the development of high blood pressure.

Platelet aggregation in spontaneous hypertension: genetic determination and correlation analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Hyper-responsive platelets are often found in essential hypertension. It has also been suggested that in hypertensive patients platelets may serve as an easily accessible indicator of abnormalities in contractile cell function. To test these suggestions, we analysed the relationship between platelet aggregation and genetic hypertension in the rat. METHODS: Linear regression analysis of mean values of recombinant inbred strains was used to evaluate the relationship between blood pressure and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. RESULTS: ADP-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was significantly decreased compared with in normotensive Brown Norway (BN) rats. However, in recombinant inbred strains, derived from (SHR x BN) F2 hybrids, correlation analysis revealed that platelet aggregation and blood pressure are independent traits. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest strongly that spontaneous hypertension and platelet hypo-aggregability in SHR were linked together by chance due to drift during selective inbreeding. The absence of a correlation between the two traits also indicates that alterations in platelet function in essential hypertension, often found in population-based studies, may have to be reaffirmed in genetically better-defined situations, e.g. by pedigree analysis.

Genetic determination of heart and kidney weights studied using a set of recombinant inbred strains: the relationship to blood pressure.

The effects of genetic factors and blood pressure levels on heart and kidney weights were estimated in a set of recombinant inbred (RI) strains obtained by crossing normotensive rat (BN.lx) and genetically hypertensive rat (SHR) progenitor strains. Renal or cardiac hypertrophy in several normotensive RI strains, together with low organ weights in some hypertensive strains, indicate that genetic factors play an important role in heart and kidney weight determination. In RI strains, there was a slight positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and relative heart weight, while relative kidney weight correlated negatively with blood pressure. Indeed, the analysis of the degree of genetic determination in RI strains revealed higher values for the relative kidney weight than for the relative heart weight. Blood pressure has a lower degree of genetic determination than both organs. Several polymorphic loci were found to be associated with organ weight determination. Thus, the analysis of organ weights in RI strains revealed the influence of primary genetic factors rather than secondary blood pressure effects.

Spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. II. Clinicopathologic observations.

Spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL-SD) was diagnosed in a breeding colony of isohistogenic Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals younger than one year of age died approximately 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of the disease and represented approximately 17% of the total rat population. Clinically, the affected rats showed mainly spinal cord paralysis and enlargement of mandibular lymph nodes. Gross lesions were characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and enlargement of visceral lymph nodes. Histological examination of affected tissues and cells revealed generalized infiltration of blast cells accompanied by focal hemorrhages and necrosis. According to the FAB classification, it was concluded that ALL-SD corresponds to ALL type L2 in man. Therefore this leukemia of young rats may be an important model system for the study of human leukemia.

Spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. II. Cytogenetic analysis of nine individual leukemias.

Nine spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemias (SD1-SD9) in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated cytogenetically by G-banding. The chromosome numbers of metaphase cells in all studied SD leukemias were near diploid and in all leukemias numerical or structural abnormalities were found. Affected were chromosomes No. 11, 2, 13 and 1. A common finding in most leukemias was trisomy 11 observed either as simple trisomy (SD1, SD4 and 2 clones of SD6), or the translocation form of trisomy (SD3), or the tandem translocation t(11;13) in SD7, or the Robertsonian fusion -rob(2;11) in SD5. In SD9 and one cell clone of SD8 no apparent trisomy was found, but the cells contained an 11q+ marker. Among the rearranged chromosomes, chromosome 2 was most frequently involved. Der No. 2 with terminal deletion was found in some of SD3 metaphases and a probable partial duplication of chromosome 2 was found in SD6. The finding of trisomy 2 in SD5 and SD6 occurred rarely. Further structural rearrangements concerned No. 13, the involvement of which was evident in the 13q+ marker typical of SD2, one cell clone of SD6, SD7 and SD8 leukemias. 1q+ aberration was the common finding in SD3 and SD5, while 1q-was observed in all SD6 metaphases. According to the cytogenetic examination of SD leukemias, we considered that the changes of chromosomes 11, 2, 13 and 1 were nonrandom. Based on the similarity of chromosomal rearrangements in individual leukemias, probable breakpoints on the affected chromosomes could be determined. 11cen, 11q12, 2q32-33, 2q16, 13q22, 1q43 and 1q54 were found to be the most frequently afflicted regions in SD leukemias.

Spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. I. Immunogenetic analysis of four individual leukemias.

The antigenic phenotyping of four individual spontaneous ALLs of SD strain revealed practically complete concordance of RT1 class I expression with PBL of SD strain. RT5 antigen as well as class II and SIg markers were not proven. T cell markers defined by MoAbs OX7 (Thy 1.1) and W3/13 (T cell common) were detected on all four ALL tested.

[Changes of various proteins in older blood stains]. / Zmeny nekterých proteinu ve stárnoucích krevních skvrnách.

26 unequally old groups of blood stains up to 180 days old were examined for the presence of albumin, Ig A, Ig G immunoglobulins, beta 1 C globulin and transferrin. To ensure different external conditions, each group was composed so as to contain blood stains of the same age but preserved under different conditions and on different types of underlying material. Albumin and Ig G immunoglobulin proved to be among the most stable ones. However, due to variations in the results the practical uses of this type of blood stain age estimation appear to be problematic.

[How can forensic medicine assist historical findings]. / Címmuze soudní lékarství pomoci historickým nálezum

The authors wanted to demonstrate in their present paper that forensic medicine and its modern methods can help to elucidate some historical findings not only as regards mechanisms of injury but in the first member's of the dynasty of Premysl also by evidence of group appurtenance using the two-phase and two-circle system.

[The ABO group system in tissues in advanced post-mortem changes]. / Vysetrování skupinového systému ABO ve tkáních pri pokrocilých posmrtných zmenách.

Post-mortem changes and in particular putrefaction makes examination of the group properties of the ABO system in tissues difficult and even more so the interpretation of results. Hitherto traditionally used serological methods, i.e. the absorption elution test and the saturation method, do not always provide sufficient data for a final evaluation. The quoted examples from practice are in favour of a combination of the traditional serological approach (absorption elution test) and the immunohistological technique (indirect immunoperoxidase reaction).

[The immunohistochemical picture in transfusion of incompatible blood]. / Transfúze inkompatibilní krve v imunohistochemickém obrazu.

To provide evidence of transfusion of incompatible blood in the ABO system in forensic medicine also antigens A and B of the donor must be detected in the body of the recipient. The author presents his own experience with evidence of incompatible red blood cells with group properties A, B or AB by the indirect immunoperoxidase method in paraffin section of the recipient's tissues. A positive reaction makes it possible to detect also occasional incompatible erythrocytes in particular in the periphery. An advantage is in particular the high sensitivity of the method, and as paraffin tissue blocks are used, also the possibility of retrospective evaluation.

[Determination of the A1 and A2 subgroups in hair]. / K moznostem stanovení podskupin A1 a A2 ve vlasech.

The authors discuss possibilities of assessment of group substances (sub-groups) A1 and A2 and A1B and A2B resp. in hair by means of serum anti -A1 and lectin anti-H. It was found that in some instances this assessment is successful, however, introduction into common practice is so far, e. g. without the use of monoclonal sera, hardly possible. Possibilities of detection are influenced by several factors, obviously in particular by the quantitative expression of the group substance in hair, by the quality of the sera used (lectins) and indicator blood cells.

[Terminology used in evaluating the severity of injuries for agencies involved with the penal system]. / Vymezení pojmu pouzívaných pri posuzování závaznosti poranení pro orgány cinné v trestním rízení.

The authors deal with medical and juristis terms concerning the evaluation of the grievousness of injuries for the police of the Czech Republic.

[Evaluation of alcohol in the cerebrospinal fluid]. / Problematika vyhodnocení alkoholu v mozkomísním moku.

Authors studied alcohol in cerebrospinal fluid as well as in blood and showed that the blood alcohol level cannot be commonly estimated from the examination of alcohol level in cerebrospinal fluid.

[Sex determination using a pulled out hair]. / Prispevek k urcování pohlaví z vytrzeného vlasu.

Authors original preparation technology is presented for sex determination by sex-chromatin and Y-chromosome detection even in one torn up hair.

[Determination of secretion of ABO group antigens using a immunohistochemical method]. / K otázce urcování vylucovatelství skupinových antigenu A B O systému imunohistologickým vysetrením.

In the assessment of secretor status in deceased subjects in recent years efforts focused on immunohistological examination of those orangs the secretions and epithelial cells of which contain group substances in secretors. By means of the immunofluorescent method group substances A and B were estimated in the secretion of mucinous cells of the sublingual salivary glands of the trachea and Becher cells of the trachea. In 19 of 20 examined subjects in the above glands activity was detected suggesting secretor status, corresponding to the blood group. Using the saturation method, concurrently with same results, group substances A a B were detected in bile.