Family member and service provider experiences and perspectives of a digital surveillance and service navigation approach in multicultural context: a qualitative study in identifying the barriers and enablers to Watch Me Grow-Electronic (WMG-E) program with a culturally diverse community.

BACKGROUND: Children and families from priority populations experienced significant psychosocial and mental health issues to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet they also faced significant barriers to service access, particularly families from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. With most child and family health nurse clinics ceasing in-person consultations due to the pandemic, many children missed out on health and developmental checks. The aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives and experiences of family members and service providers from an urban, CALD community regarding the implementation of a digital, developmental surveillance, Watch Me Grow-Electronic (WMG-E) program. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 family members, service navigators, and service providers in a multicultural community in South Western Sydney, Australia. This qualitative study is an implementation evaluation which formed as part of a larger, two-site, randomised controlled trial of the WMG-E program. A reflexive thematic analysis approach, using inductive coding, was adopted to analyse the data. RESULTS: Participants highlighted the comprehensive and personalised support offered by existing child and family health services. The WMG-E was deemed beneficial because the weblink was easy and quick to use and it enabled access to a service navigator who support family access to relevant services. However, the WMG-E was problematic because of technology or language barriers, and it did not facilitate immediate clinician involvement when families completed the weblink. CONCLUSIONS: Families and service providers in this qualitative study found that using WMG-E empowered parents and caregivers to access developmental screening and learn more about their child's development and engage with relevant services. This beds down a new and innovative solution to the current service delivery gap and create mechanisms that can engage families currently not accessing services, and increases knowledge around navigating the health and social care services. Notwithstanding the issues that were raised by families and service providers, which include accessibility challenges for CALD communities, absence of clinical oversight during screening, and narrow scope of engagement with available services being offered, it is worth noting that improvements regarding these implementation factors must be considered and addressed in order to have longevity and sustainability of the program. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is part of a large randomised controlled trial (Protocol No. 1.0, Version 3.1) was registered with ANZCTR (registration number: ACTRN12621000766819) on July 21st, 2021 and reporting of the trial results will be according to recommendations in the CONSORT Statement.

Supporting families with complex early parenting needs through a virtual residential parenting service: An investigation of outcomes, facilitators and barriers.

AIM: To investigate clients' perspectives about outcomes of a telehealth residential unit (RU) program for families experiencing complex early parenting issues, and to explore facilitators and barriers to positive client outcomes. DESIGN: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers (n = 18) admitted to a telehealth RU program. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Mothers reported short-term improvements in their child's presenting issues (e.g. feeding to sleep, night-time waking, co-sleeping), increased confidence and increased partner involvement. According to participants, program outcomes were facilitated by a positive parent-clinician relationship, the accessibility of clinicians and being able to take part in the program from their own home. Barriers included difficulties with technical equipment and connecting with the clinician overnight, and challenges with implementing strategies in the longer term. CONCLUSION: This nurse-led telehealth program was viewed positively by parents and the study identified a number of areas for improvement. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Telehealth early parenting programs provide an important way for parents to receive support with early child sleep, settling and feeding issues. Clinicians working in this area should focus on the development of positive parent-nurse relationships, enhancing communication and availability for parents during overnight periods and supporting parents to develop early parenting skills that will be applicable across the early childhood period. IMPACT: The study is the first to address client experiences of a telehealth RU program. Facilitators and barriers identified will inform service improvements to the program going forward, and similar telehealth programs for families; to ensure benefits and service outcomes are maximised for parents for such a crucial service. REPORTING METHOD: The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines for qualitative research were followed.

Implementing a National Navigation Service for Perinatal and Infant Mental Health: Early Learnings from the ForWhen Model.

ForWhen is an Australia-based national navigation service aimed at helping parents and carers navigate the perinatal mental health service landscape and connect them with appropriate support and clinical services. The current study forms part of a mixed-methods evaluation of the ForWhen program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ForWhen navigators during the early design and implementation phases of the service. Results were used to characterise the ForWhen navigator activities and responsibilities, identify navigator core competencies, and examine facilitators and barriers to successful implementation of a large-scale navigation program for perinatal and infant mental health. Further research will be crucial for evidencing the utility and potential of navigation models in addressing identified issues with access to treatment for perinatal and infant mental health issues.

"Sustaining NSW Families" as a hybrid face-to-face/virtual program: Experiences of clients and clinicians.

To explore clients' and clinicians' perspectives about the acceptability and perceived outcomes of the Sustaining New South Wales (NSW) Families (SNF) program shifted to a hybrid service delivery model during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mixed methods design comprising cross-sectional online surveys and a focus group. Eighty clients who accessed the SNF service and 12 SNF clinicians. Anonymous client survey comprising questions about perceived benefits and impacts of the hybrid SNF program model, and suggestions for change. Clinician focus group discussion about perceived benefits and challenges of the hybrid SNF model. The hybrid SNF program is a child and family health nursing home visitation program for families with moderate level psychosocial risks. It comprises a mix of face-to-face and virtual telehealth/telephone appointments, delivered during pregnancy and up to 2 years postpartum. Clients reported high levels of satisfaction with the program, and improvements in confidence and decision-making. Clinicians spoke of increased efficiency and flexibility, and capacity for ongoing service provision during the COVID-19 period. Technology access issues were identified as a barrier. Overall, however, both clients and clinicians expressed a preference for face-to-face SNF service provision. While further studies are required to test clinical outcomes, the hybrid SNF model is acceptable to clients and clinicians.

Antenatal depression screening and psychosocial assessment in an Australian private hospital: An evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Universal mental health screening and psychosocial assessment during pregnancy have been recommended as best practice, but uptake of universal programs in the private hospital system has been slow. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Pre-admission Midwife Appointment Program (PMAP), an antenatal mental health screening program at the Mater Hospital, Sydney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this mixed-methods design study, PMAP interview data were collected for a consecutive series of 485 women who attended the PMAP during a 10-month period. Women also completed two postnatal telephone interviews (10 weeks and 9 months postpartum). The interviews involved depression screening and questions about the program. RESULTS: Of the 485 participants, 4.1% screened positive for depression on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. In total, 19% were identified as currently suffering from, or at risk of developing, perinatal mental health issues; referrals to support services were provided for the 13% who were not already linked in with appropriate supports. All women displayed a decrease in depressive symptom severity from pregnancy to 10 weeks and 9 months postpartum. The PMAP was viewed positively by consumers, with >93% viewing the program as helpful and >98% saying that they would recommend the program to others. Additional program benefits identified included opportunities to gain practical information and prepare for motherhood and to think/reflect on their emotional well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Given the observed rates of psychosocial risk among this sample, related referral opportunities and positive consumer feedback, we recommend other Australian private hospitals consider implementing PMAP or similar programs.

Parenting Characteristics and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children Aged 0-6 Years: A Systematic Narrative Review.

There has been a growing interest in research examining the relationship between parenting and child callous-unemotional (CU) traits, particularly in early childhood. This study reviewed evidence from studies that investigated the relationship between parenting characteristics (e.g., caregiving beliefs, attitudes, behaviour or quality, or parental mental health) and callous-unemotional traits in children aged 0 to 6 years. A systematic search conducted according to PRISMA guidelines yielded 27 peer-reviewed articles. Analysis of the included articles suggested that there was strong evidence to support links between child CU traits and parenting characteristics (particularly, parental feelings about their child, warm parenting, and harsh/ inconsistent parenting). Taken together, the results of this review demonstrate the links between both positive and negative dimensions of parenting and CU traits in early childhood; however, mixed findings highlight the need for further research.

Preschool Behavioral Problems: Links with Maternal Oxytocin and Caregiving Sensitivity in the Postnatal Period, and Concurrent Maternal Psychopathology and Attachment State-of-Mind.

This study investigated maternal oxytocin, caregiving sensitivity and mother-to-infant bonding at 3-months postpartum as predictors of child behavior and psychological outcomes in the preschool years, when controlling for concurrent maternal negative emotional symptoms and adult attachment state-of-mind. Forty-five mother-child dyads were assessed at 3-months and 3.5 years postpartum using mix of questionnaires, observational, interview and biological methods. Results showed that lower levels of maternal baseline oxytocin at 3-months postpartum significantly predicted emotional reactivity in the child at 3.5 years. When maternal adult attachment state-of-mind and negative emotional symptoms were included, lower levels of maternal baseline oxytocin at 3-months postpartum significantly predicted withdrawn child behavior. In addition, unresolved adult attachment and maternal negative emotional symptoms were significantly associated child behavioral disturbance in a range of areas. Findings highlight maternal postnatal oxytocin as a potential indicator of children who may be more likely to show emotional reactivity and withdrawn behavior in the preschool years.

Patient navigation models for mental health of parents expecting or caring for an infant or young child: A systematic review.

Patient navigation (PN) aims to improve timely access to healthcare by helping patients to "navigate" complex service provision landscapes. PN models have been applied in diverse healthcare settings including perinatal mental health (PMH). However, the practice models and implementation of PN programs vary widely, and their impact on engagement with PMH services has not been systematically investigated. This systematic narrative review study aimed to (1) identify and describe existing PMH PN models, (2) understand their effectiveness in improving service engagement and clinical outcomes, (3) review patient and provider perceptions, and (4) explore facilitators and barriers to program success. A systematic search of published articles/reports describing PMH PN programs/service delivery models targeting parents in the period from conception to 5 years postpartum was conducted. In total, 19 articles describing 13 programs were identified. The analysis yielded a number of commonalities and differences across program settings, target populations, and the scope of the navigator role. While there was promising evidence to support the clinical efficacy and impact on service utilization of PN programs for PMH, the current evidence base is sparse. Further research evaluating the efficacy of such services, and facilitators and barriers to their success, is warranted.

La meta de Navegación del Paciente (PN) es mejorar el acceso a tiempo a servicios de cuidado de salud por medio de ayudar a los pacientes a "navegar" los complejos esquemas de provisión de servicios. Los modelos PN han sido aplicados en diversos escenarios de cuidados de salud incluyendo la salud mental perinatal (PMH). Sin embargo, los modelos de la práctica e implementación de programas PN varían ampliamente, y su impacto en la participación de los servicios PMH no ha sido sistemáticamente investigada. Este estudio de revisión narrativa sistemática se propuso 1) identificar y describir modelos PMH PN existentes, 2) comprender su eficacia para mejorar la participación en el servicio y resultados clínicos, 3) examinar las percepciones de pacientes y proveedores, y 4) explorar factores facilitadores y barreras al éxito del programa. Se llevó a cabo una sistemática investigación de artículos/reportes publicados que describen modelos que proveen programas/servicios de PMH PN con enfoque en los padres en el período desde la concepción hasta los 5 años posteriores al parto. En total, se identificaron 19 artículos que describían 13 programas. Los análisis dieron como resultado un número de puntos comunes y diferencias a través de la composición de los programas, la población a la cual se dirigían, y el ámbito del papel del navegador. A pesar de que se observó una evidencia prometedora para apoyar la efectividad clínica y el impacto sobre la utilización del servicio de programas PN para PMH, la base actual de la evidencia es escasa. Es necesaria una posterior investigación para evaluar la efectividad de tales servicios, y puntos que los faciliten o barreras al éxito de éstos.

La Navigation du Patient (abrégé ici NP en français) a pour but d'améliorer l'accès rapide aux soins de santé en aidant les patients à « naviguer ¼ un paysage complexe d'offre de services. Les modèles NP ont été appliqués dans divers contextes de soins de santé y compris la santé mentale périnatale (SMP en français ici). Cependant les modèles de pratique et de mises en place de programmes NP varient grandement, et leur impact sur l'engagement avec des services SMP n'a pas encore été examiné systématiquement. Cette étude narrative systématique s'est donnée pour but de 1) identifier et décrire les modèles NP existants, 2) comprendre leur efficacité à améliorer d'engagement du service et ses résultats cliniques, 3) passer en revue les perceptions du patient et du prestataire, et 4) explorer ce qui facilite et fait obstacle au succès du programme. Une recherche systématique d'articles/rapports publiés décrivant des modèles de prestation de NP SMP visant des parents dans la période de la conception à 5 ans postpartum a été faite. En tout 19 articles décrivant 13 programmes ont été identifiés. L'analyse a produit un nombre de points communs et de différences au travers des contextes des programmes, des populations ciblées et de la portée du rôle de navigateur. Bien qu'il y ait des preuves promettantes soutenant l'efficacité clinique et l'impact de l'utilisation de services des programmes NP pour la SMP la base de preuves actuelle est éparse. Des recherches supplémentaires évaluant l'efficacité de tels services ainsi que les facteurs de facilitation et les barrières au succès sont nécessaires.

The contributions of maternal oxytocin and maternal sensitivity to infant attachment security.

This study investigated links between maternal postnatal oxytocin, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment security. At 3-months postpartum, participants (n=88) took part in a structured parent-infant interaction. Maternal oxytocin levels were assessed via blood, before and after the interaction. At 12-months postpartum, mother-child dyads completed the Strange Situation Procedure. Neither baseline oxytocin, oxytocin response, or maternal sensitivity were identified as significant independent predictors of infant attachment security or organisation. However, an interaction effect was identified, with higher maternal sensitivity being associated with secure infant attachment for mothers who showed an increase in oxytocin during parent-child interaction. Results indicate that maternal sensitivity, when accompanied by an increase in maternal oxytocin during parent-child interaction, is associated with the establishment of a positive early parent-child attachment relationship. This adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting maternal oxytocin response as a key adaptive process in the postpartum period.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Toddlers: A Community-based Randomized Controlled Trial with Children Aged 14-24 Months.

Objective: Children with early-onset behavioral issues are at high risk for ongoing behavioral, psychological, and social issues.Method: This study examined the efficacy of the first phase of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Toddlers, Child-Directed Interaction - Toddler, using a randomized control design. Sixty-six mother-toddler dyads (Child Mage = 19.13 months; 63% male; 34% from a non-English speaking background) referred to a community-based child behavior clinic in Australia received CDI-T immediately or were assigned to a waitlist control condition. At baseline (Time 1) and post-treatment/post-waitlist (Time 2), mothers completed questionnaires (Child Behavior Checklist, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Parenting Stress Index - Short Form) and participated in a structured parent-child dyadic play-based interaction later coded using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System and the Emotional Availability Scales.Results: Compared to those who did not receive treatment, mother-child dyads who received the intervention showed significantly better parenting skills (increases in positive parenting skills and decreases in negative parenting skills), emotional availability (increases in parental sensitivity and parental non-intrusiveness), child behavior (decreases in externalizing and internalizing behaviors) and parental perceptions of child difficulty.Conclusions: Results suggest that the CDI-T phase of PCIT-T is a promising intervention for toddlers presenting with behavioral issues. Future studies should be conducted to assess efficacy in other settings and to assess longer-term outcomes.

Health professional perspectives on an antenatal mental health screening program in a private hospital.

BACKGROUND: Perinatal mental ill-health is a global health priority. Mental health screening during pregnancy is a routine part of clinical practice in many public hospital obstetric services across Australia, but implementation in the private hospital system has lagged. AIMS: This study explored health professionals' perspectives on the Pre-admission Midwife Appointment Program (PMAP), an antenatal mental health screening program at the Mater Hospital, Sydney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine midwives and three medical specialists participated in focus groups or individual interviews; key themes were determined using thematic qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Five major themes and three sub-themes were identified: immediate benefits to women (identifying women at risk; referrals to support services; supporting and educating women); enhanced overall quality of care at the hospital; the dilemma of partners attending; factors that make the program successful; and recommendations for improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Results will inform the implementation of antenatal mental health screening programs at other private hospitals across Australia.

Overestimation of Postpartum Depression Prevalence Based on a 5-item Version of the EPDS: Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The Maternal Mental Health in Canada, 2018/2019, survey reported that 18% of 7,085 mothers who recently gave birth reported "feelings consistent with postpartum depression" based on scores ≥7 on a 5-item version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS-5). The EPDS-5 was designed as a screening questionnaire, not to classify disorders or estimate prevalence; the extent to which EPDS-5 results reflect depression prevalence is unknown. We investigated EPDS-5 ≥7 performance relative to major depression prevalence based on a validated diagnostic interview, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). METHODS: We searched Medline, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO, and the Web of Science Core Collection through June 2016 for studies with data sets with item response data to calculate EPDS-5 scores and that used the SCID to ascertain depression status. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis to estimate pooled percentage of EPDS-5 ≥7, pooled SCID major depression prevalence, and the pooled difference in prevalence. RESULTS: A total of 3,958 participants from 19 primary studies were included. Pooled prevalence of SCID major depression was 9.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0% to 13.7%), pooled percentage of participants with EPDS-5 ≥7 was 16.2% (95% CI 10.7% to 23.8%), and pooled difference was 8.0% (95% CI 2.9% to 13.2%). In the 19 included studies, mean and median ratios of EPDS-5 to SCID prevalence were 2.1 and 1.4 times. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence estimated based on EPDS-5 ≥7 appears to be substantially higher than the prevalence of major depression. Validated diagnostic interviews should be used to establish prevalence.

Callous-Unemotional Traits and Disorganized Attachment: Links with Disruptive Behaviors in Toddlers.

Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and children with disorganized attachment patterns are at heightened risk of poor psychological outcomes but little is known about the overlap between these constructs and their unique contributions to conduct problems in early childhood. This study examined associations between CU traits, disorganized attachment, and conduct problem (CP) severity in a sample of clinic-referred toddlers with behavioral problems. Mother-child dyads (n = 56; mean child age 19.50 months) completed parent-report questionnaires, a dyadic play session, and the Strange Situation Procedure to assess child attachment pattern. Significant positive associations were found between CU traits and disorganized attachment, independent of CP severity. CU traits but not disorganized attachment predicted CP severity. Results indicate that among toddlers with clinic-referred disruptive behavior problems, there are clear links between CU traits and attachment disorganization. Of the two constructs, however, CU traits appear to be most salient in the expression of CPs.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Toddlers in a community-based setting: Improvements in parenting behavior, emotional availability, child behavior, and attachment.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Toddlers (PCIT-T) is a new attachment-based parenting intervention designed to meet the needs of children aged 12-24 months presenting with challenging behaviors. This study examined outcomes of the first phase of PCIT-T, Child Directed Interaction-Toddler (CDI-T), 4-months post treatment. Participants were 56 toddlers (Child Mage = 19.13 months) referred to receive CDI-T over an 8-week period at an Australian community-based child behavior treatment clinic for treatment of difficult toddler behaviors. Participants completed questionnaires and observational measures at baseline (Time 1), post-treatment (Time 2), and 4-month follow-up (Time 3). At both Time 2 and Time 3, there were statistically significant increases in observed positive parenting skills and emotional availability and decreases in negative parenting behaviors and child noncompliance. There were also significant improvements in parent-reported child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, parental stress, and maternal depression. There was a pattern of a shift away from attachment insecurity and attachment disorganization. Results suggest that the CDI-T phase of PCIT-T is a promising intervention for toddlers presenting with behavioral issues. Future studies should be conducted to assess efficacy in other settings, using larger samples and utilizing randomized controlled designs.

La terapia de interacción progenitor-niño con niños pequeñitos (PCIT-T) es una nueva intervención de crianza con base en la afectividad y diseñada para cubrir las necesidades de niños de edad de 12 a 24 meses que enfrentan retos de comportamiento. Este estudio examinó los resultados de la primera fase de PCIT-T, Interacción Dirigida del Niño - Niño Pequeñito (CDI-T), 4 meses después del tratamiento. Participaron 56 niños pequeñitos (Edad promedio del niño = 19.13 meses) que habían sido referidos para recibir el CDI-T en un período de 8 semanas en una clínica en Australia con base comunitaria de tratamiento de comportamiento del niño, dedicada al tratamiento de comportamientos difíciles de niños pequeñitos. Los participantes completaron cuestionarios y medidas de observación al momento básico (Primer momento), posteriormente al tratamiento (Segundo momento) y en el seguimiento a los 4 meses (Tercer momento). Tanto en el momento segundo como en el tercero, se dieron mejorías estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a las observadas habilidades positivas de crianza y la disponibilidad emocional y disminuciones en cuanto a las conductas de crianza negativas y la falta de obediencia del niño. También se dieron mejorías significativas en los comportamientos de externalización e internalización del niño según el reporte del progenitor, el estrés de los padres y la depresión materna. Se dio un patrón de alejarse de la inseguridad de la afectividad y la desorganización de la afectividad. Los resultados sugieren que la fase CDI-T del PCIT-T es una intervención prometedora para niños pequeñitos que presentan asuntos de comportamiento. Futuros estudios deben llevarse a cabo para evaluar la efectividad en otros escenarios, usando grupos muestras más grandes y utilizando diseños de control al azar.

La thérapie d'interaction parent-enfant avec un jeune enfant (en anglais Parent-child interaction therapy with Toddlers, soit PCIT-T) est une nouvelle intervention de parentage basée sur l'attachement, conçue afin de remplir les besoins d'enfants âgés de 12 à 24 mois qui présentent des comportements difficiles. Cette étude a examiné les résultats de la première phase de PCIT-T, l'Interaction Dirigée vers l'Enfant - Petit Enfant (Child Directed Interaction - Toddler, soit CDI-T), à 4 mois après le traitement. Les participants ont consisté en 56 jeunes enfants (âgeM de l'Enfant = 19,13 mois) envoyés consulter afin de recevoir une CDI-T sur une période de 8 semaines dans une clinique de traitement du comportement de l'enfant communautaire en Australie, spécialisé dans le traitement de comportements difficiles de jeunes enfants. Les participants ont rempli des questionnaires et des mesures d'observation au niveau de référence (Temps 1), après le traitement (Temps 2) et au suivi de 4 mois (Temps 3). A la fois au Temps 2 et 3 on a noté des augmentations statistiquement significatives dans les compétences positives observées de parentage et la disponibilité émotionnelle ainsi que des baisses dans les comportements négatifs de parentage et le refus d'obéir. On a aussi noté des améliorations importantes dans l'externalisation de l'enfant rapportée par le parent et les comportements d'internalisation, le stress parental et la dépression maternelle. On a observé une tendance se détachant de l'insécurité de l'attachement et de la désorganisation de l'attachement. Les résultats suggèrent que la phases CDI-T de la PCIT-T est une intervention prometteuse pour les jeunes enfants présentant des problèmes de comportement. Des études futures devraient être faites afin d'évaluer l'efficacité d'autres contextes, en utilisant des échantillons plus larges et en utilisant des plans d'étude contrôlées randomisées.

Feasibility and acceptability of internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy for rural Australian families: a qualitative investigation.

INTRODUCTION: Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based parent management training program for the treatment of childhood disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs). In Australia, however, due to a lack of services in regional, rural and remote areas, the program is not accessible to all families who might benefit. Preliminary evidence demonstrates that telehealth technologies can be leveraged to deliver PCIT via internet (I-PCIT) to urban families. It is not known, however, to what extent I-PCIT is acceptable and effective for regional and remote families, who are traditionally underserved and face a range of stressors unique to living outside major cities. The present study represents the first qualitative investigation into the experience of I-PCIT for rural or regional Australian families. METHODS: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 parents who were living in regional, rural and remote areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and who were referred to an I-PCIT program for treatment of DBD in a child aged 2-4 years. RESULTS: Thematic analysis yielded two pre-treatment themes: motivation for seeking treatment and barriers to previous service access. Three overarching themes were identified in post-treatment interviews: positive outcomes, valuable program components and challenges and acceptability of internet delivery. Results demonstrate that consumers from regional, rural and remote NSW view I-PCIT as an acceptable and effective treatment of childhood DBD, bolstering preliminary evidence about the utility of internet technologies to deliver the high-quality results of PCIT. While internet connection issues were a hindrance to treatment for some participants, all parents reported meaningful positive outcomes for both child and parents. CONCLUSION: The study highlights that I-PCIT effectively expands the reach of mental health services to Australian communities that previously could not access clinic-based parenting services.

Optimising refugee children's health/wellbeing in preparation for primary and secondary school: a qualitative inquiry.

BACKGROUND: Children from refugee backgrounds are less likely to access appropriate health and social care than non-refugee children. Our aim was to identify refugee children's health/wellbeing strengths and needs, and the barriers and enablers to accessing services while preparing for primary and secondary school, in a low socio-economic multicultural community in Australia. METHOD: Ten focus groups were facilitated with Arabic-speaking refugee parents of children aged 2-5 years (n = 11) or in first year secondary school (n = 22); refugee adolescents starting high school (n = 16); and key service providers to refugee families (n = 27). Vignettes about a healthy child and a child with difficulties guided the discussions. Data was thematically analysed and feedback sought from the community via the World Café method. RESULTS: Personal resilience and strong family systems were identified as strengths. Mental health was identified as a complex primary need; and whilst refugees were aware of available services, there were issues in knowing how to access them. Opportunities for play/socialisation were recognised as unmet adolescent needs. Adults spoke of a need to support integration of "old" and "new" cultural values. Parents identified community as facilitating health knowledge transfer for new arrivals; whilst stakeholders saw this as a barrier when systems change. Most parents had not heard of early childhood services, and reported difficulty accessing child healthcare. Preschooler parents identified the family "GP" as the main source of health support; whilst parents of adolescents valued their child's school. Health communication in written (not spoken) English was a significant roadblock. Differences in refugee family and service provider perceptions were also evident. CONCLUSIONS: Refugee families face challenges to accessing services, but also have strengths that enable them to optimise their children's wellbeing. Culturally-tailored models of care embedded within GP services and school systems may assist improved healthcare for refugee families.

Oxytocin in the postnatal period: Associations with attachment and maternal caregiving.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the associations of maternal oxytocin, self-reported attachment insecurity and depressive symptoms with maternal caregiving sensitivity at 3-4months postpartum, observed during the 'free play' and 'reunion' episodes of the Still Face Procedure. METHODS: 112 mothers completed questionnaires and gave blood samples to determine oxytocin plasma levels before (time 1) and after participating in the Still Face Procedure with their infant (time 2). RESULTS: Sensitive maternal caregiving during the free play episode was predicted by 'good' infant behavior; during the reunion episode it was predicted by 'good' infant behavior, higher baseline levels of maternal oxytocin and a greater maternal oxytocin response, or in other words, a larger increase in maternal oxytocin level from time 1 to time 2. With other variables free to vary, baseline maternal oxytocin levels mediated an inverse relation between maternal adult attachment avoidance and sensitive maternal caregiving during the reunion episode. CONCLUSION: Results highlight the association between oxytocin and sensitive maternal caregiving and suggest that oxytocin is a biological mechanism through which maternal attachment insecurity affects early parenting quality.

DOES TRAINING IN THE CIRCLE OF SECURITY FRAMEWORK INCREASE RELATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IN INFANT/CHILD AND FAMILY WORKERS?

This article evaluated whether attendance at Circle of Security training workshops resulted in attendees showing greater empathy and attachment-related knowledge and understanding, and fewer judgmental responses to viewing a stressful parent-child interaction. Participants were 202 practitioners who attended and completed a 2-day (n = 70), 4-day (n = 105), or 10-day (n = 27) COS training workshop in Australia or New Zealand in 2015. In a pre/post design, participant reactions to a video clip of a challenging parent-child interaction were coded for empathic, judgmental, or attachment-focused language. Attachment understanding was coded in response to questions about the greatest challenge that the dyad faced. In all training conditions, participants provided significantly more attachment-focused descriptors and showed significantly greater attachment understanding after training, but significantly fewer empathic descriptors. While participants at the longer workshops provided significantly fewer judgmental/critical descriptors, there was no change for those attending the 2-day workshop. Irrespective of workshop duration or professional background, participants took a more relational perspective on the vignette after the training workshops. More detailed research is required to establish the extent to which this increased knowledge and understanding is retained and integrated into infant mental health practice with parents and young children.

Genetic Regulation of Maternal Oxytocin Response and Its Influences on Maternal Behavior.

We interrogated the genetic modulation of maternal oxytocin response and its association with maternal behavior using genetic risk scores within the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. We identified a novel SNP, rs968389, to be significantly associated with maternal oxytocin response after a challenging mother-infant interaction task (Still Face Paradigm) and maternal separation anxiety from the infant. Performing a multiallelic analysis across OXTR by calculating a cumulative genetic risk score revealed a significant gene-by-environment (G × E) interaction, with OXTR genetic risk score interacting with adult separation anxiety to modulate levels of maternal sensitivity. Mothers with higher OXTR genetic risk score and adult separation anxiety showed significantly reduced levels of maternal sensitivity during free play with the infant. The same G × E interaction was also observed for the extended OXTR cumulative genetic risk score that included rs968389. Moreover, the extended cumulative OXTR genetic risk score itself was found to be significantly associated with maternal separation anxiety as it specifically relates to the infant. Our results suggest a complex montage of individual and synergistic genetic mediators of maternal behavior. These findings add to specific knowledge about genetic regulation of maternal oxytocin response in relation to maternal adjustment and infant bonding through the first few months of life.