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IMPORTANCE: Mouse models of viral infection play an especially large role in virology. In 1960, a mouse virus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), was discovered and found to have the peculiar ability to evade clearance by the immune system, enabling it to persistently infect an individual mouse for its entire lifespan without causing overt disease. However, researchers were unable to grow LDV in culture, ultimately resulting in the demise of this system as a model of failed immunity. We solve this problem by identifying the cell-surface molecule CD163 as the critical missing component in cell-culture systems, enabling the growth of LDV in immortalized cell lines for the first time. This advance creates abundant opportunities for further characterizing LDV in order to study both failed immunity and the family of viruses to which LDV belongs, Arteriviridae (aka, arteriviruses).
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Antígenos CD , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Expressão Ectópica do Gene , Vírus Elevador do Lactato Desidrogenase , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Animais , Camundongos , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular/virologia , Vírus Elevador do Lactato Desidrogenase/genética , Vírus Elevador do Lactato Desidrogenase/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus Elevador do Lactato Desidrogenase/imunologia , Vírus Elevador do Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Strengthening the national public health infrastructure is crucial to ensure provision of necessary public health services in all jurisdictions. Public health agencies and their governing bodies need an evidence-based understanding of workforces' capabilities to operationalize this effort. PROGRAM: The Capabilities Opportunities Assessment Tool for the Public Health Workforce (COAT-PH) is an assessment of workforce foundational capabilities (FCs), based on the Foundational Public Health Services (FPHS) framework. The COAT-PH provides data on employees' capabilities to health departments to help them improve and operationalize the FPHS. IMPLEMENTATION: This article describes the development and pilot testing of the COAT-PH in a convenience sample of 8 health departments in Texas of various sizes and accreditation statuses. Participating leadership teams were provided easily interpretable reports to deliver clear evidence of division and organization-level workforce capability gaps and strengths. Follow-up semistructured interviews were conducted with leaders to capture insights into the tool and the usefulness of the findings. EVALUATION: Eighty-eight percent of pilot health departments reported successfully appraising employee capability deficits, and 83% of small and medium health departments successfully assessed division or organizational FC strengths and gaps. All participating departments identified ways they could use their findings in future improvement efforts. Instrument psychometrics included the Cronbach α of internal reliability using a small test-retest sample (n = 6) of 0.956. Item test-retest reliability using Cohen's κ revealed 89% of items demonstrated at least slight reliability and 43% demonstrated moderate to substantial reliability. Content validity was established through review by 15 subject matter experts in the field of public health. DISCUSSION: To provide the FPHS, health department leadership teams need a strong, prepared workforce and an effective method to demonstrate employee capabilities and provide evidence of health department workforce strengths and gaps to their governing bodies in the form of data that are clear and easy to understand. Early results demonstrated the usefulness of the COAT-PH in this effort.
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Mão de Obra em Saúde , Saúde Pública , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Saúde Pública/métodos , Recursos Humanos , TexasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Estimate the number of full-time equivalents (FTEs) needed to fully implement Foundational Public Health Services (FPHS) at the state and local levels in the United States. METHODS: Current and full implementation cost estimation data from 168 local health departments (LHDs), as well as data from the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials and the National Association of County and City Health Officials, were utilized to estimate current and "full implementation" staffing modes to estimate the workforce gap. RESULTS: The US state and local governmental public health workforce needs at least 80 000 additional FTEs to deliver core FPHS in a post-COVID-19 landscape. LHDs require approximately 54 000 more FTEs, and states health agency central offices require approximately 26 000 more. CONCLUSIONS: Governmental public health needs tens of thousands of more FTEs, on top of replacements for those leaving or retiring, to fully implement core FPHS. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE: Transitioning a COVID-related surge in staffing to a permanent workforce requires substantial and sustained investment from federal and state governments to deliver even the bare minimum of public health services.
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COVID-19 , Saúde Pública , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Mão de Obra em Saúde , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Recursos Humanos , EmpregoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The 2019-2020 American Academy of Nursing (Academy, 2019) policy priorities document states that "they have a clear and distinct focus on social determinants of health and uses this lens to advance policies and solutions within each of the three overarching priorities" PURPOSE: This consensus paper seeks to establish conceptual clarity and consensus for what social determinants of health mean for nursing, with emphasis on examples of health policies that advance planetary health equity and improve planetary health-related quality of life. METHODS: Volunteers from five Expert Panels of the Academy met via videoconference to determine roles and refine the focus of the paper. After the initial discussion, the first draft of the conceptual framework was written by the first three authors of the paper and, after discussion via videoconference with all the co-authors, successive drafts were developed and circulated for feedback. Consensus was reached when all authors indicated acceptance of what became the final version of the conceptual framework. FINDINGS: A conceptual framework was developed that describes how the social determinants of health can be addressed through nursing roles and actions at the individual, family, and population levels with a particular focus on the role of health policy. The paper provides a specific health policy example for each of the six key areas of the social determinants of health to illustrate how nurses can act to improve population health. DISCUSSION: Nursing actions can support timely health policy changes that focus on upstream factors in the six key areas of the social determinants of health and thus improve population health. The urgent need to eliminate systematic and structural racism must be central to such policy change if equity in planetary health-related quality of life is to be attained.
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Consenso , Equidade em Saúde , Política de Saúde , Cuidados de Enfermagem , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Sociedades de Enfermagem , Humanos , Saúde da População , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in Asia, infecting many animal hosts, but CCHFV has not been reported in Myanmar. We conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of logging communities in Myanmar and found CCHFV exposure was common (9.8%) and exposure to wild animal blood and body fluids was associated with seropositivity.
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Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia , Animais , Ásia , Mianmar , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Objectives. To examine correlates of applying for accreditation among small local health departments (LHDs) in the United States through 2019.Methods. We used administrative data from the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) and 2013, 2016, and 2019 Profile data from the National Association of County and City Health Officials to examine correlates of applying for PHAB accreditation. We fit a latent class analysis (LCA) to characterize LHDs by service mix and size. We made bivariate comparisons using the t test and Pearson χ2.Results. By the end of 2019, 126 small LHDs had applied for accreditation (8%). When we compared reasons for not pursuing accreditation, we observed a difference by size for perceptions that standards exceeded LHD capacity (47% for small vs 22% for midsized [P < .001] and 0% for large [P < .001]).Conclusions. Greater funding support, considering differing standards by LHD size, and recognition that service mix might affect practicality of accreditation are all relevant considerations in attempting to increase uptake of accreditation for small LHDs.Public Health Implications. Overall, small LHDs represented about 60% of all LHDs that had not yet applied to PHAB.
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Acreditação/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Comunitários de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Governo Local , Administração em Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Comunitários de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for nurse leaders who "embrace the interconnection" between medicine and public health. The inequitable impact of COVID-19 on people of color demonstrates the importance of applying expertise from nursing practice and public health systems to work with communities and other professions on complex health issues. Yet, despite a clear need for improved population health, educational programs designed to produce Advanced Public Health Nurses, with skills to address complex system changes, have become increasingly scarce. PURPOSE: We put forward the perspective that the nation needs more advanced practice nurses prepared for leadership roles focused on the health of whole populations, marginalized communities, and the systems and policies that promote their health. DISCUSSION: We argue that opportunities should be expanded for nurses to attain education for these roles through increased investments in the Doctor of Nursing Practice model to prepare nurses for advanced public health specialty practice.
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Prática Avançada de Enfermagem/educação , Prática Avançada de Enfermagem/organização & administração , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Liderança , Papel do Profissional de EnfermagemRESUMO
America's hospitals and health systems must be prepared for anything, but as the range of threats to health in our communities becomes broader and the threats hit more quickly and frequently- whether it's the devastation of natural disasters or emerging threats such as the Zika virus-provider organizations will need to play bigger roles in heading off problems before they spiral into crises.
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Planejamento em Desastres/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais , Liderança , Saúde Pública , Gestão da Segurança , Humanos , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Política de Saúde , Cuidados de Enfermagem/organização & administração , Cultura Organizacional , Objetivos Organizacionais , Saúde Pública , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Despite the fact that community assessment has been identified as a core function of public health for more than 2 decades, evaluations of the impact of the practice of community health assessment are few in number and have only recently been published. This article describes an evaluation of a 2011-2012 community health needs assessment (CHNA) of Kane County, Illinois. The evaluation customized and used a reliable and valid Web-based survey, the New York State Community Health Assessment Usefulness Survey, to measure Kane County CHNA user perceptions of content, format, and impact utility of the assessment. Survey respondents were community leaders and members from a diverse set of professional backgrounds and were nearly evenly divided between those who had actively participated in the CHNA and those that had not. Respondents were overwhelmingly positive in their evaluation of the Kane CHNA, with an average per item score of greater than 3 on a 4-point Likert scale, although respondents who were not involved in the CHNA process were less positive than those directly involved. Implications for public health practitioners and researchers are discussed.
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Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/legislação & jurisprudência , Prioridades em Saúde/normas , Avaliação das Necessidades/legislação & jurisprudência , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/normas , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/normas , Comportamento Cooperativo , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Prioridades em Saúde/organização & administração , Hospitais Filantrópicos , Humanos , Illinois , Relações Interinstitucionais , Internet , Governo Local , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/métodos , Governo Estadual , Estados Unidos , Instituições Filantrópicas de SaúdeRESUMO
The US governmental public health system, which includes federal, state, and local agencies, is seen by many observers as having a money problem, stemming from a lack of resources. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this lack of resources has had unfortunate consequences for the communities that public health practice leaders are expected to protect. Yet the money problem is complex and involves understanding the nature of chronic public health underinvestment, identifying what money is spent in public health and what the country gets for it, and determining how much money is needed to do the work of public health in the future. This Commentary elucidates each of these issues and provides recommendations for making public health services more financially sustainable and accountable. Well-functioning public health systems require adequate funding, but a modernized public health financial data system is also key to the systems' success. There is a great need for standardization and accountability in public health finance, along with incentives and the generation of research evidence demonstrating the value of and most effective delivery for a baseline of public health services that every community should expect.
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COVID-19 , Saúde Pública , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Programas Governamentais , Responsabilidade SocialRESUMO
Introduction: Reported confirmed cases represent a small portion of overall true cases for many infectious diseases. The undercounting of true cases can be considerable when a significant portion of infected individuals are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, as is the case with COVID-19. Seroprevalence studies are an efficient way to assess the extent to which true cases are undercounted during a large-scale outbreak and can inform efforts to improve case identification and reporting. Methods: A longitudinal seroprevalence study of active duty U.S. military members was conducted from May 2020 through June 2021. A random selection of service member serum samples submitted to the Department of Defense Serum Repository was analyzed for the presence of antibodies reactive to SARS-CoV-2. The monthly seroprevalence rates were compared with those of cumulative confirmed cases reported during the study period. Results: Seroprevalence was 2.3% in May 2020 and increased to 74.0% by June 2021. The estimated true case count based on seroprevalence was 9.3 times greater than monthly reported cases at the beginning of the study period and fell to 1.7 by the end of the study. Conclusions: In our sample, confirmed case counts significantly underestimated true cases of COVID-19. The increased availability of testing over the study period and enhanced efforts to detect asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic cases likely contributed to the fall in the seroprevalence to reported case ratio.
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The current economic recession is the deepest recession that the United States has experienced in more than 70 years. The convergence of severe economic conditions with the multiple population health and organizational challenges facing public health presents unprecedented demands on public health policymakers and executive leaders. This article reports a case study in which a Midwestern local health department intentionally realigned its structure and human resources to meet national public health accreditation standards while significantly reducing its budget in November 2010. The department transferred personal health care services that it previously provided to 3 federally qualified health centers in the community and reduced its workforce by 50%. The interrelated public policy and organizational management issues raised by the case study are reviewed, and questions and implications of the case for public health executive leaders, managers, policymakers, and researchers are identified.
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Comportamento de Escolha , Recursos em Saúde , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Recessão Econômica , Humanos , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos , Saúde Pública/tendências , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Understanding the magnitude of responses to vaccination during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is essential for ultimate mitigation of the disease. Here, we describe a cohort of 102 subjects (70 COVID-19-naïve, 32 COVID-19-experienced) who received two doses of one of the mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna)). We document that a single exposure to antigen via infection or vaccination induces a variable antibody response which is affected by age, gender, race, and co-morbidities. In response to a second antigen dose, both COVID-19-naïve and experienced subjects exhibited elevated levels of anti-spike and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity; however, COVID-19-experienced individuals achieved higher antibody levels and neutralization activity as a group. The COVID-19-experienced subjects exhibited no significant increase in antibody or neutralization titer in response to the second vaccine dose (i.e., third antigen exposure). Finally, we found that COVID-19-naïve individuals who received the Moderna vaccine exhibited a more robust boost response to the second vaccine dose (p = 0.004) as compared to the response to Pfizer-BioNTech. Ongoing studies with this cohort will continue to contribute to our understanding of the range and durability of responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacina BNT162/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Formação de Anticorpos , Vacina BNT162/administração & dosagem , COVID-19/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent pandemic has highlighted the need for animal models that faithfully replicate the salient features of COVID-19 disease in humans. These models are necessary for the rapid selection, testing, and evaluation of potential medical countermeasures. Here, we performed a direct comparison of two distinct routes of SARS-CoV-2 exposure-combined intratracheal/intranasal and small particle aerosol-in two nonhuman primate species, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. While all four experimental groups displayed very few outward clinical signs, evidence of mild to moderate respiratory disease was present on radiographs and at necropsy. Cynomolgus macaques exposed via the aerosol route also developed the most consistent fever responses and had the most severe respiratory disease and pathology. This study demonstrates that while all four models produced suitable representations of mild COVID-like illness, aerosol exposure of cynomolgus macaques to SARS-CoV-2 produced the most severe disease, which may provide additional clinical endpoints for evaluating therapeutics and vaccines.
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COVID-19 , Aerossóis , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Macaca fascicularis , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review is aimed at highlighting recent research and articles on the complicated relationship between virus, vector, and host and how biosurveillance at each level informs disease spread and risk. RECENT FINDINGS: While human cases of CCHFV and tick identification in non-endemic areas in 2019-2020 were reported to sites such as ProMed, there is a gap in recent published literature on these and broader CCHFV surveillance efforts from the late 2010s. SUMMARY: A review of the complex aspects of CCHFV maintenance in the environment coupled with high fatality rate and lack of vaccines and therapeutics warrants the need for a One-Health approach toward detection and increased biosurveillance programs for CCHFV.