RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite its considerable impact on health and productivity, anemia among men has received limited attention. In a country as diverse as India, characterized by extensive geographic variations, there is a pressing need to investigate the nuanced spatial patterns of anemia prevalence among men. The identification of specific hotspots holds critical implications for policymaking, especially in rural areas, where a substantial portion of India's population resides. METHODS: The study conducted an analysis on a sample of 61,481 rural men from 707 districts of India, utilizing data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21). Various analytical techniques, including Moran's I, univariate LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association), bivariate LISA, and spatial regression models such as SLM (Spatial Lag Model), and SEM (Spatial Error Model) were employed to examine the geographic patterns and spatial correlates of anaemia prevalence in the study population. RESULTS: In rural India, three out of every ten men were found to be anemic. The univariate Moran's I value for anaemia was 0.66, indicating a substantial degree of spatial autocorrelation in anaemia prevalence across the districts in India. Cluster and outlier analysis identified five prominent 'hotspots' of anaemia prevalence across 97 districts, primarily concentrated in the eastern region (encompassing West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha), the Dandakaranya region, the Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra border, lower Assam, and select districts in Jammu and Kashmir. The results of SLM revealed significant positive association between anaemia prevalence at the district-level and several key factors including a higher proportion of Scheduled Tribes, men in the 49-54 years age group, men with limited or no formal education, individuals of the Muslim faith, economically disadvantaged men, and those who reported alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial spatial heterogeneity in anaemia prevalence among men in rural India suggests the need for region-specific targeted interventions to reduce the burden of anaemia among men in rural India and enhance the overall health of this population.
Assuntos
Anemia , População Rural , Masculino , Humanos , Prevalência , Índia/epidemiologia , Análise Espacial , Anemia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A high voltage, high frequency transformer unit has been designed and built for powering the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier to be used as part of a particle accelerator power supply at the Institute For Plasma Research, India, for the nuclear fusion research facility. A novel combination of high voltage (25 kV), high frequency (20 kHz), and high power (70 kV A) specifications makes its design distinctive and more challenging. The complete unit is composed of two 0.350/25 kV amorphous core transformers connected in center-tap configuration and immersed in an oil-filled tank. To facilitate an iterative design procedure, a spreadsheet method was utilized. The design involved a methodical approach for the core and winding selection, followed by the magnetic analysis and high voltage insulation layout through the finite element method. All the magnetic, electrical, and thermal parameters have been evaluated in detail, assuring a continuous stable operation having an efficiency of greater than 95%. Finally, the transformers were made, and preliminary experiments, including turns ratio, short-circuit, and dielectric tests, were carried out to verify the accuracy of the proposed design. The unit was also field tested under actual load conditions, and the test results were presented and corroborated with the design calculations.