Usefulness of hybrid veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after biventricular assist device implantation.

We experienced a case of fulminant myocarditis complicated by severe lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after switching from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to biventricular assist device. We controlled lung blood flow by hybrid veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, which was established by modifying the biventricular assist device circuit without resternotomy, blood delivery to the pulmonary artery and blood removal from the left ventricle in addition to central veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and accelerated lung recovery. The patient's lung damage and cardiac function were restored, and she completely recovered and was discharged without any complications. Regulation of lung blood flow is important and effective for lung ischemia-reperfusion injury after biventricular assist device implantation.

A case of HeartMate II implantation in non-dilated left ventricle.

Left ventricular assist device is an established therapeutic option for the patient with end-stage heart failure. Recently, durable continuous-flow devices have replaced earlier generation of pulsatile devices and their desirable features are accelerating the utilization of these devices. However, their powerful performance could sometimes induce unfavorable complications such as sucking, especially in not so dilated left ventricle. Special maneuvers such as cannula position and lower pump speed may be reasonable for patients with non-dilated left ventricular, however, those managements have not been established yet to date. Right ventricular failure is also another concern in these devices. We experienced a patient who got a HeartMate II in spade-shaped, non-dilated left ventricle concomitant with right ventricular dysfunction, and successfully managed her.

Prevalence of frailty, cognitive impairment, and sarcopenia in outpatients with cardiometabolic disease in a frailty clinic.

BACKGROUND: Although frailty and cognitive impairment are critical risk factors for disability and mortality in the general population of older inhabitants, the prevalence and incidence of these factors in individuals treated in the specialty outpatient clinics are unknown. METHODS: We recently established a frailty clinic for comprehensive assessments of conditions such as frailty, sarcopenia, and cognition, and planned 3-year prospective observational study to identify the risk factors for progression of these aging-related statuses. To date, we recruited 323 patients who revealed symptoms suggestive of frailty mainly from a specialty outpatient clinic of cardiology and diabetes. Frailty status was diagnosed by the modified Cardiovascular Health Study (mCHS) criteria and some other scales. Cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J), and some other modalities. Sarcopenia was defined by the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). In this report, we outlined our frailty clinic and analyzed the background characteristics of the subjects. RESULTS: Most patients reported hypertension (78%), diabetes mellitus (57%), or dyslipidemia (63%), and cardiovascular disease and probable heart failure also had a higher prevalence. The prevalence of frailty diagnosed according to the mCHS criteria, cognitive impairment defined by MMSE (≤27) and MoCA-J (≤25), and of AWGS-defined sarcopenia were 24, 41, and 84, and 31%, respectively. The prevalence of frailty and cognitive impairment increased with aging, whereas the increase in sarcopenia prevalence plateaued after the age of 80 years. No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of frailty, cognitive impairment, and sarcopenia between the groups with and without diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or dyslipidemia with a few exceptions, presumably due to the high-risk subjects who had multiple cardiovascular comorbidities. A majority of the frail and sarcopenic patients revealed cognitive impairment, whereas the frequency of suspected dementia among these patients were both approximately 20%. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of frailty, cognitive impairment, and sarcopenia in patients with cardiometabolic disease in our frailty clinic. Comprehensive assessment of the high-risk patients could be useful to identify the risk factors for progression of frailty and cognitive decline.

Effects of Preoperative ß-Blocker Use on Clinical Outcomes after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Report from the Japanese Cardiovascular Surgery Database.

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the effect of preoperative ß-blocker use on early outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Japan. METHODS: The authors analyzed 34,980 cases of isolated CABGs, performed between 2008 and 2011, at the 333 sites recorded in the Japanese Cardiovascular Surgical Database. In addition to the use of multivariate models, a one-to-one matched analysis, based on estimated propensity scores for patients with or without preoperative ß-blocker use, was performed. RESULTS: The study population (mean age, 68 yr) comprised 20% women, and ß-blockers were used in 10,496 patients (30%), who were more likely to have risk factors and comorbidities than patients in whom ß-blockers were not used. In the ß-blocker and non-ß-blocker groups, the crude in-hospital mortality rate was 1.7 versus 2.5%, whereas the composite complication rate was 9.7 versus 11.6%, respectively. However, after adjustment, preoperative ß-blocker use was not a predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.21) or complications (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.08). When the outcomes of the two propensity-matched patient groups were compared, differences were not seen in the 30-day operative mortality (1.6 vs. 1.5%, respectively; P = 0.49) or postoperative complication (9.8 vs. 9.7%; P = 1.00) rates. The main findings were broadly consistent in a subgroup analysis of low-risk and high-risk groups. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide registry, the use of preoperative ß-blockers did not affect short-term mortality or morbidity in patients undergoing CABG.

Novel Scoring System to Predict Ineligibility for Bridge to Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Device as Destination Therapy Before Extracorporeal Ventricular Assist Device Implantation - For the Coming Era of Destination Therapy in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Although destination therapy (DT) is now expected to be a promising strategy for those who are not suitable for heart transplantation in Japan, there has not been any investigation into ineligibility for bridging to implantable left ventricular assist device (I-LVAD) as DT among patients with extracorporeal LVAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively studied 85 patients who had received an extracorporeal LVAD. To assess ineligibility for a bridge to I-LVAD for DT, we defined DT ineligibility (DTI) as BiVAD requirement, death within 6 months, and persistent end-organ dysfunction (medium or high J-VAD risk score) at 6 months after extracorporeal LVAD implantation. DTI was recorded for 32 patients. Uni/multivariate analysis showed that smaller left ventricular diastolic dimension (<64 mm; [odds ratio (OR) 4.522]), continuous hemodiafiltration (OR 4.862), past history of cardiac surgery (OR 6.522), and low serum albumin level (<3.1 g/dl; OR 10.064) were significant predictors of DTI. By scoring 2, 2, 3, 4 points, respectively, considering each OR, we constructed a novel scoring system for DTI (DTI score), which stratified patients into 3 risk strata: low (0-3 points), medium (4-6 points), and high (7-11 points), from the view point of DTI risk (low 8%, medium 46%, high 93%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DTI score is a promising tool for predicting ineligibility for I-LVAD as DT before extracorporeal VAD implantation.

Preliminary report on the cost effectiveness of ventricular assist devices.

The aim of the present study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of ventricular assist devices (VAD) implantation surgery in the Japanese medical reimbursement system. The study group consisted of thirty-seven patients who had undergone VAD implantation surgery for dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 25; 67.6 %) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 4; 10.8 %), and others (n = 8; 21.6 %). Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated using the utility score and years of life. Medical reimbursement bills were chosen as cost indices. The observation period was the 12-month period after surgery. Then, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated according to the VAD type. In addition, the prognosis after 36 months was estimated on the basis of the results obtained using the Markov chain model. The mean preoperative INTERMACS profile score was 2.35 ± 0.77. Our results showed that the utility score, which indicates the effectiveness of VAD implantation surgery, improved by 0.279 ± 0.188 (ΔQALY, p < 0.05). The cost of VAD implantation surgery was 313,282 ± 25,275 (ΔUS$/year) on the basis of medical reimbursement bills associated with therapeutic interventions. The calculated result of CEA was 364,501 ± 190,599 (ΔUS$/QALY). The improvement in the utility score was greater for implantable versus extracorporeal VADs (0.233 ± 0.534 vs. 0.371 ± 0.238) and ICER was 303,104 (ΔUS$/ΔQALY). Furthermore, when we estimated CEA for 36 months, the expected baseline value was 102,712 (US$/QALY). Therefore, VAD implantation surgery was cost effective considering the disease specificities.

Pulsatile support using a rotary left ventricular assist device with an electrocardiography-synchronized rotational speed control mode for tracking heart rate variability.

We previously developed a novel control system for a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD), the EVAHEART, and demonstrated that sufficient pulsatility can be created by increasing its rotational speed in the systolic phase (pulsatile mode) in a normal heart animal model. In the present study, we assessed this system in its reliability and ability to follow heart rate variability. We implanted an EVAHEART via left thoracotomy into five goats for the Study for Fixed Heart Rate with ventricular pacing at 80, 100, 120 and 140 beats/min and six goats for the Study for native heart rhythm. We tested three modes: the circuit clamp, the continuous mode and the pulsatile mode. In the pulsatile mode, rotational speed was increased during the initial 35 % of the RR interval by automatic control based on the electrocardiogram. Pulsatility was evaluated by pulse pressure and dP/dt max of aortic pressure. As a result, comparing the pulsatile mode with the continuous mode, the pulse pressure was 28.5 ± 5.7 vs. 20.3 ± 7.9 mmHg, mean dP/dt max was 775.0 ± 230.5 vs 442.4 ± 184.7 mmHg/s at 80 bpm in the study for fixed heart rate, respectively (P < 0.05). The system successfully determined the heart rate to be 94.6 % in native heart rhythm. Furthermore, pulse pressure was 41.5 ± 7.9 vs. 27.8 ± 5.6 mmHg, mean dP/dt max was 716.2 ± 133.9 vs 405.2 ± 86.0 mmHg/s, respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our newly developed the pulsatile mode for continuous-flow LVADs reliably provided physiological pulsatility with following heart rate variability.

Prophylactic Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Before Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Reduces Perioperative Medical Expenses and Improves Postoperative Clinical Course in INTERMACS Profile 2 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Although intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is sometimes used before cardiac surgery to achieve better outcome in high-risk patients, the clinical impact of prophylactic IABP support before left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in patients with worsening hemodynamics was unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 22 patients with worsening hemodynamics who had received IABP support before LVAD (IABP group), and also enrolled 22 patients receiving neither IABP nor extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before LVAD, who were selected on propensity score matching (non-IABP group). Although both groups had similar preoperative background, the IABP group had shorter postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and more improved hemodynamics (P<0.05 for all). Serum total bilirubin and creatinine decreased significantly in the IABP group compared with the non-IABP group during 1 month after LVAD implantation (P<0.05 for both). Medical expenses during perioperative ICU stay were significantly lower in the IABP group compared with the non-IABP group, even including the cost of preoperative IABP support (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic IABP support in heart failure patients with worsening hemodynamics improves post-LVAD clinical course and reduces perioperative medical expenses.

Aortic insufficiency in patients with sustained left ventricular systolic dysfunction after axial flow assist device implantation.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the occurrence of aortic insufficiency (AI) during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support has remained unsolved. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 52 patients who had received continuous flow LVAD (14 axial and 38 centrifugal pumps) and who been followed for ≥6 months between Jun 2006 and Dec 2013. Native aortic valve (AV) opening was observed in 18 patients (35%) with improved LV systolic function, and none of them had AI. On multivariate logistic regression analysis preoperative shorter heart failure duration was the only independent predictor of postoperative native AV opening (P=0.042; odds ratio [OR], 0.999). Of the remaining 34 patients (65%) with closed AV, 11 had AI with enlargement of the aortic root and narrow pulse pressure. Among those with closed AV, axial pump use (n=13) was the only significant predictor of the development of AI (P=0.042; OR, 4.950). Patients with AI had lower exercise capacity and a higher readmission rate than those without AI during 2-year LVAD support (55% vs. 8%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Native AV opening during LVAD support is profoundly associated with reversal of LV systolic function, especially in patients with preoperative shorter heart failure duration. Among those in whom the native AV remains closed, low pulsatility of axial flow pump may facilitate aortic root remodeling and post-LVAD AI development that results in worse clinical outcome.

Novel scoring system using postoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts future explantation of left ventricular assist device.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing is an established tool for predicting survival in patients with heart failure (HF), its prognostic impact on explantation of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 33 patients who had undergone implantation of extracorporeal pulsatile flow LVAD and symptom-limited CPX testing at 3 months after operation, and who were followed between 2005 and 2014. Patients who received conversion to continuous flow LVAD were excluded. On Cox regression analysis, E1 (maximum load ≥51W; HR, 27.55), E2 (minute ventilation/carbon dioxide output [V̇E/V̇CO2] slope ≤34; HR, 16.86), and E3 (peak oxygen consumption [PV̇O2] ≥12.8 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1); HR, 18.35) significantly predicted explantation expectancy during 2 years after LVAD implantation (P<0.05 for all). Explantation score, the sum of positive E1-3, significantly stratified 2-year cumulative explantation rate into low (0 points), intermediate (1-2 points), and high (3 points) expectancy groups (0%, 29%, and 86%, respectively, P<0.001). When the scoring system was used for 45 patients with continuous flow LVAD, the 2 patients who had explantation were assigned to the high expectancy group. CONCLUSIONS: Explantation score, calculated simply from 3 postoperative symptom-limited CPX testing parameters, is a novel tool to predict explantation expectancy of LVAD and to select good candidates for the weaning test.

Quality of Life and Influential Factors in Patients Implanted With a Left Ventricular Assist Device.

BACKGROUND: Improving quality of life (QOL) has become an important goal in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy. We aimed (1) to assess the effect of an implantable LVAD on patients' QOL, (2) to compare LVAD patients' QOL to that of patients in different stages of heart failure (HF), and (3) to identify factors associated with patients' QOL. METHODS AND RESULTS: The QOL of 33 Japanese implantable LVAD patients was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and Short-form 8 (SF-8), before and at 3 and 6 months afterwards. After LVAD implantation, QOL significantly improved [MLHFQ, SF-8 physical component score (PCS), SF-8 mental component score (MCS), all P<0.05]. Implanted LVAD patients had a better QOL than extracorporeal LVAD patients (n=33, 32.1±21.9 vs. n=17, 47.6±18.2), and Stage D HF patients (n=32, 51.1±17.3), but the score was comparable to that of patients who had undergone a heart transplant (n=13). In multiple regression analyses, postoperative lower albumin concentration and right ventricular failure were independently associated with poorer PCS. Female sex and postoperative anxiety were 2 of the independent factors for poorer MCS (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Having an implantable LVAD improves patients' QOL, which is better than that of patients with an extracorporeal LVAD. Both clinical and psychological factors are influence QOL after LVAD implantation.

Nipro extra-corporeal left ventricular assist device fitting after left ventricular reconstruction with mitral valve plasty.

Both left ventricular assist device and left ventricular reconstruction are treatment choices for severe heart failure conditions. Our institution performed a left ventricular assist device installation following a left ventricular reconstruction procedure on a 42-year-old male patient who presented with dilated cardiomyopathy and low cardiac output syndrome. A mitral valve plasty was used to correct the acute mitral valve regurgitation and we performed a Nipro extra-corporeal left ventricular assist device installation on post-operative day 14. Due to the left ventricular reconstruction that the patient had in a previous operation, we needed to attach an apical cuff on posterior apex, insert the inflow cannula with a large curve, and shift the skin insertion site laterally to the left. We assessed the angle between the cardiac longitudinal axis and the inflow cannula using computed tomography. The patient did not complain of any subjective symptoms of heart failure. Although Nipro extra-corporeal left ventricular assist device installation after left ventricular reconstruction has several difficulties historically, we have experienced a successful case.

Lower rotation speed stimulates sympathetic activation during continuous-flow left ventricular assist device treatment.

Although the suppression of sympathetic activity is an essential mission for the current heart failure treatment strategy, little is known about the relationship between the rotation speed setting and autonomic nervous activity during continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) treatment. We evaluated 23 adult patients with sinus rhythm (36 ± 13 years) who had received continuous-flow LVAD and been followed at our institute between March 2013 and August 2014. Heart rate variability measurement was executed along with hemodynamic study at 3 rotation speeds (low, middle, and high) at 5 weeks after LVAD implantation. Lower rotation speed was associated with higher ratio of low-frequency over high-frequency spectral level (LF/HF), representing enhanced sympathetic activation (p < 0.05 by repeated analyses of variance). Among hemodynamic parameters, cardiac index was exclusively associated with LFNU = LF/(LF + HF), representing relative sympathetic activity over parasympathetic one (p < 0.05). After 6 months LVAD support at middle rotation speed, 19 patients with higher LFNU eventually had higher plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide and achieved less LV reverse remodeling. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that lower LFNU was significantly associated with improvement of LV reverse remodeling (p = 0.021, odds ratio 0.903) with a cut-off level of 55 % calculated by the ROC analysis (AUC 0.869). In conclusion, autonomic activity can vary in various rotation speeds. Patients with higher LFNU may better be controlled at higher rotation speed with the view point to suppress sympathetic activity and achieve LV reverse remodeling.

Readmission due to driveline infection can be predicted by new score by using serum albumin and body mass index during long-term left ventricular assist device support.

Survival in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF LVAD) had been increased owing to improved perioperative management procedures. The second target for successful long-term LVAD treatment was to reduce readmission especially due to device-specific infection, which was one of the major unsolved complications. Among 57 enrolled patients who had received CF LVAD and been followed for 530 days on median at our institute between 2008 and 2014, 21 patients experienced readmission due to driveline infection (DLI) at 190 days after the surgery on median. Considering the result of Uni/Multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrating lower serum albumin concentration (S-ALB) (hazard ratio 0.144) and body mass index (BMI) (hazard ratio 0.843) both obtained at discharge were independent predictors of readmission due to DLI, we constructed a New Score "7 × [S-ALB (g/dL)] + [BMI]", which significantly stratified readmission-free rate into 3 groups [low (>50 Pt), intermediate (44-50 Pt), and high risk group (<44 Pt)] during 2-year study period (p = 0.008). Survival remained unchanged irrespective of DLI, whereas those with DLI needed longer in-hospital treatment (p < 0.05). In conclusion, readmission due to DLI could be predicted by using two simple nutrition parameters at discharge. Early nutrition assessment and intervention may reduce readmission and improve patients' quality of life during long-term LVAD support.

Is the internal jugular vein or femoral vein a better approach site for endomyocardial biopsy in heart transplant recipients?

Scheduled serial endomyocardial biopsies are executed by an internal jugular vein (IJV) or femoral vein (FV) approach to survey acute rejection after heart transplantation (HTx). However, a better approach site is needed. A total of 379 sessions consisting of 329 IJV approaches and 50 FV approaches in 48 HTx recipients executed at 75 ± 127 days (41182 days) after HTx between September 2007 and April 2014 at University of Tokyo Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The IJV approach had shorter operation and radiation exposure times, and a lower dose of radiation exposure and lower usage of contrast agents than the FV approach (all P < 0.001). There were no fatal complications requiring surgical management or resulting in death during all sessions. The IJV approach had less complications than the FV approach (2.7% versus 10.0%, P = 0.011). Among the complications, atrial tachyarrhythmia occurred only with the IJV approach (0.9%), whereas transient ventricular tachyarrhythmia and bundle branch block were more frequently observed in the FV approach (8.0% versus 0.9%, P = 0.042). In conclusion, endomyocardial biopsy from the IJV approach was safer and less invasive than that of the FV approach if we only consider the incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmia.

Opening of native aortic valve accomplished after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with insufficient preoperative Beta-blocker treatment.

Although we recently demonstrated that opening of a native aortic valve (AV) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is a sufficient condition to prevent development of aortic insufficiency (AI), its preoperative predictors remain unknown. Data were obtained from 58 patients who had been treated with continuous flow LVAD for ≥ 6 months at our institute between 2006 and 2014. Opening of native AV was accomplished in 21 patients (36%) at postoperative 6 months. Uni/Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that a preoperative lower cumulative dose of ß-blocker was the only independent predictor for postoperative opening of native AV (P = 0.020, OR 0.905) at the cutoff level of 4.5g (equivalent dose of carvedilol), calculated by an ROC analysis. Prevalence of native AV opening was increased gradually along with improvement of LV ejection fraction only in patients with preoperative insufficient ß-blocker treatment during postoperative 6 months (P < 0.05 for both). Patients with opening of native AV had higher exercise capacity and a lower re-admission rate than those with closed native AV during 2-year LVAD support (5% versus 44%, P < 0.05). Opening of native AV during LVAD support is profoundly associated with LV reverse remodeling especially in patients with insufficient preoperative ß-blocker exposure probably due to their better responsiveness to combination therapy with ß-blocker and LVAD. Patients who accomplished native AV opening can enjoy better exercise performance and avoid re-admission due to cardiovascular events.

Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and worsening renal function during everolimus therapy after heart transplantation.

Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus (EVL) has been introduced as a novel immunosuppressant for heart transplant (HTx) recipients, and is expected to preserve renal function compared to conventional calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). However, a considerable number of recipients treated with EVL were not free from worsening renal function regardless of CNI reduction. Data were collected retrospectively from 27 HTx recipients who had received EVL (trough concentration, 3.1-9.2 ng/mL) along with reduced CNIs (%decreases in trough concentration, 27.3 ± 13.0%) because of switching from mycophenolate mophetil due to digestive symptoms or neutropenia, progressive coronary artery vasculopathy, or persistent renal dysfunction, and had been followed over 1 year between August 2008 and January 2013. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased in 5 recipients (18.5%) during the study period. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a higher plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (P-NGAL) level was the only significant predictor for a decrease in eGFR over a 1-year EVL treatment period among all baseline parameters (P = 0.008). eGFR and proteinuria worsened almost exclusively in patients with baseline P-NGAL ≥ 85 ng/mL, which was the cutoff value calculated by an ROC analysis (area under the curve, 0.955; sensitivity, 1.000; specificity, 0.955). In conclusion, higher P-NGAL may be a novel predictor for the worsening of renal function after EVL treatment that is resistant to CNI reduction in HTx recipients.

Parasympathetic reinnervation accompanied by improved post-exercise heart rate recovery and quality of life in heart transplant recipients.

Although sympathetic reinnervation is accompanied by the improvement of exercise tolerability during the first years after heart transplantation (HTx), little is known about parasympathetic reinnervation and its clinical impact. We enrolled 21 recipients (40 ± 16 years, 71% male) who had received successive cardiopulmonary exercise testing at 6 months, and 1 and 2 years after HTx. Exercise parameters such as peak oxygen consumption or achieved maximum load remained unchanged, whereas recovery parameters including heart rate (HR) recovery during 2 minutes and the delay of peak HR, which are influenced by parasympathetic activity, improved significantly during post-HTx 2 years (P < 0.05 for both). HR variability was analysed at post-HTx 6 months in 18 recipients, and high frequency power, representing parasympathetic activity, was significantly associated with the 2 recovery parameters (P < 0.05 for all). We also assessed quality of life using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (HF) Questionnaire at post-HTx 6 months and 2 years in the same 18 recipients, and those with improved recovery parameters enjoyed a better HF-specific quality of life (P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, parasympathetic reinnervation emerges along with improved post-exercise recovery ability of HR and quality of life during post-HTx 2 years.