Colour and content of some metals in honey.

The paper highlights the correlations between the results of instrumental colour measurement and the content of certain metals in kinds of honey. Sufficiently close correlations may lead to the development of procedures for the rapid determination of the content of these metals in honey by colour measurement without the need for more demanding sample preparation.

Diazotization titrations in pharmacopoeial quality control of medicines and proposals for their revision in the European Pharmacopoeia.

Based on the data in the Ph. Eur., some other newer pharmacopoeias and published experimental papers propose to revise the text of Ph. Eur. 2.5.8. First, it is necessary to specify which of the electrometric methods should be used to indicate the endpoint of diazotization titrations in Ph. Eur. (preferable potentiometry with a platinum indicating electrode). The amount of potassium bromide in the titration solution may be reduced to 1 g, the cooling of the solution before titration may be omitted from the framework procedure, and it may be specified in individual monographs if necessary to obtain accurate and correct results for some medicines. Diazotization titration can be performed in Ph. Eur. and can also be used to determine the content of some other medicines.

Contribution to the concept of polypharmacy II. Prescription and use of medicines.

The study defines the basic terminological structure associated with the concepts of prescribing and medication use in relation to polypharmacy. Correctly naming the current prescription or use of a medication by a particular patient allows for the selection of an appropriate change to minimize the medication burden. The aim remains to maintain the desired therapeutic outcomes with an improved quality of life.

The role of individuals receiving health care - terminological notes.

The overview study characterizes the roles of individuals receiving health care: healthy person, patient, client, health care recipient/user, consumer/customer, and insured person. It outlines the rights and obligations of the recipients of care.

Colour and antioxidant activity of honey.

The paper highlights the relationships between the results of instrumental colour measurement and the results of the determination of the antioxidant activity of honey (especially by DPPH and FRAP). The sufficiently close correlations show that once verified, supplemented by regression analysis and calibration, they may find application in the rapid determination of the antioxidant activity of honey.

Colour and content of some biologically active substances in honey.

This paper highlights the correlations between instrumental measurements of colour and the content of some biologically active organic compounds (especially phenolics and flavonoids) in honey. Sufficiently close correlations may lead to the development of procedures for rapid determination of the content of these substances in honey by colour measurement without the need for more demanding sample preparation.

Contribution to the concept of polypharmacy I. Etymological notes and characteristics.

The contribution captures three basic concepts of the term polypharmacy. The analysis of four bibliographic databases demonstrates the importance of the correct and uniform use of terminology. It also approximates the most common numerical expression of the level of polypharmacy and the most common extended terms of polypharmacy.

Specific nature of medicines and value of medicines.

Medicines are not ordinary consumer or industrial goods but goods of a specific nature. The article provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics that distinguish medicines from common consumer goods. Another essential attribute of the term medicine is its values (clinical, economic, human), which form a crucial concept of the medicine category.

Friction cost approach methodology in pharmacoeconomic analyses.

The use of a societal perspective in pharmacoeconomic analyses is a widely discussed topic. One of the fundamental problems of using the social perspective is the inconsistency of indirect costs calculation. We searched published articles on the use and differences of Human capital approach (HCA) and Friction cost approach (FCA) methods using the Web of Science database using keywords. We analyzed the information obtained from relevant publications. We obtained an overview of recommendations for the use of a social perspective in the world. We summarized and highlighted the necessary information about the differences between the FCA and HCA procedures. We have identified the key variables used in the FCA method when evaluating productivity cost, and we have proposed a procedure for obtaining them. We recommend creating a uniform methodology that could increase the comparison of individual analyses from different countries and contribute to data transferability.

Colour and content of some biologically active substances in natural products and products of natural origin.

The paper draws attention to the correlations between the results of instrumental colour measurements and the content of some biologically active organic substances (carotenoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, curcuminoids, etc.) in natural products and products of natural origin. After supplementation by regression analysis and calibration, sufficiently close correlations can lead to the development of procedures for rapid determination of the content of these substances and their groups by colour measurement without more demanding sample treatment.

Advances in the use of instrumental measurement of colour in the development, production and quality control of drugs, medicinal preparations and pharmaceutical auxiliary substances III.

Colour is an important indicator of the quality of pharmaceuticals, medicinal products and pharmaceutical excipients. The paper summarizes advances in the use of instrumental colour measurement in synthetic medicines and medicines of non-natural origin, their dosage forms and excipients published in 2013-2019.

Theory and practice of pharmacopoeial control of quality of drugs and excipients X. Number of parallel determinations, processing of results and their use in the assessment of the content of active substances and excipients in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).

In the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) there is no prescribed number of parallel determinations of the content of active substances and excipients. The authors suggest adding at least three determinations. The results of parallel determinations suggest to test for outliers before using test based on the ratio of the range of results (p = 0.95) and not to compare individual results with the tolerance limits given in Ph. Eur., but with their arithmetic mean. Furthermore, they propose to extend the Chapter 5.3. of the European Pharmacopoeia so as to be applicable not only to bioassays, but also to chemical, physicochemical and physical assays and tests, starting with the content of active substances and excipients.

Theory and practice of pharmacopoeial control of quality of drugs and excipients IX. The problem of tolerance limits for the content of active substances and excipients in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).

Content tolerance limits should respect the acceptable variation in the content of the active substance or excipient from its production and the variability of the results of the analytical procedure prescribed to determine the content by the appropriate pharmacopoeia. This usually prevails in the active substances and excipients. They should be derived statistically based on the precision of the prescribed analytical method determined by the interlaboratory test. Calculations from published precision characteristics show that some tolerance intervals for the active substance content are probably too narrow in Ph. Eur. This can lead to erroneous decisions about their quality.

Theory and practice of pharmacopoeial control of quality of drugs and excipients VIII. End-point indication and other conditions for the titration of primary aromatic amines in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).

Indication of the equivalence point for the titration of primary aromatic amines (sulphonamides, etc.) with sodium nitrite solution according to Ph. Eur. (2.5.8) is performed electrometrically or using a prescribed indicator, the electrometric method not being specified. Better reproducibility of the assay results would add to Ph. Eur. the electrometric method to be used for the indication and suitable electrodes for it. The authors of the paper propose a potentiometric indication, which is in Ph. Eur. widely used. Further, they propose to consider whether in Article 2.5.8. Ph. Eur. indications using an indicator as an alternative to the instrumental indication required. The titration in the presence of hydrochloric acid favourably affects the addition of potassium bromide, cooling the solution prior to the titration prescribed by Ph. Eur. is not needed.

On the content of the National part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017.

This paper deals with the content of the national part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia (CP) 2017 in terms of preparation of pharmaceuticals in pharmacies, quantitative methods for controlling their quality and their usable life. Despite the longer time span of the CP 2017 since the CP 2009, compared to the CP 2009 from the CP 2005, the content of the CP 2017 can not be evaluated as a more pronounced shift from the national part of the CP 2009. Some issues of the national section of the CP 2017 are discussed in detail in the paper. Key words: Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 • content of the national part • preparation of medicinal products in pharmacies.

Theory and practice of pharmacopoeial control of the quality of drugs and excipients VII. The colour reference solutions of the European pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).

Data calculations of three different workplaces consistently show that the difference in colour ΔE (CIELAB) of some colour reference solutions according to Ph. Eur. with small colour and purified water are too small. As a result, there is failure with use of these solutions for visual assessment of the coloration of the liquids. Solving the problem in Ph. Eur. presupposes the introduction of instrumental colour evaluation into this pharmacopoeia. Key words: Ph. Eur. • colour reference solutions • colour difference • CIELAB • visual assessment • instrumental measurement.

[The extent of the burnout syndrome among pharmacists: partial study]. / Stupen výskytu syndromu vyhorení u farmaceutu: dílcí studie.

The paper deals with the possibilities of investigating the susceptibility to burnout syndrome in pharmacists and pharmaceutical assistants working in pharmacies. By using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, between November 2015 and January 2016, 53 healthcare professionals were contacted in 11 pharmacies (Brno, Vyskov). The results of the research show that with an increasing length of practice the average EE factor (emotional exhaustion) increases. The DP (depersonalization) factor does not increase significantly with the increase in the length of practice. Respondents with the longest experience are at high risk of burnout syndrome presented by the factor PA (personal satisfaction from work). It has also been shown that with an increasing age the factor EE slightly increases, the DP factor is in the low range, and the PA factor is significantly reduced in the "oldest" age category, it is high in the band.Key words: stress burnout syndrome pharmacists research.

[Medication adherence to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants at non-valvular atrial fibrillation - the literature review]. / Adherence k lécbe non-vitamin K perorálními antikoagulancii u nevalvulární fibrilace síní: prehled literatury.

Medication adherence is a complex problem reflecting variations in terms of medication taking behavior. It is essential in maximizing of the effect and risk minimization of the therapy and health care costs reduction, even in the case of oral anticoagulants (non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants - NOACs). The aim of this paper was to review the published literature and to discuss results in the field of medication adherence to NOACs in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Based on the searching in databases Embase and PubMed 25 studies were identified, of which conclusions were summarized in this paper. Patients treated with dabigatran reported poorer medication adherence than patients with rivaroxaban. However, medication adherence is influenced by many circumstances as well as included studies were not sufficiently uniform, therefore, a prerequisite for further investigation of this issue is expected.Key words: apixaban - atrial fibrillation - dabigatran - medication adherence - patient compliance - rivaroxaban.

[The conscientious objection among pharmacists in the Slovak Republic]. / Výhrada svedomí pri výkonu profese lékárníka ve Slovenské republice.

There were two primary objectives of this study: 1. bibliographic analysis of literature on pharmacists and conscientious objection, 2. analysis of present condition and attitudes of pharmacists (n = 100) and pharmacy students (n = 100) towards conscientious objection in the Slovak Republic. Data were obtained from the survey using by questionnaire.Almost all, 191 (95.5%) respondents knew the phrase "conscientious objection". The respondents claimed this right to refuse filling prescriptions written for emergency post-coital contraception in 43.5%, and dispensing of hormonal contraception in 26.5%. Most participants, 178 (89.0%) think that pharmacists have the right to conscientious objection. 65 respondents (32.5%) implement this right in their practice.Key words: conscientious objection pharmacists pharmacy students Pro-life pharmacies.

[Medicinal products for human use in veterinary prescription]. / Preskripce humánních lécivých prípravku na veterinárních lékarských predpisech.

The paper deals with the problem of prescription and use of the medicinal products for human use in veterinary medicine. Using partial model analysis describes volume and structure of the prescription of medicinal products for human use in the veterinary practice in the years 2007-2011. Prescriptions included to the study were dispensed in a community pharmacy located in a county town in the Slovak Republic. Data were obtained from the basic collection of 845 veterinary prescriptions that included 1178 prescribed items in a total of 2954 packages.