Clinical Outcome of Urgent Thoracotomy in Patients with Penetrating and Blunt Chest Trauma: A Retrospective Survey.

INTRODUCTION: In contrast to an emergency department of thoracotomy (EDT), an urgent thoracotomy (UT) is defined as a surgical thoracic intervention performed in the operating room within the first 48 hours of the patient's intensive care unit (ICU) stay. The factors affecting survival after UT are not fully understood. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and outcome of patients with blunt and penetrating chest injuries who underwent UT. METHODS: All adult patients who had blunt or penetrating chest trauma and who underwent UT, were included in the study. All data were collected from the patients' hospital and ICU records. Forty-five patients with thoracic injuries who underwent UT during the first 48 hours of ICU stay were analyzed. Of these, 25 had penetrating chest injuries, and 20 had blunt thoracic injuries. Of the penetrating injuries, 16 were stab wounds, and 9 were gunshot wounds. RESULTS: Overall ICU mortality was 29% (n = 13) and was significantly higher in the blunt chest trauma group than in the penetrating trauma group (45% vs 16%; p = 0.04). Lung parenchyma injuries (lacerations and contusions) were the most common intraoperative findings in both groups. The following independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were found: an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of >40; an Acute Physiology and Chronic Evaluation II (APACHE II) score of >30; prolonged duration of UT; low body temperature on admission to the ED; abnormal arterial blood lactate, bicarbonate, and pH at the end of UT; and use of vasopressors during the first 24 hours of ICU stay. CONCLUSION: Mortality after UT was higher in patients with blunt chest trauma. The UT should be performed in both penetrating and blunt chest trauma as quickly as possible and should be limited to damage control. It also emerges that acidosis and hypothermia in chest trauma patients need to be treated extremely aggressively before, during, and after UT.

Multidrug Resistance Acinetobacter Bacteremia Secondary to Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Risk Factors and Outcome.

PURPOSE: Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug resistant (MDR), gram-negative bacterium commonly implicated in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in critically ill patients. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with VAP often subsequently develop A baumannii bacteremia, which may significantly worsen outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical and laboratory records of 129 ICU patients spanning 6 years with MDR A baumannii VAP; 46 (35%) of these patients had concomitant MDR A baumannii bacteremia. RESULTS: The ICU mortality rate was higher in patients with VAP having A baumannii bacteremia compared to nonbacteremic patients (32.4% vs 9.6% respectively, P < .005). Age >65 years, an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) score higher than 20, a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score higher than 7 on the day of bacteremia, and the presence of comorbid disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and chronic renal failure) were found to be independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in this population. Multidrug resistant A baumannii was not an independent risk factor for mortality. CONCLUSION: Although the presence of comorbid diseases (COPD and chronic renal failure) and severity of disease (APACHE > 20 and SOFA >7) were found to be independent risk factors for ICU mortality, MDR A baumannii bacteremia was not an independent risk factor for mortality in our critically ill population.

Validation of a Cross-Infection Control Program in an Understaffed Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: The authors describe a multifaceted cross-infection control program that was implemented to contain an epidemic of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MRO) (carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii; extended spectrum ß-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter Cloacae, and Proteus mirabilis; and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of a control program on the incidence of cross-infection with MRO. METHODS: Clinical criteria triaged patients into a high-risk wing (HRW) or a low-risk wing (LRW). Strict infection control measures were enforced; violations led to group discussions (not recorded). Frequent cultures were obtained, and use of antibiotics was limited. Each quarter, the incidence of MRO isolation was reported to all staff members. RESULTS: Over a 6 year period, 1028 of 3113 patients were placed in the HRW. The incidence of MRO isolation within 48 hours of admission was 8.7% (HRW) vs. 1.91% (LRW) (P < 0.001). Acquired MRO infection density was 30.4 (HRW) vs. 15.6 (LRW) (P < 0.009). After the second year, the incidence of group discussions dropped from once or twice a month to once or twice a year. CONCLUSIONS: These measures contained epidemics. Clinical criteria successfully triaged HRW from LRW patients and reduced cross-infection between the medical center wings. The quarterly reports of culture data were associated with improved staff compliance. MRO epidemic control with limited resources is feasible.

Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis and septic shock continue to be syndromes that carry a high mortality rate worldwide. Early aggressive fluid and vasopressor support have resulted in significant improvement in patient outcomes. The prognostic clinical significance of a positive fluid balance in septic intensive care unit (ICU) patients remains undetermined. METHODS: We collected data from 297 septic patients hospitalized in our general and medical ICUs at Soroka Medical Center between January 2005 and June 2011 and divided the 4 study groups into the following 4 fluid balances: group 1, patients with fluid balance at discharge from ICU (FBD) less than 10 L; group 2, patients with an FBD of 10 to 20 L; group 3, patients with an FBD of 20 to 30 L; and group 4, patients with FBD in excess of 30 L. RESULTS: The ICU and in-hospital mortality rate was also significantly higher in groups 2 to 4 as compared with group 1 (P < .001 for both ICU and in-hospital mortality). The positive cumulative FBD was found to be an independent predictor of ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.06; P < .001; Table 3) and in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08; P < .001; Table 5) and also to constitute a risk factor for new organ system dysfunction at hospital discharge (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.013; P < .001; Table 6) in critically ill patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is a monocentric retrospective study, we suggest that positive cumulative fluid balance is one of the major factors that can predict the clinical outcome of critically ill patients during their ICU stay and after their discharge from the ICU.

Comparison of the effectiveness of high flow nasal oxygen cannula vs. standard non-rebreather oxygen face mask in post-extubation intensive care unit patients.

BACKGROUND: Optimal oxygen supply is the cornerstone of the management of critically ill patients after extubation, especially in patients at high risk for extubation failure. In recent years, high flow oxygen system devices have offered an appropriate alternative to standard oxygen therapy devices such as conventional face masks and nasal prongs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical effects of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) compared with standard oxygen face masks in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients after extubation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 67 consecutive ventilated critical care patients in the ICU over a period of 1 year. The patients were allocated to two treatment groups: HFNC (34 patients, group 1) and non-rebreathing oxygen face mask (NRB) (33 patients, group 2). Vital respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were assessed prior to extubation and 6 hours after extubation. The primary clinical outcomes measured were improvement in oxygenation, ventilation-free days, re-intubation, ICU length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: The two groups demonstrated similar hemodynamic patterns before and after extubation. The respiratory rate was slightly elevated in both groups after extubation with no differences observed between groups. There were no statistically significant clinical differences in PaCO2. However, the use of HFNC resulted in improved PaO2/FiO2 post-extubation (P < 0.05). There were more ventilator-free days in the HFNC group (P< 0.05) and fewer patients required reintubation (1 vs. 6). There were no differences in ICU length of stay or mortality. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated better oxygenation for patients treated with HFNC compared with NRB after extubation. HFNC may be more effective than standard oxygen supply devices for oxygenation in the post-extubation period.

Nurse-performed ultrasound assessment of gastric residual volume and enteral nasogastric tube placement in the general intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasonography is an essential imaging modality in the critical care population and has been increasingly utilized to check gastric residual volume . Various studies have shown that intensive care unit nurses untrained in ultrasound can easily be trained in its accurate interpretation. We prospectively analyzed nurse-performed repeated measurements of gastric residual volume and nasogastric tube positioning via an ultrasound technique in the intensive care unit. DESIGN: This was a single-center, cross-sectional prospective study. Four intensive care unit nurses, evenly divided into two groups (teams A and B), underwent four hours of formal ultrasound training by three critical care staff physicians. The trained nurses provided bedside ultrasound assessments of gastric residual volume and nasogastric tube positioning which were compared to a standard protocol of syringe aspiration. RESULTS: Ninety patients were recruited to the study. Four measurements per patient were performed, for a total of 360 assessments. The ultrasound gastric residual volume assessments were correlated with the syringe aspiration protocol and demonstrated high Intraclass Correlation Coefficient rates of 0.814 (0.61-0.92) for team A and 0.85 (0.58-0.91) for team B. Nasogastric tube placement was successfully and independently verified by ultrasound in most of the critically ill patients (78% of team A and 70% of team B). The comparative ultrasound assessments of tube positioning demonstrated good correlation of 0.733 (0.51-0.88) between each team's two independent observers. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated a strong correlation between US utilization for assessment of gastric residual volume and nasogastric tube positioning and standard protocol methods, suggesting it is a safe, simple and effective practice for intensive care unit nurses.

The long-term impact of immediate verbal feedback of hand hygiene compliance after overt observation sessions, as assessed by continuous closed-circuit television monitoring in an intensive care setting.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene compliance by health care workers (HCWs) is pivotal in controlling and preventing health care associated infections. The aim of this interventional study is to assess the long-term impact of personal verbal feedback on hand hygiene compliance of HCWs in an intensive care unit (ICU) immediately after overt observation by an infection control nurse. METHODS: An infection control nurse overtly observed HCWs' hand hygiene compliance and immediately gave personal verbal feedback with emphasis on aseptic technique. Overt non-interventional sessions were also performed. We measured compliance rates using covert continuous closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring. We compared these rates to previously-published hand hygiene compliance data. RESULTS: Overall compliance rates in the first (41.5%) and third phases (42%) of the study, before and after the intervention were similar. The two moments that were lowest in the first phase, "before aseptic contact" and "after exposure to body fluids", showed significant improvement, but two moments showed a significant decline in compliance: "before patient contact" and "after contact with patient surrounding". The compliance rates during the intervention phase were 64.8% and 63.8% during the sessions with and without immediate verbal personal feedback, respectively. CONCLUSION: The overall hand hygiene compliance rate of HCWs did not show an improvement after immediate verbal personal feedback. Covert CCTV observational sessions yielded much lower hand hygiene compliance rates then overt interventional and non-interventional observations. We suggest that a single intervention of personal feedback immediately after an observational session is an ineffective strategy to change habitual practices.

Clinical outcomes of critically ill multiple trauma patients with rib fractures. A prospective study with retrospective control.

INTRODUCTION: Rib fracture fixation is becoming more popular and widely accepted among trauma surgeons worldwide as the recommended treatment method for flail chest injury. Recent data demonstrate improved results when compared with non-operative treatment. Improved outcomes were reported regarding ICU stay, need for tracheostomy, length of hospital stay, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and even death. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether clinical respiratory para-meters are improved after rib fracture fixation procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study using a retrospective cohort for control, which took place at the Soroka University Medical Centre, Israel. Inclusion criteria included all patients over 18 years of age with flail chest injury or multiple ribs fractures, who were admitted to the General Intensive Care Unit (GICU). Between October 2015 and December 2018, we identified 24 patients who had their rib fractures operatively fixed and compared them to 61 patients with flail chest and multiple rib fractures, who were admitted to our GICU between the years 2010 and 2015 and were treated non-opera-tively. In all the surgical cases operations were performed within 72 hours of arrival in accordance with our treatment algorithm. All fractures were fixed using specialised anatomic locking plates/nails. Demographic data were collected, and respiratory parameters before and after the surgery were recorded and analysed. RESULTS: We compared patients who had had their rib fractures fixed with a cohort group of patients who had been treated non-operatively in the past. No demographic differences were found between the 2 groups, nor were there any differences in their clinical trauma scoring, mechanical ventilation days, length of ICU stay, VAP, and death rates. The respiratory parameters (paO2/FiO2 ratio and chest wall compliance) were significantly higher during the 3 ensuing days after surgery and continued to improve in Group 1 (rib fixation group), in comparison to group 2 (non-operative) patients (P = 0.007 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The peak inspiratory pressure and PEEP para-meters were significantly lower in group 1 in comparison to group 2 during the 3 days, in favour of the operated group, with significant improvement noted over the 3 days post-surgery (P = 0.007 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that surgical treatment of flail chest and multiple rib fractures has clinical benefit and improves respiratory parameters even in the presence of multiple trauma injuries.

Clinical Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Using Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO) during Intrahospital Transport.

Critically ill patients with severe hypoxemia are often treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). These patients are at higher risk when they require intrahospital transportation. In this study, we collected clinical and laboratory data from 221 patients who were hospitalized in the general ICU and treated with iNO at Soroka Medical Center, Israel, between January 2010 and December 2019. We retrospectively compared the 65 patients who received iNO during intrahospital transportation to the 156 patients who received iNO without transportation. Among critically ill patients who were transported while being administered iNO, only one patient had an adverse event (atrial fibrillation) on transport. We found that maximal iNO dosage during ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and percent of vasopressor support were the only independent risk factors for ICU mortality in both study groups. No difference in primary outcome of ICU mortality rate was found between the critically ill patients treated with iNO during intrahospital transportation and those who were treated with iNO but not transported during the ICU stay. We anticipate that this study will advise clinical decision-making in the ICU, especially when treating patients who are administered iNO.

Corrigendum to "Clinical Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Using Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO) during Intrahospital Transport".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633210.].

Serratus Anterior Block for Long-Term Post-Thoracoscopy Pain Management.

PURPOSE: Neuropathic, chronic pain is a common and severe complication following thoracic surgery, known as post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS). Here we evaluated the efficacy of an ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) on pain control compared to traditional pain management with intravenous opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) six months after thoracic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed data from a questionnaire survey. We interviewed all patients who underwent elective video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) at Soroka University Medical Center between December 2016 and January 2018. The responses of ninety-one patients were included. RESULTS: Participants reported PTPS in both groups, 43% of patients in the SAPB group and 57% of patients in the standard group, which failed to reach significance. However, we demonstrated that the percentage of pain occurrence trended lower in the SAPB group. There was significantly less burning/stitching or shooting, shocking, pressure-like, and aching pain in SAPB patients compared to the standard protocol group. Patients in the SAPB group had significantly less pain located in the upper and lower posterior thorax anatomical regions compared to the standard protocol group. Moreover, we found a significant difference in occurrence of PTPS depending on the type of thoracic surgery. From both study groups, 69% of patients who underwent lobectomy reported pain, compared with 41.9% of those in the segmental (wedge resection) procedure, and 42.1% of patients in other procedures. CONCLUSION: While the present study did not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction of PTPS after SAPB concerning postoperative pain control, there was a trend of a decrease. We also found significance in the type of pain and location of pain after thoracic surgery between the two groups, as well as a significant difference between pain occurrence in types of thoracic surgeries from both groups.

The Clinical Significance of Fluctuations in the Minute-to-minute Urine Flow Rate and in its Minute-to-minute Variability During Septic Events in Critically Ill Patients.

BACKGROUND: Septic events complicated by hemodynamic instability can lead to decreased organ perfusion, multiple organ failure, and even death. Acute renal failure is a common complication of sepsis, affecting up to 50-70 % of cases, and it is routinely diagnosed by close monitoring of urine output. We postulated that analysis of the minute-to-minute changes in the urine flow rate (UFR) and also of the changes in its minute-to-minute variability might lead to earlier diagnosis of renal failure. We accordingly analyzed the clinical significance of these two parameters in a group of critically ill patients suffering from new septic events. METHODS: The study was retrospective and observational. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the hospital records of 50 critically ill patients who were admitted to a general intensive care unit (ICU) and developed a new septic event characterized by fever with leukocytosis or leukopenia. On admission to the ICU, a Foley catheter was inserted into the urinary bladder of each patient. The catheter was then connected to an electronic urinometer - a collecting and measurement system that employs an optical drop detector to measure urine flow. Urine flow rate variability (UFRV) was defined as the change in UFR from minute to minute. RESULTS: Both the minute-to-minute UFR and the minute-to-minute UFRV decreased significantly immediately after each new septic episode, and they remained low until fluid resuscitation was begun (p < 0.001 for both parameters). Statistical analysis by the Pearson method demonstrated a strong direct correlation between the decrease in UFR and the decrease in the systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) (R = 0.03, p = 0.003) and between the decrease in UFRV and the decrease in the MAP (R = 0.03, p = 0.004). Additionally, both the UFR and the UFRV demonstrated good responses to fluid administration prior to improvement in the MAP. CONCLUSION: We consider that minute-to-minute changes in UFR and UFRV could potentially serve as early and sensitive signals of clinical deterioration during new septic events in critically ill patients. We also suggest that these parameters might be able to identify the optimal endpoint for the administration of fluid resuscitative measures in such patients.

Minute-to-minute urine flow rate variability: a retrospective survey of its ability to provide early warning of acute hypotension in critically ill multiple trauma patients.

PURPOSE: Dynamic changes in urine output and neurological status are the recognized clinical signs of hemodynamically significant hemorrhage. In the present study, we analyzed the dynamic minute-to-minute changes in the UFR and also the changes in its minute-to-minute variability in a group of critically ill multiple trauma patients whose blood pressures were normal on admission to the ICU but who subsequently developed hypotension within the first few hours of their ICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was retrospective and observational. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the computerized register information systems initially; the clinical and laboratory data of 100 critically ill patients with multiple trauma who were admitted to the ICU during the study period were analyzed. Of this group, ten patients were eventually included in the study on the basis of the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The minute-to-minute urine flow rate (UFR) and urine flow rate variability (UFRV) both decreased significantly during the periods of hypotension (p values 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). Notably, the decrease in UFRV preceded by at least 30 min a corresponding decline in the systolic and mean arterial blood pressures, which manifested as a flattening of UFRV amplitude which was observed prior to the occurrence of the lowest recorded systolic and mean arterial blood pressures. Statistical analysis by the Pearson method demonstrated a strong direct correlation between the decrease in UFRV and the decrease in the MAP (R = 0.9, p = 0.001), and SBP (R = 0.86, p = 0.001) and the decreasing urine output per hour (R = 0.88, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that changes in UFRV correlate strongly with systolic and mean arterial blood pressures. We feel that this parameter could potentially serve as an early signal of hemodynamic deterioration due to occult bleeding in critically ill trauma patients, and might also be able to identify the optimal end-point of hemodynamic resuscitative measures in these patients.

Albumin levels as a biomarker for second Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS).

BACKGROUND: Patients with GBS may develop hypoalbuminemia following treatment with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), which is related to a poorer outcome. This report presents a patient with GBS and his clinical response to two courses of IVIG treatments in association with his albumin level. CASE REPORT: A previously healthy 21-year-old male was admitted to the GICU due to GBS with severity grade 5 (required assisted ventilation). IVIG treatment was initiated. Over the next two weeks there was no clinical improvement and Albumin level dropped from 4.5 gr/dL to a nadir of 2.3 gr/dL. A second course of IVIG was initiated. After initiation of the second course the patient's albumin began rising to 3.0 gr/dL and a clinical improvement followed this rise. Subsequently, he was weaned from mechanical ventilation within a few days. CONCLUSIONS: When considering a second course of IVIG treatment, serum albumin levels may be considered a biomarker as part of the decision algorithm.

Efficacy of covert closed-circuit television monitoring of the hand hygiene compliance of health care workers caring for patients infected with multidrug-resistant organisms in an intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: To compare covert closed-circuit television (CCTV) monitoring to standard overt observation in assessing the hand hygiene (HH) conduct of health care workers (HCWs) caring for patients infected with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This was a cross-sectional study in a general intensive care unit of a 1,000-bed university hospital. METHODS: Forty-six general intensive care unit HCWs (staff physicians, registered nurses, and auxiliary workers) caring for contact isolation MDRO-infected patients. The study incorporated the following 3 phases: phase 1, establishment of interrater reliability between 2 simultaneous observers using the overt observation method; phase 2, establishment of interrater reliability between 2 simultaneous observers using the CCTV method; and phase 3, simultaneous monitoring of HH by both methods to evaluate the suitability of CCTV as an alternative to direct observation of the HH conduct of HCWs caring for MDRO-infected patients. RESULTS: Overall, 1,104 opportunities to perform HH were documented during 49 observation sessions. The compliance rate observed by the overt method (37.3%) was significantly higher than that observed when only the covert method was used (26.5%). However, simultaneous overt-covert observations were found to have intraclass correlation coefficients of >0.85. CONCLUSIONS: Covert CCTV observation of HCW HH compliance appears to provide a truer and more realistic picture than overt observation, probably because of its ability to neutralize the Hawthorne effect of overt observation. The high intraclass correlation coefficients between covert observation and overt observation supports this conclusion.

Pneumomediastinum, ST elevation and urgent cardiac catheterisation: a crucial triad?

Pneumomediastinum (PNMD) entails the presence of air or other gas in the mediastinum and is also known as mediastinal emphysema. PNMD may cause a wide variety of signs and symptoms, as well as ECG abnormality, including ST segment changes. We present a 56-year-old man admitted to our hospital after a facial trauma. After undergoing tracheostomy, he complained of chest discomfort. A chest X-ray in the posteroanterior view showed PNMD, and an ECG was suggestive of inferior-lateral wall myocardial infarction. An urgent cardiac catheterisation identified a critical obstruction at the origin of the right coronary artery. Following a balloon angioplasty, chest discomfort continued; and the ECG ST segments did not show any dynamic change during the subsequent 72 hours. We urge clinicians to perform a comprehensive workup for every patient presenting with PNMD and ST segment changes, to prevent unnecessary invasive procedures.

Treatment of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock with fractionated blood products versus fresh whole blood in a rat model.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock, poses a particular challenge due to the possible conflicting consequences. While restoring diminished volume is the treatment goal for hypovolemia, maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion pressure and avoidance of secondary damage remains a treatment goal for the injured brain. Various treatment modalities have been proposed, but the optimal resuscitation fluid and goals have not yet been clearly defined. A growing body of evidence suggests that in hypovolemic shock, resuscitation with fresh whole blood (FWB) may be superior to component therapy without platelets (which are likely to be unavailable in the pre-hospital setting). Nevertheless, the effects of this approach have not been studied in the combined injury. Previously, in a rat model of combined injury we have found that mild resuscitation to MABP of 80 mmHg with FWB is superior to fluid resuscitation or aggressive resuscitation with FWB. In this study, we investigate the physiological and neurological outcomes in a rat model of combined traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hypovolemic shock, submitted to treatment with varying amounts of FWB, compared to similar resuscitation goals with fractionated blood products-red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma in a 1:1 ratio regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 male Lewis rats were divided into control and treatment groups. TBI was inflicted by a free-falling rod on the exposed cranium. Hypovolemia was induced by controlled hemorrhage of 30% blood volume. Treatment groups were treated either with fresh whole blood or with RBC + plasma in a 1:1 ratio, achieving a resuscitation goal of a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 80 mmHg at 15 min. MAP was assessed at 60 min, and neurological outcomes and mortality in the subsequent 24 h. RESULTS: At 60 min, hemodynamic parameters were improved compared to controls, but not significantly different between treatment groups. Survival rates at 48 h were 100% for both of the mildly resuscitated groups (MABP 80 mmHg) with FWB and RBC + plasma. The best neurological outcomes were found in the group mildly resuscitated with FWB and were better when compared to resuscitation with RBC + plasma to the same MABP goal (FWB: Neurological Severity Score (NSS) 6 ± 2, RBC + plasma: NSS 10 ± 2, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we find that mild resuscitation with goals of restoring MAP to 80 mmHg (which is lower than baseline) with FWB, provided better hemodynamic stability and survival. However, the best neurological outcomes were found in the group resuscitated with FWB. Thus, we suggest that resuscitation with FWB is a feasible modality in the combined TBI + hypovolemic shock scenario, and may result in improved outcomes compared to platelet-free component blood products.

The Association of Glucocorticosteroid Treatment with WBC Count in Patients with COPD Exacerbation.

Systematic glucocorticosteroids (GCS) are used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can cause leukocytosis. Distinguishing the effect of GCS on leukocyte level from infection-induced leukocytosis is important. We sought to quantify the effect of chronic GCS treatment on leukocytosis level in patients with COPD exacerbation. We reviewed the records of patients with COPD exacerbation and fever hospitalized in a tertiary medical center in 2003-2014. Patients were classified according to the GCS treatment they received: chronic GCS treatment (CST), acute GCS treatment (AST), and no prior GCS treatment (NGCS). We used the eosinophil absolute count as a marker of compliance and efficacy of steroid treatment. The primary outcome was the maximal white blood cell (WBC) count within the first 24 h of admission. Of 834 patients, 161 were categorized as CST, 116 AST, and 557 NGCS. The overall maximal leukocyte count was higher and the eosinophil count lower in the two GCS therapy groups. In patients with COPD exacerbation and fever, acutely treated with GCS, the mean increase in the WBC count was more evident when the eosinophils were undetectable (absolute count of zero). This supports leukocytosis level as a marker of disease course in COPD and fever.

Corrigendum to "Inguinal Herniation of the Urinary Bladder Presenting as Recurrent Urinary Retention".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2015/531021.].