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1.
Molecules ; 28(20)2023 Oct 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37894564

RESUMO

Sustainable development goals require a reduction in the existing heavy reliance on fossil resources. Forestry can be considered a key resource for the bioeconomy, providing timber, energy, chemicals (including fine chemicals), and various other products. Besides the main product, timber, forestry generates significant amounts of different biomass side streams. Considering the unique and highly complex chemical composition of coniferous needle/greenery biomass, biorefinery strategies can be considered as prospective possibilities to address top segments of the bio-based value pyramid, addressing coniferous biomass side streams as a source of diverse chemical substances with applications as the replacement of fossil material-based chemicals, building blocks, food, and feed and applications as fine chemicals. This study reviews biorefinery methods for coniferous tree forestry biomass side streams, exploring the production of value-added products. Additionally, it discusses the potential for developing further biorefinery strategies to obtain products with enhanced value.


Assuntos
Agricultura Florestal , Rios , Estudos Prospectivos , Biocombustíveis , Alimentos , Biomassa
2.
Molecules ; 26(23)2021 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34885703

RESUMO

Traditionally, arctic Finnish Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), marsh Labrador tea (Rhododendron tomentosum, syn. Ledum palustre) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) have been used as medicinal herbs in folklore medicine. However, these underutilised plants are a source of, e.g., oil-based compounds, which could benefit many modern applications implemented by the green chemistry extraction methods, as well. We extracted Angelica, marsh Labrador tea and common tansy by non-toxic and recyclable extraction methods, i.e., hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction; characterised the essential oils (EOs) and scCO2 extracts by combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in addition, analysed the antimicrobial properties. As expected for Angelica root and common tansy inflorescence, the scCO2 extraction method produced less amount of volatile compounds compared to hydrodistillation. On the other hand, more coumarins, alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids were obtained. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids palustrol and ledol were predominant compounds in both marsh Labrador tea EO and scCO2 extract. According to our results, however, all the EOs and scCO2 extracts showed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against the selected microbes, but the effects were extract-specific. The strongest and broadest antimicrobial activities were performed by marsh Labrador tea scCO2 extract, which showed extremely strong effect on Staphylococcusaureus subsp. aureus and strong effect on Candida albicans.


Assuntos
Angelica archangelica/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Rhododendron/química , Tanacetum/química , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade
3.
Molecules ; 25(19)2020 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32992745

RESUMO

This study aims to promote comprehensive utilization of woody biomass by providing a knowledgebase on the utility of aspen bark as a new alternative source for fossil-based chemicals. The research focused on the analysis of clonal variation in: (1) major chemical components, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin; (2) extraneous materials, i.e., bark extractives, and suberic acid; (3) condensed tannins content and composition; and (4) screening differences in antioxidative properties and total phenolic content of hot water extracts and ethanol-water extracts of hybrid aspen bark. Results of this study, the discovery of clonal variation in utilizable chemicals, pave the way for further research on added-value potential of under-utilized hybrid aspen and its bark. Clonal variation was found in notable part of chemicals with potential for utilization. Based on the results, an appropriate bark raw material can be selected for tailored processing, thus improving the resource efficiency. The results also indicate that by applying cascade processing concepts, bark chemical substances could be more efficiently utilized with more environmentally friendly methods.


Assuntos
Casca de Planta/química , Populus/química , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Casca de Planta/genética , Populus/genética
4.
Molecules ; 25(3)2020 Jan 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32012956

RESUMO

Bark of Norway spruce and Scots pine trees contain large amounts of condensed tannins. Tannins extracted with hot water could be used in different applications as they possess antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. The use of bark tannins as e.g., food preservatives calls for increases in our knowledge of their antioxidative activities when applied in foodstuffs. To assess the ability of bark tannins to prevent lipid oxidation, hot water extracts were evaluated in a liposome model. Isolated tannins were also applied in dry-cured, salty meat snacks either as liquid extracts or in dry-powder form. Consumer acceptance of the snacks was tested by a sensory evaluation panel where outlook, odor, taste, and structure of the snacks were evaluated and compared to a commercial product without tannin ingredients. Our results show that conifer bark tannin-rich extracts have high capacity to prevent lipid oxidation in the liposome model. The efficacies of pine and spruce bark extracts were ten to hundred folds higher, respectively, than those of phenolic berry extracts. The bark extracts did not significantly influence the odor or taste of the meat snacks. The findings indicate that bark extracts may be used as sustainable food ingredients. However, more research is needed to verify their safety.


Assuntos
Odorantes , Casca de Planta/química , Taninos/química , Traqueófitas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Aditivos Alimentares/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Odorantes/análise , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia
5.
Molecules ; 25(18)2020 Sep 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32932686

RESUMO

Developing shoots, i.e., sprouts, and older needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) have traditionally been used for medicinal purposes due to the high content of vitamins and antioxidants. Currently, sprouts are available as, for example, superfood and supplements. However, end-product quality and nutritive value may decline in the value-chain from raw material sourcing to processing and storage. We studied (1) impacts of different drying and extraction methods on nutritional composition and antioxidative properties of sprouts and needles, (2) differences between sprouts and needles in nutritional composition and microbiological quality, and (3) production scale quality of the sprouts. Additionally, (4) sprout powder was applied in products (ice-cream and sorbet) and consumer acceptance was evaluated. According to our results, older needles have higher content of dry matter, energy, and calcium, but lower microbial quality than sprouts. Sprouts showed a higher concentration of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus than older needles. Freeze-drying was the best drying method preserving the quality of both sprouts and needles, e.g., vitamin C content. The antioxidative activity of the sprout extracts were lower than that of needles. Ethanol-water extraction resulted in a higher content of active compounds in the extract than water extraction. Sensory evaluation of food products revealed that on average, 76% of consumers considered sprout-containing products very good or good, and a creamy product was preferred over a water-based sorbet.


Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Indústria Alimentícia/métodos , Picea/química , Brotos de Planta/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/química , Finlândia , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Magnésio/química , Noruega , Fósforo/química , Picea/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Potássio/química , Pós , Vitaminas
6.
Molecules ; 25(13)2020 Jun 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32630014

RESUMO

Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) knotwood. By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO4 used in staining reacted with the lignans. Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin.


Assuntos
Lignanas/análise , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão e Varredura/métodos , Picea/química , Espectrometria por Raios X/métodos , Microtomografia por Raio-X/métodos , Lignanas/química
7.
Molecules ; 24(23)2019 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31805659

RESUMO

Suberin fatty acids were extracted from outer bark of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) using an isopropanolic sodium hydroxide solution. Laboratory sheets composed of lignocellulosic fiber networks were prepared from unbleached and unrefined softwood kraft pulp and further impregnated with suberin fatty acid monomers and cured with maleic anhydride in ethanol solution. The treatment resulted in hydrophobic surfaces, in which the contact angles remained over 120 degrees during the entire measurement. The fiber network also retained its water vapor permeability and enhanced fiber-fiber bonding resulted in improved tensile strength of the sheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the curing agent, together with suberin fatty acids, was evenly distributed on the fiber surfaces and smoothing occurred over the wrinkled microfibrillar structure. High concentrations of the curing agent resulted in globular structures containing betulinol derivates as revealed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Also, the larger amount of suberin fatty acid monomers slightly impaired the optical properties of sheets.


Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/química , Lignina/química , Lipídeos/química , Betula/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Espectrometria de Massas , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Casca de Planta/química
8.
Cells ; 12(20)2023 10 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37887309

RESUMO

The blackening of cut carrots causes substantial economic losses to the food industry. Blackening was not observed in carrots that had been stored underground for less than a year, but the susceptibility to blackening increased with the age of the carrots that were stored underground for longer periods. Samples of black, border, and orange tissues from processed carrot batons and slices, prepared under industry standard conditions, were analyzed to identify the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underpinning processing-induced blackening. The black tissues showed substantial molecular and metabolic rewiring and large changes in the cell wall structure, with a decreased abundance of xyloglucan, pectins (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I, galactan and arabinan), and higher levels of lignin and other phenolic compounds when compared to orange tissues. Metabolite profiling analysis showed that there was a major shift from primary to secondary metabolism in the black tissues, which were depleted in sugars, amino acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates but were rich in phenolic compounds. These findings suggest that processing triggers a release from quiescence. Transcripts encoding proteins associated with secondary metabolism were less abundant in the black tissues, but there were no increases in transcripts associated with oxidative stress responses, programmed cell death, or senescence. We conclude that restraining quiescence release alters cell wall metabolism and composition, particularly regarding pectin composition, in a manner that increases susceptibility to blackening upon processing.


Assuntos
Daucus carota , Daucus carota/metabolismo , Células Vegetais , Lignina/metabolismo , Parede Celular/química
9.
Polymers (Basel) ; 14(4)2022 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35215744

RESUMO

Bark extracts are sustainable sources of biopolymers and have great potential to replace fossil-based polymers in wood coating applications. The present study investigated the applicability of suberin fatty acids hydrolysate (SFA) extracted from the outer bark of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) for coating of aspen wood (Populus tremula L.). The SFA combined with maleic anhydride (MA) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as a curing agent was prepared in ethanol and used in surface coating. The water contact angle, surface reflectance spectra, FTIR, and SEM-EDS were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the coated wood samples. Further, the long-term stability of the SFA coating was analyzed via artificial aging. The wood surface became hydrophobic, as the contact angle for the water droplet (WCA) was over ~120°, and was stable for all of the prepared combinations of SFA, MA, and OTS.

10.
Food Chem ; 381: 132284, 2022 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35121317

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterise pressurised hot water (PHW) extracts from nonconventional sources of functional carbohydrates and phenolic compounds in terms of antioxidant capacity, antiviral activity, toxicity, and human erythrocytes' protection antidiabetic potential. PHW extracts of Norway spruce bark (E1 + E2) and Birch sawdust (E3 + E4) contained mostly galactoglucomannan and glucuronoxylan. In contrast, samples E5 to E9 PHW extracted from Norway spruce, and Scots pine bark are rich sources of phenolic compounds. Overall, phenolic-rich extracts presented the highest inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and protection against stable non-enveloped enteroviruses. Additionally, all extracts protected human erythrocytes from hemolysis. Cell-based experiments using human cell lines (IMR90 and A549) showed extracts' non-toxicin vitroprofile. Considering the relative toxicological safety of extracts from these unconventional sources, functional carbohydrates and polyphenol-rich extracts can be obtained and further used in food models.


Assuntos
Ingredientes de Alimentos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Florestas , Humanos , Mananas , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos , Xilanos
11.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 153: 112284, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34044082

RESUMO

Aqueous extracts from blackcurrant press cake (BC), Norway spruce bark (NS), Scots pine bark (SP), and sea buckthorn leaves (SB) were obtained using maceration and pressurized hot water and tested for their bioactivities. Maceration provided the extraction of higher dry matter contents, including total phenolics (TPC), anthocyanins, and condensed tannins, which also impacted higher antioxidant activity. NS and SB extracts presented the highest mean values of TPC and antioxidant activity. Individually, NS extract presented high contents of proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and some phenolic acids. In contrast, SB contained a high concentration of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and quercetin, explaining the antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects. SP and BC extracts had the lowest TPC and antioxidant activity. However, BC had strong antiviral efficacy, whereas SP can be considered a potential ingredient to inhibit α-amylase. Except for BC, the other extracts decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HCT8 and A549 cells. Extracts did not inhibit the production of TNF-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages but inhibited the ROS generation during the THP-1 cell respiratory burst. The recovery of antioxidant compounds from these by-products is incentivized for high value-added applications.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/toxicidade , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Enterovirus Humano B/efeitos dos fármacos , Química Verde , Hippophae/química , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Picea/química , Pinus sylvestris/química , Casca de Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Ribes/química
12.
Foods ; 9(3)2020 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32121661

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to find new sustainable, Nordic natural antioxidant sources, develop subcritical water extraction (SWE) process for recovering the antioxidant compounds from the most potential raw materials, and to test their antioxidative effects in meat products. The antioxidant capacities of water and 50% ethanol (aq) extracts of 13 berry, grain, and horticultural plant materials as well as hexane/ethanol extracted stilbene fractions from pine heartwood and spruce inner bark were measured in hydrophilic and lipophilic systems. Tree, bilberry leaf (BL), and sea buckthorn leaf (SBL) extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacities. BL and SBL were selected for the development of SWE. The optimal conditions for recovering maximal antioxidative capacities were 110 °C/1 min for SBL and 120 °C/1 min for BL. Dried BL and SBL and the respective optimized subcritical water extracts were applied in chicken slices and pork sausage, and their ability to prevent lipid oxidation was evaluated during 8 and 20 days storage, respectively, at 6 °C. All tested plant ingredients effectively prevented lipid oxidation in the products compared to the control samples. Sensory acceptance of the plant ingredients was good, especially in the chicken product. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the antioxidant effects of SW extracted berry leaves in meat products.

13.
Meat Sci ; 162: 108033, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31862489

RESUMO

A meat model system was used for screening lipid oxidation inhibiting capacity of diverse horticultural plant materials. In the model, heme-containing sarcoplasmic proteins from the meat water-phase were homogenized with linoleic acid and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. 23 Plant materials were investigated at three high (50, 100, and 200 ppm) concentrations and five plant extracts were tested at three low (5, 10, and 20 ppm) concentrations over time. In the high concentration sets, summer savory freeze-dried powder, beetroot leaves extracted with 50% ethanol, and an olive polyphenol powder extracted from wastewater, inhibited oxidation the most effectively. After two weeks and at 200 ppm concentration, oxidation was reduced to 17.2%, 16.6% and 13.5% of the blank sample with no added antioxidants respectively. In the low concentration set, spray dried rhubarb juice inhibited oxidation the most after two weeks at 5 ppm where oxidation was reduced to 68.3% of the blank sample with no added antioxidants.


Assuntos
Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Produtos da Carne/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Conservação de Alimentos , Folhas de Planta , Pós , Suínos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise
14.
Bioresour Technol ; 292: 121893, 2019 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31430669

RESUMO

A process model based on hot water extraction (HWE), slow pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion (AD) were used for pine and spruce bark utilisation. First tannins (32 mg/g and 11.8 mg/g, respectively) and polyphenols were recovered via HWE. Then, the residue was pyrolysed to produce biochar (marketable quality), gas (energy source) and liquid fractions. The liquid fraction was further separated into aqueous acidic fraction and to tar fraction. Bark, extracted bark residue and acidic liquid fraction from pyrolysis were treated in AD to produce biomethane and digestate. The methane yields from pine and spruce bark and extracted bark residue were low (from 42 to 96 mLCH4/gVSadded) and showed only small differences. In conclusion, cascade processing can improve the performance of subsequent single processes and utilise biomass sources with higher efficiency. The best processing chain may vary in different cases and the overall energy balance of processing needs further research.


Assuntos
Temperatura Alta , Pirólise , Anaerobiose , Casca de Planta , Água
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