Molecular identification and analysis of a novel human corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor: the CRF2gamma receptor.

We report the discovery of a new CRF2 receptor splice isoform found in human brain, which we have termed the CRF2gamma receptor. The CRF2gamma cDNA encodes for a 397-amino acid receptor that has an amino terminus with no significant homology to the already reported alpha- and beta-termini. When expressed in 293-EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) cells, the CRF2gamma receptor responds in a dose-dependent manner to CRF and related peptides with a rank order of potency of urocortin > or = sauvagine>urotensin>r/h CRF, with EC50 values more similar to CRF2alpha than CRF2beta. Equilibrium saturation isotherm analysis with radiolabeled sauvagine reveals a two site/state model for binding to CRF2gamma with a 60 pM Kd high-affinity site and a 5 nM Kd low-affinity site. Analysis of CRF2gamma RNA expression in human brain demonstrates expression in septum and hippocampus, with weaker but detectable expression in amygdala, nucleus accumbens, midbrain, and frontal cortex.

Expression of zfh-4, a new member of the zinc finger-homeodomain family, in developing brain and muscle.

We have identified zfh-4, a new member of a recently recognized zinc finger-homeodomain (zfh) family of putative transcription factors. Zfh-4 expression is prominent in developing muscle and brain. In both tissues, zfh-4 RNA levels are highest embryonically, then decrease gradually to barely detectable levels in adults. In myogenic cell lines, far more zfh-4 is expressed in proliferating myoblasts than in myotubes, suggesting a cellular basis for the developmental regulation observed in vivo. In contrast, zfh-4 RNA in brain is more abundant in postmitotic cells of the marginal zone than in proliferating cells of the ventricular zone. Within the brain, zfh-4 RNA is regionally localized: expression is highest in midbrain, readily detectable in hindbrain, and very low in cerebral cortex. Its patterns of expression, and its homology to known DNA binding proteins, support the idea that zfh-4 may be a regulator of gene expression in developing brain and muscle.

High-affinity agonist binding correlates with efficacy (intrinsic activity) at the human serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors: evidence favoring the ternary complex and two-state models of agonist action.

Many modern models of receptor-G protein function assume that there is a direct relationship between high-affinity agonist binding and efficacy. The validity of this assumption has been recently questioned for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. We examined the intrinsic activities of various ligands in activating phosphoinositide hydrolysis and measured their respective binding affinities to the high- and low-affinity states of the 5-HT2C (VNV isoform) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Ligand binding affinities for the high-affinity state of the receptors were determined using 1-(4-[125I]iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)2-aminopropane, whereas [3H]mesulergine and N-[3H]methylspiperone were used, in the presence of excess guanine nucleotide [guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)], to define binding to the low-affinity state of the 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors, respectively. Antagonists labeled the high- and low-affinity states of each receptor with comparable affinities. Previously identified inverse agonists of the 5-HT2C receptor behaved as silent antagonists in our systems even when the receptor was overexpressed at a relatively high density. In contrast, the ability of agonists to bind differentially to the high- and low-affinity states of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors was highly correlated (r2 = 0.86 and 0.96, respectively) with their intrinsic activities. These data suggest that high-affinity agonist states can account for agonist efficacy at human 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors without the need for considering additional transition or active states of the receptor-ligand complex. The procedure described herein may expedite drug discovery efforts by predicting intrinsic activities of ligands solely from ligand binding assays.