Ethanol-ethylene conversion mechanism on hydrogen boride sheets probed by in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional hydrogen boride (HB) sheets were recently demonstrated to act as a solid acid catalyst in their hydrogen-deficient state. However, both the active sites and the mechanism of the catalytic process require further elucidation. In this study, we analyzed the conversion of ethanol adsorbed on HB sheets under vacuum during heating using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy with isotope labelling. Up to 450 K, the FT-IR peak associated with the OH group of the adsorbed ethanol molecule disappeared from the spectrum, which was attributed to a dehydration reaction with a hydrogen atom from the HB sheet, resulting in the formation of an ethyl species. At temperatures above 440 K, the number of BD bonds markedly increased in CD3CH2OH, compared to CH3CD2OH; the temperature dependence of the formation rate of BD bonds was similar to that of the dehydration reaction rate of ethanol on HB sheets under steady-state conditions. The rate-determining step of the dehydration of ethanol on HB was thus ascribed to the dehydrogenation of the methyl group of the ethyl species on the HB sheets, followed by the immediate desorption of ethylene. These results show that the catalytic ethanol dehydration process on HB involves the hydrogen atoms of the HB sheets. The obtained mechanistic insights are expected to promote the practical application of HB sheets as catalysts.

Extremely Stable Zeolites Developed via Designed Liquid-Mediated Treatment.

Improving the stability of porous materials for practical applications is highly challenging. Aluminosilicate zeolites are utilized for adsorptive and catalytic applications, wherein they are sometimes exposed to high-temperature steaming conditions (∼1000 °C). As the degradation of high-silica zeolites originates from the defect sites in their frameworks, feasible defect-healing methods are highly demanded. Herein, we propose a method for healing defects to create extremely stable high-silica zeolites. High-silica (SiO2/Al2O3 > 240) zeolites with *BEA-, MFI-, and MOR-type topologies could be stabilized by significantly reducing the number of defect sites via a liquid-mediated treatment without using additional silylating agents. Upon exposure to extremely high temperature (900-1150 °C) steam, the stabilized zeolites retain their crystallinity and micropore volume, whereas the parent commercial zeolites degrade completely. The proposed self-defect-healing method provides new insights into the migration of species through porous bodies and significantly advances the practical applicability of zeolites in severe environments.

Ultrafast Encapsulation of Metal Nanoclusters into MFI Zeolite in the Course of Its Crystallization: Catalytic Application for Propane Dehydrogenation.

Encapsulating metal nanoclusters into zeolites combines the superior catalytic activity of the nanoclusters with high stability and unique shape selectivity of the crystalline microporous materials. The preparation of such bifunctional catalysts, however, is often restricted by the mismatching in time scale between the fast formation of nanoclusters and the slow crystallization of zeolites. We herein demonstrate a novel strategy to overcome the mismatching issue, in which the crystallization of zeolites is expedited so as to synchronize it with the rapid formation of nanoclusters. The concept was demonstrated by confining Pt and Sn nanoclusters into a ZSM-5 (MFI) zeolite in the course of its crystallization, leading to an ultrafast, in situ encapsulation within just 5 min. The Pt/Sn-ZSM-5 exhibited exceptional activity and selectivity with stability in the dehydrogenation of propane to propene. This method of ultrafast encapsulation opens up a new avenue for designing and synthesizing composite zeolitic materials with structural and compositional complexity.

Identification of the Basic Sites on Nitrogen-Substituted Microporous and Mesoporous Silicate Frameworks Using CO2 as a Probe Molecule.

Carbon dioxide was shown to identify surface basic properties of nitrogen-substituted microporous and mesoporous silicas, in addition to conventional basic oxides, by a detailed study using isotherm and heat of adsorption measurements as well as by infrared spectroscopy. A hydrogen-bonded weak interaction was primarily observed between CO2 and silanol (Si-OH) and silamine (Si-NH-Si) groups. The heat of adsorption of CO2 demonstrated that the latter adspecies were formed preferentially over the former, although a much higher amount of linear CO2 adspecies were found on SBA-15 mesoporous silica because of the presence of a large quantity of silanol groups on its surface. Carbamate-type chemisorbed adspecies were not detected on silamino sites, whereas carbonate-type adspecies were formed on alkali ion-exchanged zeolites and also residual sodium ions on the surface of silicalite-1. CO2 was shown to be a successful probe molecule for identifying weakly interactive hydrogen-bonding sites, and it has potential as a surface probe for strongly interactive nucleophilic sites derived from alkaline ions or a methylated silamino group, Si-N(CH3)-Si.

Proton conduction in alkali metal ion-exchanged porous ionic crystals.

Proton conduction in alkali metal ion-exchanged porous ionic crystals A2[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]2[α-SiW12O40]·nH2O [I-A+] (A = Li, Na, K, Cs, etpy = 4-ethylpyridine) is investigated. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction measurements show that I-A+ possesses analogous one-dimensional channels where alkali metal ions (A+) and water of crystallization exist. Impedance spectroscopy and water diffusion measurements of I-A+ show that proton conductivities are low (10-7-10-6 S cm-1) under low relative humidity (RH), and protons mostly migrate as H3O+ with H2O as vehicles (vehicle mechanism). The proton conductivity of I-A+ increases with the increase in RH and is largely dependent on the types of alkali metal ions. I-Li+ shows a high proton conductivity of 1.9 × 10-3 S cm-1 (323 K) and a low activation energy of 0.23 eV under RH 95%. Under high RH, alkali metal ions with high ionic potentials (e.g., Li+) form a dense and extensive hydrogen-bonding network of water molecules with mobile protons at the periphery, which leads to high proton conductivities and low activation energies via rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonding network (Grotthuss mechanism).

Differences in Al distribution and acidic properties between RTH-type zeolites synthesized with OSDAs and without OSDAs.

In addition to the original preparation route of the RTH-type zeolites using 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP) as an organic structure directing agent (OSDA), we have found that simpler organic amines such as N-methylpiperidine and pyridine can be used as alternative OSDAs in place of PMP. Furthermore, we have established a synthesis method for preparing the RTH-type zeolites without using any OSDAs. In this study, RTH-type aluminosilicates were synthesized with different types of OSDA or without using any OSDAs. The obtained zeolites synthesized with different preparation methods were characterized by using various techniques, especially high-resolution (27)Al MAS NMR and in situ FT-IR techniques using CO adsorption. The relationship between the preparation method and the catalytic performance in the methanol to olefins (MTO) reaction was discussed. Finally, the distribution of Al species in the RTH-framework was clarified.

Nb2O5·nH2O as a heterogeneous catalyst with water-tolerant Lewis acid sites.

Niobic acid, Nb(2)O(5)·nH(2)O, has been studied as a heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst. NbO(4) tetrahedra, Lewis acid sites, on Nb(2)O(5)·nH(2)O surface immediately form NbO(4)-H(2)O adducts in the presence of water. However, a part of the adducts can still function as effective Lewis acid sites, catalyzing the allylation of benzaldehyde with tetraallyl tin and the conversion of glucose into 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in water.

Preparation of a colloidal array of NaTaO3 nanoparticles via a confined space synthesis route and its photocatalytic application.

The confined space synthesis method has been applied to the preparation of sodium tantalate (NaTaO(3)); hydrothermal reaction of NaOH and Ta(2)O(5) was carried out in the pores of a three-dimensional mesoporous carbon, which was replicated by the colloidal array of silica nanospheres (SNSs) 20 nm in size. This approach led to the formation of a colloidal array of NaTaO(3) nanoparticles 20 nm in size with a surface area of 34 m(2) g(-1). The photocatalytic performance of the colloidal array of NaTaO(3) nanoparticles for overall water splitting under UV irradiation (λ > 200 nm) was evaluated after loading a NiO cocatalyst onto NaTaO(3) samples. The NiO-loaded NaTaO(3) nanoparticles showed photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting more than three times as high as non-structured bulk NaTaO(3) particles.

The influence of acidities of boron- and aluminium-containing MFI zeolites on co-reaction of methanol and ethene.

A series of boron- and aluminium-containing MFI zeolites were synthesized and various characterization techniques, such as NMR ((27)Al, (29)Si and (11)B), were employed to study the acidities of zeolites. Moreover, in situ IR was applied to investigate the interaction of methanol and ethene with the acid sites, and those catalytic materials were used for co-reaction of methanol and ethene to produce propene. The production of propene was related to the Al content of the zeolites with Si/Al ratios of higher than 90. It is implied that the presence of boron during the synthesis directed the aluminium to occupy certain tetrahedral sites in the zeolite framework, thus preventing the formation of ethene oligomers, and resulting in increased propene selectivity.

Green chemistry: biodiesel made with sugar catalyst.

The production of diesel from vegetable oil calls for an efficient solid catalyst to make the process fully ecologically friendly. Here we describe the preparation of such a catalyst from common, inexpensive sugars. This high-performance catalyst, which consists of stable sulphonated amorphous carbon, is recyclable and its activity markedly exceeds that of other solid acid catalysts tested for 'biodiesel' production.

Protonated titanate nanotubes as solid acid catalyst.

Protonated titanate nanotubes are demonstrated to function as a highly active solid Lewis acid catalyst even near room temperature. The high catalytic activity for the reaction can be attributed to the unique nanotube structure, which contains both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites.

A comparative IR characterization of acidic sites on HY zeolite by pyridine and CO probes with silica-alumina and γ-alumina references.

Using IR spectroscopy, three different surface states of HY zeolite were probed by successive adsorption of CO at 143 K followed by evacuation and pyridine adsorption at 523 K: HY zeolite [1] without strong Lewis acid sites (LAS); [2] after high temperature (873 K) evacuation to convert Brønsted acid sites (BAS) to strong LAS; and [3] after water re-adsorption on HY zeolite [2] to recover BAS from LAS. The original surface of HY zeolite [1] seemed to be recovered on HY zeolite [3] after high temperature evacuation and water treatment by CO adsorption, while a part of generated LAS on HY zeolite [2] seemed irreversible on HY zeolite [3] to HY zeolite [1] by pyridine adsorption. To clarify this discrepancy, re-examination of the IR spectra of adsorbed CO and pyridine on γ-alumina and silica-alumina after similar treatments to those on HY zeolite was conducted. Based on the results of CO adsorption on γ-alumina and silica-alumina, the presence of extra-framework aluminium sites on HY zeolite [1] was confirmed. High temperature evacuation of HY zeolite [1] formed very strong LAS, a part of which was irreversible to BAS by water re-adsorption at room temperature. The irreversible sites on HY zeolite [3] were assigned to non-acidic OH groups attributed to silica-alumina. The non-acidic OH groups on HY zeolite [3], which were BAS on HY zeolite [1], hydrogen-bonded to pyridine to show IR spectra similar to those adsorbed on LAS. Thus, LAS on HY zeolite [3] seemed irreversible by pyridine adsorption after water re-adsorption. On the other hand, CO adsorbed on non-acidic OH groups showed a band at only slightly lower frequency (2160 cm(-1)) than that of BAS (2178 cm(-1)), resulting in overlapps and ignoring their presence. Thus, CO adsorption seemed to show that complete recovery of LAS to BAS occurred.

MALDI Mass Spectrometry of Small Molecules Using Nanometer-sized Clay.

Nanometer-sized clay, allophane, was used as the matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) and applied to the ionization of small molecules. First, the laser desorption ionization mass spectrum of cation-exchanged allophane was measured, and it was found that the cation exchange proceeded smoothly with increasing atomic number of alkali metals in the periodic table. This phenomenon was explained by considering the size of the counter anion on the allophane surface. Then, fructose was measured as the analyte using each alkali-cation-exchanged allophane as the matrix. Contrary to the measurements using allophane itself, the peak intensity of fructose decreased with increasing atomic number of alkali metals in the periodic table. This phenomenon was clarified by considering the stability of alkali cation in the presence of a surface anion, the desorption energy, and the solvation enthalpy of each alkali cation. The applicability of allophane to high molecular weight compounds was also confirmed by measuring cyclodextrin, angiotensin II, and insulin. Finally, a combination of allophane and zeolite was examined by assuming proton relay among allophane, zeolite, and analyte. As a result of proton supply from zeolite to allophane, the peak intensity of the proton sponge (1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene) was enhanced by almost 2.2 times.

Selective oxidation of methane to methanol with H2O2 over an Fe-MFI zeolite catalyst using sulfolane solvent.

The effect of reaction conditions for direct oxidation of methane to methanol over Fe-MFI zeolite with H2O2 has been investigated. Sulfolane has been proved to be an efficient solvent for liquid-phase methane oxidation. A sulfolane/water mixture with an appropriate proportion led to an extremely high methanol production with a high selectivity.

Hydrogenated Borophene Shows Catalytic Activity as Solid Acid.

Hydrogen boride (HB) or hydrogenated borophene sheets are recently realized two-dimensional materials that are composed of only two light elements, boron and hydrogen. However, their catalytic activity has not been experimentally analyzed. Herein, we report the catalytic activity of HB sheets in ethanol reforming. HB sheets catalyze the conversion of ethanol to ethylene and water above 493 K with high selectivity, independent of the contact time, and with an apparent activation energy of 102.8 ± 5.5 kJ/mol. Hence, we identify that HB sheets act as solid-acid catalysts.

Activation of hydrocarbons on acidic zeolites: superior selectivity of methylation of ethene with methanol to propene on weakly acidic catalysts.

The study of methylation of ethene with methanol to propene over MFI zeolites with different heteroatoms has found that an efficient catalyst with weak acidities prevented the side reactions related with the formation of ethene oligomers from occurring, as evidenced by in situ IR spectroscopy, leading to superior propene selectivity in the product distribution.

Synergetic effect in heterogeneous acid catalysis by a porous ionic crystal based on Al(iii)-salphen and polyoxometalate.

A porous ionic crystal is synthesized with a cationic Al(iii)-salphen complex (Al(iii)-salphen) and a α-Keggin-type polyoxometalate (POM). The compound possesses stable three dimensional porous structure and shows high activity as a heterogeneous catalyst in pinacol rearrangement, which is a typical acid reaction. Notably, Al(iii)-salphen, POM, and a physical mixture of the two components are much less active, suggesting a synergetic effect of Al(iii)-salphen and POM in a porous framework.

Rigid-to-Flexible Conformational Transformation: An Efficient Route to Ring-Opening of a Tröger's Base-Containing Ladder Polymer.

The synthesis of ladder polymers is still a big challenge in polymer chemistry, and in particular, there are few examples of conformationally flexible well-defined ladder polymers. Here we report an efficient and convenient route to conformationally flexible ladder polymers, which is based on a postpolymerization reaction of a rigid ladder polymer containing Tröger's base in its main chain. The postpolymerization reaction involves sequential N-methylation and hydrolysis for the Tröger's base unit, resulting in a diazacyclooctane skeleton that can exhibit a ring-flipping motion. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted that this motion provides conformational flexibility with the resultant ladder polymer, which was demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution. The presence of the diazacyclooctane units in the flexible ladder polymer allowed further functionalization through reactions involving its secondary amine moiety. The present synthetic method may lead to the development of a new class of ladder polymers that exhibit both conformational and design flexibility.

Synthesis of crystallized mesoporous transition metal oxides by silicone treatment of the oxide precursor.

Ordered mesoporous transition metal oxides were successfully crystallized after strengthening the amorphous framework by a silica layer, which efficiently protected the original mesoporous structure against crystallization and resulting mass transfer.