EuroEco (European Health Economic Trial on Home Monitoring in ICD Patients): a provider perspective in five European countries on costs and net financial impact of follow-up with or without remote monitoring.

AIM: Remote follow-up (FU) of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) allows for fewer in-office visits in combination with earlier detection of relevant findings. Its implementation requires investment and reorganization of care. Providers (physicians or hospitals) are unsure about the financial impact. The primary end-point of this randomized prospective multicentre health economic trial was the total FU-related cost for providers, comparing Home Monitoring facilitated FU (HM ON) to regular in-office FU (HM OFF) during the first 2 years after ICD implantation. Also the net financial impact on providers (taking national reimbursement into account) and costs from a healthcare payer perspective were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 312 patients with VVI- or DDD-ICD implants from 17 centres in six EU countries were randomised to HM ON or OFF, of which 303 were eligible for data analysis. For all contacts (in-office, calendar- or alert-triggered web-based review, discussions, calls) time-expenditure was tracked. Country-specific cost parameters were used to convert resource use into monetary values. Remote FU equipment itself was not included in the cost calculations. Given only two patients from Finland (one in each group) a monetary valuation analysis was not performed for Finland. Average age was 62.4 ± 13.1 years, 81% were male, 39% received a DDD system, and 51% had a prophylactic ICD. Resource use with HM ON was clearly different: less FU visits (3.79 ± 1.67 vs. 5.53 ± 2.32; P < 0.001) despite a small increase of unscheduled visits (0.95 ± 1.50 vs. 0.62 ± 1.25; P < 0.005), more non-office-based contacts (1.95 ± 3.29 vs. 1.01 ± 2.64; P < 0.001), more Internet sessions (11.02 ± 15.28 vs. 0.06 ± 0.31; P < 0.001) and more in-clinic discussions (1.84 ± 4.20 vs. 1.28 ± 2.92; P < 0.03), but with numerically fewer hospitalizations (0.67 ± 1.18 vs. 0.85 ± 1.43, P = 0.23) and shorter length-of-stay (6.31 ± 15.5 vs. 8.26 ± 18.6; P = 0.27), although not significant. For the whole study population, the total FU cost for providers was not different for HM ON vs. OFF [mean (95% CI): €204 (169-238) vs. €213 (182-243); range for difference (€-36 to 54), NS]. From a payer perspective, FU-related costs were similar while the total cost per patient (including other physician visits, examinations, and hospitalizations) was numerically (but not significantly) lower. There was no difference in the net financial impact on providers [profit of €408 (327-489) vs. €400 (345-455); range for difference (€-104 to 88), NS], but there was heterogeneity among countries, with less profit for providers in the absence of specific remote FU reimbursement (Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands) and maintained or increased profit in cases where such reimbursement exists (Germany and UK). Quality of life (SF-36) was not different. CONCLUSION: For all the patients as a whole, FU-related costs for providers are not different for remote FU vs. purely in-office FU, despite reorganized care. However, disparity in the impact on provider budget among different countries illustrates the need for proper reimbursement to ensure effective remote FU implementation.

The Rab8 GTPase selectively regulates AP-1B-dependent basolateral transport in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

The AP-1B clathrin adaptor complex plays a key role in the recognition and intracellular transport of many membrane proteins destined for the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. However, little is known about other components that act in conjunction with AP-1B. We found that the Rab8 GTPase is one such component. Expression of a constitutively activated GTP hydrolysis mutant selectively inhibited basolateral (but not apical) transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Moreover, the effects were limited to AP-1B-dependent basolateral cargo; basolateral transport of proteins containing dileucine targeting motifs that do not interact with AP-1B were targeted normally despite overexpression of mutant Rab8. Similar results were obtained for a dominant-negative allele of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, previously implicated in basolateral transport but now shown to be selective for the AP-1B pathway. Rab8-GFP was localized to membranes in the TGN-recycling endosome, together with AP-1B complexes and the closely related but ubiquitously expressed AP-1A complex. However, expression of active Rab8 caused a selective dissociation of AP-1B complexes, reflecting the specificity of Rab8 for AP-1B-dependent transport.

[The utility of remote monitoring in the follow-up of patients with cardiac rhythm management devices]. / Etäseurannan mahdollisuudet rytmihäiriöpotilaan hoidossa.

The launch of Internet-based remote monitoring is an important milestone in the management of patients with cardiac rhythm management (CRM) devices. A remote monitoring system consists of a portable patient monitor, a central database in a secure server, and a password-protected website, where clinicians can view and analyse patient's device data. The latest CRM devices support automatic wireless data transmission from the device to the patient monitor, making the system even more user-friendly. In Finland the longest experience with remote monitoring of cardiac rhythm management devices is in the Oulu University Hospital. According to our experience remote monitoring provides a tremendous convenience for patients and clinicians and reduces the cost of follow-up.

Predictors of pocket hematoma in patients on antithrombotic therapy undergoing cardiac rhythm device implantation: insights from the FinPAC trial.

BACKGROUND: The FinPAC trial showed that the strategy of uninterrupted oral anticoagulation (OAC) was non-inferior to interrupted OAC for the primary outcome of bleeding and thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing cardiac rhythm management device (CRMD) implantation. METHODS: We conducted a post hoc analysis of the FinPAC data to explore the incidence and predictors of significant (> 100 cm(2)) pocket hematoma after CRMD implantation among the study population (n = 447). A total of 213 patients were on OAC, 128 were on aspirin, and 106 on no antithrombotic therapy. RESULTS: The incidence of significant pocket hematoma during hospital stay was significantly higher among patients using OAC (5.6%) and aspirin (5.5%) than in those with no antithrombotic medications (0.9%), but only one patient (0.8%) in the aspirin group needed revision of hematoma. Two patients (0.9%) in the OAC group and one (0.8%) in the aspirin group needed blood products. In multivariable regression analysis, no pre- procedural features predicted the significant hematoma in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant pocket hematoma is a rare complication after CRMD implantation in patients with ongoing therapeutic OAC. The incidence of significant pocket hematoma formation is similar in patients using OAC and those using aspirin.

Safety of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation during uninterrupted warfarin treatment--the FinPAC study.

BACKGROUND: Periprocedural management of oral anticoagulation (OAC) in patients undergoing cardiac rhythm management (CRM) device implantation is controversial. Prior studies demonstrate that uninterrupted OAC may be safe, but limited data from randomized trials exist. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial to evaluate the safety of uninterrupted OAC during CRM device implantation. Patients on long-term warfarin (N=213) treatment with contemporary indication for CRM device implantation were randomized to uninterrupted versus interrupted (2 days) OAC therapy. The primary outcome included major bleeding events necessitating additional intervention and thromboembolic events during 4 weeks follow-up. RESULTS: The randomized groups were well matched in terms of bleeding and thromboembolic risk. Only one (1%) patient in the uninterrupted OAC group (N=106) needed blood transfusion due to rupture of proximal cephalic vein. Large hematomas were detected in 6% of patients in both groups, but there was no need for pocket revision in either group. Any pocket hematoma was observed in 35 patients (33%) in the uninterrupted OAC group and in 43 patients (40%) with interrupted OAC and uninterrupted OAC strategy was non-inferior to interrupted OAC (HR 0.86, 95%, p=0.001 for non-inferiority). One patient with interrupted OAC had stroke 3 days after the procedure. Hospital stay was comparable in all patient groups. CONCLUSION: Our randomized study demonstrates that CRM devices can be safely implanted without discontinuation of warfarin treatment.