Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome ethanol extract in high-fat diet-fed mice.

CONTEXT: The rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute (Liliaceae) has long been used to treat diabetes-associated complications. However, the pharmacological mechanism of P. sibiricum on metabolic disorders is not clear. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effect of an ethanol extract of P. sibiricum rhizomes (designated ID1216) on obesity conditions including weight loss in high-fat (HF) diet-fed mice and explores the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS: To identify the metabolic impact of the P. sibiricum rhizome extract, HF diet-fed mice were administered ID1216 orally at doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg/d for 10 weeks, and various factors related to metabolic syndrome were analyzed. We also examined the effects of ID1216 on the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, as well as genes associated with energy homeostasis in C2C12 myocytes. RESULTS: ID1216 administration led to significant decreases in body weight gain (37.5%), lipid accumulation in adipose tissues (52.8%), and the levels of plasma triglycerides (26.4%) and free fatty acids (28.1%) at a dose of 250 mg/kg/d, compared with the vehicle-treated group, as well as improved insulin resistance. In addition, ID1216 was found to regulate the expression of genes related to adipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 cells and enhance the expression of genes that modulate energy homeostasis in C2C12 myocytes. CONCLUSIONS: ID1216 may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving obesity conditions through the sirtuin-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α pathway.

Increasing and worsening late effects in childhood cancer survivors during follow-up.

Recent advances in childhood cancer treatment have increased survival rates to 80%. Two out of three survivors experience late effects (LEs). From a group of 241 survivors previously described, 193 were followed at the long-term follow-up clinic (LTFC) of Severance Hospital in Korea; the presence of LEs was confirmed by oncologists. We reported the change in LEs during 3 yr of follow-up. The median follow-up from diagnosis was 10.4 yr (5.1-26.2 yr). Among 193 survivors, the percentage of patients with at least one LE increased from 63.2% at the initial visit to 75.1% at the most recent visit (P = 0.011). The proportion of patients having multiple LEs and grade 2 or higher LEs increased from the initial visit (P = 0.001 respectively). Forty-eight non-responders to the LTFC were older and had less frequent and severe LEs than responders at initial visit (all P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, younger age at diagnosis, older age at initial visit, a diagnosis of a brain tumor or lymphoma, and use of radiotherapy were significant risk factors for LEs (all P < 0.05). Adverse changes in LEs were seen among the survivors, regardless of most clinical risk factors. They need to receive comprehensive, long-term follow up.

Flavonoids from silkworm droppings and their promotional activities on heme oxygenase-1.

A new flavane glucoside, 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-hydroxyethyl-4'-methoxyflavane-2'-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (3), along with three known flavonoids, 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-prenyl-4'-methoxyflavane (1), euchrenone a(7) (2), and 7,2'-dihydroxy-8-prenyl-4'-methoxy-2'-O-ß-d-glucopyranosylflavane (4), was isolated from silkworm droppings. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and optical rotational characteristics. The compounds isolated from silkworm droppings were evaluated for their effects on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity. Compounds 1 and 3 increased the expression of HO-1 in HepG2 cells. HO-1 is an antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide, free iron, and biliverdin, all of which are involved in the suppression of inflammatory mediators.

Novel Dual-Targeting Antibody Fragment IDB0062 Overcomes Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drug Limitations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: Repeated administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs to treat age-related macular degeneration leads to resistance. To overcome this drawback, we developed the novel recombinant dual-targeting antibody fragment IDB0062, which is comprised of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A Fab and neuropilin 1-targeting peptide, and we assessed its properties. Methods: We compared the in vitro activity of IDB0062 and conventional drugs using cell proliferation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. The in vivo efficacy of IDB0062 was determined using mouse choroidal neovascularization and oxygen-induced retinopathy models. To evaluate the ocular distribution of IDB0062, we intravitreally administered IDB0062 and ranibizumab to cynomolgus monkeys and measured the retinal drug levels. Results: IDB0062 effectively inhibited not only vascular endothelial growth factor A in vitro but also placenta growth factor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor B, and platelet-derived growth factor BB, which induce vascular endothelial growth factor A-independent angiogenesis. In addition, IDB0062 showed non-inferior efficacy compared with aflibercept in vivo despite the low selectivity for mouse vascular endothelial growth factor A. In the monkey intravitreal pharmacokinetic study, IDB0062 improved drug distribution in the retina compared with ranibizumab, confirming the accelerated onset of pharmacological action when IDB0062 is injected in the vitreous humor. Conclusions: Through neuropilin 1 binding, IDB0062 can improve the efficacy and accelerate the onset of pharmacological action in the posterior segment, which is targeted for macular degeneration, thereby improving drug responsiveness in drug-resistant patients. Translational Relevance: Considering its novel mechanism of action, IDB0062 may help in controlling resistance to conventional anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in clinical settings.

Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of an Anti-Human VEGFA and Anti-Human NRP1 Dual-Targeting Bispecific Antibody (IDB0076).

Although bevacizumab (Avastin®) has been approved as an antiangiogenic agent against some cancers, the efficacy is transient and unsatisfactory in other cancers most likely owing to the presence of alternative proangiogenic factors. Therefore, simultaneous blocking of several proangiogenic factors may be a promising strategy for antiangiogenic cancer therapeutics. Accordingly, neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is an attractive target because it serves as a multifunctional receptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Here, we aimed to generate and test an anti-VEGFA and anti-NRP1 dual-targeting bispecific antibody (named as IDB0076) by genetic fusion of an NRP1-targeting peptide to the C-terminus of the bevacizumab heavy chain. Similar to the parental antibody (bevacizumab), IDB0076 suppressed VEGFA-induced migration of human endothelial cells. In contrast, IDB0076 inhibited endothelial-cell migration induced by other angiogenesis growth factors and manifested a more potent antitumor activity than that of bevacizumab in a murine tumor xenograft model. When toxicity was preliminarily evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, IDB0076 showed no substantial adverse effects, e.g., the absence of noticeable nephrotoxicity, which has previously been documented for the combination therapy of bevacizumab and an anti-NRP1 antibody. Thus, VEGFA-and-NRP1 dual-targeting bispecific antibody IDB0076 may be a potent and safe anticancer agent worthy of further preclinical and clinical studies.

Isolation of megastigmane sesquiterpenes from the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) droppings and their promotion activity on HO-1 and SIRT1.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) droppings were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned in succession with EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H(2)O. From the EtOAc fraction, five megastigmane sesquiterpenes were isolated through repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatography. According to the results of spectroscopic data, such as NMR, MS, and IR, the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined as (3S,5R,8R)-3,5-dihydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one (1), (S)-dehydrovomifoliol (2), (6R,7E,9R) -9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (3), (3S,5R,6S,7E)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (4), (6R,9R)-9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one (5). Compounds 2 through 5 were isolated for the first time from silkworm droppings. GC/MS analysis indicated silkworm powder contained compound 3, and mulberry leaves contained compound 4. Compounds 1 and 5 increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and SIRT1 in HepG2 and HEK239 cells, respectively. Heme oxygenase-1 is considered to be an antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide, free iron and biliverdin, while SIRT1 is the mammalian homologue of the yeast silent information regulator (Sir)-2, which are involved in the suppression of inflammatory mediators or factors that may be used to improve atopy-related symptoms.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-arylamino-6-chloro-1H-indazole-4,7-diones as inhibitors of protein kinase B/Akt.

A series of 5-arylamino-6-chloro-1H-indazole-4,7-diones were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on protein kinase B/Akt. The compounds exhibited a potent Akt1 inhibitory activity. Further mechanistic study revealed that they might have dual inhibitory effects on both activity and phosphorylation of Akt1 in PC-3 tumor cell line.