RESUMO
This study presents an exploration of the chemical space around derivatives of 3-benzamidopyrazine-2-carboxamides, previously identified as potent antimycobacterial compounds with predicted binding to mycobacterial prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase. New urea derivatives (Series-1) were generally inactive, probably due to their preference for cis-trans conformation (confirmed by density functional theory calculations and experimentally by nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR). Series-2 (3-benzamidopyrazine-2-carboxamides with disubstituted benzene ring) demonstrated that substituents larger than fluorine are not tolerated in the ortho position of the benzene ring. This series brought two new compounds (21: R = 2-F, 4-Cl and 22: R = 2-F, 4-Br) with in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv as well as multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 25 µg/mL. The lactone-type derivatives 4H-pyrazino[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones (Series-3) were inactive, but solvent stability studies of compound 29 indicated that they might be developed to usable lactone prodrugs of inhibitors of mycobacterial aspartate decarboxylase (PanD).
Assuntos
Antituberculosos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/química , Antituberculosos/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/antagonistas & inibidores , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/metabolismo , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Pirazinas/química , Pirazinas/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Tuberculosis remains a serious killer among infectious diseases due to its incidence, mortality, and occurrence of resistant mycobacterial strains. The challenge to discover new antimycobacterial agents forced us to prepare a series of N-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-6-yl)(hetero)aryl-2-carboxamides 1-19 via the acylation of 6-aminobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol with various activated (hetero)arylcarboxylic acids. These novel compounds have been tested in vitro against a panel of clinically important fungi and bacteria, including mycobacteria. Some of the compounds inhibited the growth of mycobacteria in the range of micromolar concentrations and retained this activity also against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Half the maximal inhibitory concentrations against the HepG2 cell line indicated an acceptable toxicological profile. No growth inhibition of other bacteria and fungi demonstrated selectivity of the compounds against mycobacteria. The structure-activity relationships have been derived and supported with a molecular docking study, which confirmed a selectivity toward the potential target leucyl-tRNA synthetase without an impact on the human enzyme. The presented compounds can become important materials in antimycobacterial research.
Assuntos
Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases , Anti-Infecciosos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Fungos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Amidas/química , Amidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Ambelline, an alkaloid from the Amaryllidaceae family with a crinane-type skeleton, has not yet demonstrated any outstanding biological activity. However, its analogues prepared by derivatization of the C-11 hydroxyl group show different interesting effects. Continuing our earlier work, twelve novel aromatic esters were developed (10, 14, 16, 17, 22-25, 30-33) and studied, together with previously synthesized derivatives (2-9, 11-13, 15, 18-21, 26-29) in terms of their cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic potential was determined on a panel of nine human cancer cell lines and one noncancerous cell line to characterize their biological activity spectrum. To describe and foresee the structure-activity relationship for further research, substances synthesized and described in our previous work were also included in this cytotoxicity study. The most significant activity was associated with analogues having methyl (10), methoxy (14-17), or ethoxy (18) substitution on the phenyl condensed to ambelline. However, the 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoyl derivative (32) showed the most promising IC50 values, ranging from 0.6 ± 0.1 µM to 9.9 ± 0.2 µM. In vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated the most potent antiproliferative activity of 32 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Besides, 32 was found to be effective in decreasing viability and triggering apoptosis of MOLT-4 T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
RESUMO
A striking dependence on the method of workup has been found for annulation of benzonitriles ArC≡N to N-methyl 2-toluamide (1), facilitated by n-BuLi (2 equiv): quenching the reaction by a slow addition of water produced the expected 1-isoquinolones 2; by contrast, slow pouring of the reaction mixture into water afforded the cyclic aminals 5 (retaining the NMe group of the original toluamide). The mechanism of the two processes is discussed in terms of the actual H+ concentration in the workup. Both 2 and 5 were then converted into the corresponding 1-chloroisoquinolines 3, coupling of which, mediated by (Ph3P)2NiCl2/Zn, afforded bis-isoquinolines 4.
RESUMO
The search for novel and effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main quest that remains to be resolved. The goal is to find a disease-modifying agent able to confront the multifactorial nature of the disease positively. Herewith, a family of huprineY-tryptophan heterodimers was prepared, resulting in inhibition of cholinesterase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzymes, with effect against amyloid-beta (Aß) and potential ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Their cholinesterase pattern of behavior was inspected using kinetic analysis in tandem with docking studies. These heterodimers exhibited a promising pharmacological profile with strong implication in AD.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Aminoquinolinas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Triptofano/farmacologia , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Aminoquinolinas/química , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/síntese química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/síntese química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triptofano/químicaRESUMO
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. Currently, very few drugs are available for AD treatment, and a search for new therapeutics is urgently needed. Thus, in the current study, twenty-eight new derivatives of montanine-type Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE). Three derivatives (1n, 1o, and 1p) with different substitution patterns demonstrated significant selective inhibitory potency for hAChE (IC50 < 5 µM), and one analog, 1v, showed selective hBuChE inhibition activity (IC50 = 1.73 ± 0.05 µM). The prediction of CNS availability, as disclosed by the BBB score, suggests that the active compounds in this survey should be able pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cytotoxicity screening and docking studies were carried out for the two most pronounced cholinesterase inhibitors, 1n and 1v.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alcaloides/síntese química , Alcaloides/química , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/síntese química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/síntese química , Isoquinolinas/química , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Twenty known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of various structural types, and one undescribed alkaloid of narcikachnine-type, named narcieliine (3), have been isolated from fresh bulbs of Zephyranthes citrina. The chemical structures of the isolated alkaloids were elucidated by a combination of MS, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD spectroscopic techniques, and by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of narcieliine (3) has also been determined. Compounds isolated in a sufficient quantity were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8), and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP; E.C. 3.4.21.26) inhibition activities. Significant human AChE/BuChE (hAChE/hBuChE) inhibitory activity was demonstrated by the newly described alkaloid narcieliine (3), with IC50 values of 18.7 ± 2.3 µM and 1.34 ± 0.31 µM, respectively. This compound is also predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through passive diffusion. The in vitro data were further supported by in silico studies of 3 in the active site of hAChE/hBuChE.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Amaryllidaceae/química , Acetilcolinesterase/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Alcaloides/uso terapêutico , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Amaryllidaceae/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Cinética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that is currently treated by cholinesterase inhibitors and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine. Emerging evidence strongly supports the relevance of targeting butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the more advanced stages of AD. Within this study, we have generated a pilot series of compounds (1-20) structurally inspired from belladine-type Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, namely carltonine A and B, and evaluated their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE inhibition properties. Some of the compounds exhibited intriguing inhibition activity for human BuChE (hBuChE), with a preference for BuChE over AChE. Seven compounds were found to possess a hBuChE inhibition profile, with IC50 values below 1 µM. The most potent one, compound 6, showed nanomolar range activity with an IC50 value of 72 nM and an excellent selectivity pattern over AChE, reaching a selectivity index of almost 1400. Compound 6 was further studied by enzyme kinetics, along with in-silico techniques, to reveal the mode of inhibition. The prediction of CNS availability estimates that all the compounds in this survey can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as disclosed by the BBB score.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/química , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/química , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Tiramina/análogos & derivados , Proliferação de Células , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Tiramina/químicaRESUMO
The search for novel antimycobacterial drugs is a matter of urgency, since tuberculosis is still one of the top ten causes of death from a single infectious agent, killing more than 1.4 million people worldwide each year. Nine Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) of various structural types have been screened for their antimycobacterial activity. Unfortunately, all were considered inactive, and thus a pilot series of aromatic esters of galanthamine, 3-O-methylpancracine, vittatine and maritidine were synthesized to increase biological activity. The semisynthetic derivatives of AAs were screened for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and two other mycobacterial strains (M. aurum, M. smegmatis) using a modified Microplate Alamar Blue Assay. The most active compounds were also studied for their in vitro hepatotoxicity on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. In general, the derivatization of the original AAs was associated with a significant increase in antimycobacterial activity. Several pilot derivatives were identified as compounds with micromolar MICs against M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Two derivatives of galanthamine, 1i and 1r, were selected for further structure optimalization to increase the selectivity index.
Assuntos
Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/síntese química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/efeitos adversos , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Two new minor Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were isolated from Hippeastrum × hybridum cv. Ferrari and Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton. The chemical structures were identified by various spectroscopic (one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR, circular dichroism (CD), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and by comparison with literature data of similar compounds. Both isolated alkaloids were screened for their human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) inhibition activity. One of the new compounds, a heterodimer alkaloid of narcikachnine-type, named narciabduliine (2), showed balanced inhibition potency for both studied enzymes, with IC50 values of 3.29 ± 0.73 µM for hAChE and 3.44 ± 0.02 µM for hBuChE. The accommodation of 2 into the active sites of respective enzymes was predicted using molecular modeling simulation.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Colinesterases/ultraestrutura , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Doença de Alzheimer , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacologia , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Butirilcolinesterase/ultraestrutura , Domínio Catalítico/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Colinesterases/química , Dicroísmo Circular , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A total of 20 derivatives (1-20) of the crinane-type alkaloid ambelline were synthesized. These semisynthetic derivatives were assessed for their potency to inhibit both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). To predict central nervous system (CNS) availability, logBB was calculated, and the data correlated well with those obtained from the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). All compounds should be able to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) according to the obtained results. A total of 7 aromatic derivatives (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 16) with different substitution patterns showed inhibitory potency against human serum BuChE (IC50 < 5 µM), highlighting the three top-ranked compounds as follows: 11-O-(1-naphthoyl)ambelline (16), 11-O-(2-methylbenzoyl)ambelline (6), and 11-O-(2-methoxybenzoyl)ambelline (9) with IC50 values of 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.28 ± 0.02, and 0.43 ± 0.04 µM, respectively. Notably, derivatives 6, 7, 9, and 16 displayed selective human BuChE (hBuChE) inhibition profiles with a selectivity index > 100. The in vitro results were supported by computational studies predicting plausible binding modes of the compounds in the active sites of hBuChE.
Assuntos
Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/síntese química , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacologia , Amaryllidaceae/química , Butirilcolinesterase/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/síntese química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacocinética , Barreira Hematoencefálica , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacocinética , Ésteres , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
A novel series of aromatic esters (1a-1m) related to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid (AA) haemanthamine were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro with particular emphasis on the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the synthesized compounds revealed promising acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory profile. Significant human AChE (hAChE) inhibition was demonstrated by 11-O-(3-nitrobenzoyl)haemanthamine (1j) with IC50value of 4.0 ± 0.3 µM. The strongest human BuChE (hBuChE) inhibition generated 1-O-(2-methoxybenzoyl)haemanthamine (1g) with IC50 value 3.3 ± 0.4 µM. Moreover, 11-O-(2-chlorbenzoyl)haemanthamine (1m) was able to inhibit both enzymes in dose-dependent manner. The mode of hAChE and hBuChE inhibition was minutely inspected using enzyme kinetic analysis in tandem with in silico experiments, the latter elucidating crucial interaction in 1j-, 1m-hAChE and 1g-, 1m-hBuChE complexes. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was investigated applying the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) to predict the CNS availability of the compounds.
Assuntos
Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/química , Amaryllidaceae/química , Ésteres/química , Fenantridinas/química , Acetilcolinesterase/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Amaryllidaceae/metabolismo , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/metabolismo , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/uso terapêutico , Sítios de Ligação , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/química , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/síntese química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Cinética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fenantridinas/metabolismo , Fenantridinas/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), each year causing millions of deaths. In this article, we present the synthesis and biological evaluations of new potential antimycobacterial compounds containing a fragment of the first-line antitubercular drug pyrazinamide (PZA), coupled with methyl or ethyl esters of selected amino acids. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on a variety of (myco)bacterial strains, including Mtb H37Ra, M. smegmatis, M. aurum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal strains, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Emphasis was placed on the comparison of enantiomer activities. None of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity against fungal strains, and their antibacterial activities were also low, the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 31.25 µM. However, several compounds presented high activity against Mtb. Overall, higher activity was seen in derivatives containing Ê-amino acids. Similarly, the activity seems tied to the more lipophilic compounds. The most active derivative contained phenylglycine moiety (PC-á´ /Ê-Pgl-Me, MIC < 1.95 µg/mL). All active compounds possessed low cytotoxicity and good selectivity towards Mtb. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the activities of the á´ - and Ê-amino acid derivatives of pyrazinamide as potential antimycobacterial compounds.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazinamida/farmacologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Aminoácidos/química , Aspergillus flavus/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycobacterium smegmatis/efeitos dos fármacos , Rotação Ocular , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazinamida/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pyran-2-ones 3 undergo a novel Pd0 -catalyzed 1,3-rearrangement to afford isomers 6. The reaction proceeds via an η2 -Pd complex, the pyramidalization of which (confirmed by quantum chemistry calculations) offers a favorable antiperiplanar alignment of the Pd-C and allylic C-O bonds (C), thus allowing the formation of an η3 -Pd intermediate. Subsequent rotation and rate-limiting recombination with the carboxylate arm then gives isomeric pyran-2-ones 6. The calculated free energies reproduce the observed kinetics semi-quantitatively.
RESUMO
Three new alkaloids, bersavine (3), muraricine (4), and berbostrejdine (8), together with seven known isoquinoline alkaloids (1-2, 5-7, 9, and 10) were isolated from an alkaloidal extract of the root bark of Berberis vulgaris. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, HRMS, and optical rotation, and by comparison of the obtained data with those in the literature. The NMR data of berbamine (5), aromoline (6), and obamegine (7) were completely assigned employing 2D NMR experiments. Alkaloids isolated in sufficient amounts were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), prolyl oligopeptidase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß inhibitory activities. Selected compounds were studied for their ability to permeate through the blood-brain barrier. Significant human BuChE ( hBuChE) inhibitory activity was demonstrated by 6 (IC50 = 0.82 ± 0.10 µM). The in vitro data were further supported by computational analysis that showed the accommodation of 6 in the active site of hBuChE.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Berberis/química , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Isoquinolinas/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/uso terapêutico , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/uso terapêutico , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Exsudatos de Plantas/análiseRESUMO
We report the design, synthesis, and in vitro antimicrobial activity of a series of N-substituted 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxamides with free amino groups in position 3 on the pyrazine ring. Based on various substituents on the carboxamidic moiety, the series is subdivided into benzyl, alkyl, and phenyl derivatives. The three-dimensional structures of the title compounds were predicted using energy minimization and low mode molecular dynamics under AMBER10:EHT forcefield. Compounds were evaluated for antimycobacterial, antibacterial, and antifungal activities in vitro. The most active compound against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) was 3-amino-N-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (17, MIC = 12.5 µg/mL, 46 µM). Antimycobacterial activity against Mtb and M. kansasii along with antibacterial activity increased among the alkyl derivatives with increasing the length of carbon side chain. Antibacterial activity was observed for phenyl and alkyl derivatives, but not for benzyl derivatives. Antifungal activity was observed in all structural subtypes, mainly against Trichophyton interdigitale and Candida albicans. The four most active compounds (compounds 10, 16, 17, 20) were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity in HepG2 cancer cell line; only compound 20 was found to exert some level of cytotoxicity. Compounds belonging to the current series were compared to previously published, structurally related compounds in terms of antimicrobial activity to draw structure activity relationships conclusions.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Conformação Molecular , Pirazinas/químicaRESUMO
A series of benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde-S-benzylisothiosemicarbazones was synthesized and tested against 12 different strains of mycobacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the significant selectivity toward mycobacteria was proved. Twenty-eight derivatives were evaluated for the inhibition of isocitrate lyase, which is a key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle necessary for latent tuberculosis infection, and their iron-chelating properties were investigated. Two derivatives, 5-bromosalicylaldehyde-S-(4-fluorobenzyl)-isothiosemicarbazone and salicylaldehyde-S-(4-bromobenzyl)-isothiosemicarbazone, influenced the isocitrate lyase activity and caused a better inhibition at 10 µmol/L than 3-nitropropionic acid, a standard inhibitor. The compounds were also found to act as exogenous chelators of iron, which is an obligate cofactor for many mycobacterial enzymes. Due to their low cytotoxicity, together with the activity against isocitrate lyase and the ability to sequester iron ions, the compounds belong to potential antibiotics with the main effect on mycobacteria.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Antituberculosos/síntese química , Antituberculosos/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Isocitrato Liase/antagonistas & inibidores , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiossemicarbazonas/síntese química , Tiossemicarbazonas/químicaRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related, neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by cognitive impairment and restrictions in activities of daily living. This disease is the most common form of dementia with complex multifactorial pathological mechanisms. Many therapeutic approaches have been proposed. Among them, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and prolyl oligopeptidase can be beneficial targets in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Roots, along with aerial parts of Argemone platyceras, were extracted with ethanol and fractionated on an alumina column using light petrol, chloroform and ethanol. Subsequently, repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography led to the isolation of (+)-laudanosine, protopine, (-)-argemonine, allocryptopine, (-)-platycerine, (-)-munitagine, and (-)-norargemonine belonging to pavine, protopine and benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline structural types. Chemical structures of the isolated alkaloids were elucidated by optical rotation, spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis (NMR, MS), and comparison with literature data. (+)-Laudanosine was isolated from A. platyceras for the first time. Isolated compounds were tested for human blood acetylcholinesterase, human plasma butyrylcholinesterase and recombinant prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity. The alkaloids inhibited the enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. The most active compound (-)-munitagine, a pavine alkaloid, inhibited both acetylcholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase with IC50 values of 62.3 ± 5.8 µM and 277.0 ± 31.3 µM, respectively.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Argemone/química , Colinesterases/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina Endopeptidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Butirilcolinesterase/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Ensaios Enzimáticos/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Prolil OligopeptidasesRESUMO
A series of substituted N-benzyl-3-chloropyrazine-2-carboxamides were prepared as positional isomers of 5-chloro and 6-chloro derivatives, prepared previously. During the aminolysis of the acyl chloride, the simultaneous substitution of chlorine with benzylamino moiety gave rise to N-benzyl-3-(benzylamino)pyrazine-2-carboxamides as side products, in some cases. Although not initially planned, the reaction conditions were modified to populate this double substituted series. The final compounds were tested against four mycobacterial strains. N-(2-methylbenzyl)-3-((2-methylbenzyl)amino)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (1a) and N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amino)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (9a) proved to be the most effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, with MIC = 12.5 µg·mL-1. Compounds were screened for antibacterial activity. The most active compound was 3-chloro-N-(2-chlorobenzyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (5) against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC = 7.81 µM, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with MIC = 15.62 µM. HepG2 in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated for the most active compounds; however, no significant toxicity was detected. Compound 9a was docked to several conformations of the enoyl-ACP-reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In some cases, it was capable of H-bond interactions, typical for most of the known inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazinas/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus epidermidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Pyrazinamide, the first-line antitubercular drug, has been regarded the basic component of tuberculosis treatment for over sixty years. Researchers have investigated its effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis for this long time, and as a result, new potential targets of pyrazinamide or its active form, pyrazinoic acid, have been found. We have designed and prepared 3-(phenyl-carbamoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxylic acids as more lipophilic derivatives of pyrazinoic acid. We also prepared methyl and propyl derivatives as prodrugs with further increased lipophilicity. Antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal growth inhibiting activity was investigated in all prepared compounds. 3-[(4-Nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (16) exerted high antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC = 1.56 µg·mL-1 (5 µM). Propyl 3-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}pyrazine-2-carboxylate (18a) showed also high antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC = 3.13 µg·mL-1. In vitro cytotoxicity of the active compounds was investigated and no significant cytotoxic effect was observed. Based to structural similarity to known inhibitors of decaprenylphosphoryl-ß-d-ribose oxidase, DprE1, we performed molecular docking of the prepared acids to DprE1. These in silico experiments indicate that modification of the linker connecting aromatic parts of molecule does not have any negative influence on the binding.