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Introduction: The hypoalgesic effect of music has long been established. However, the characteristics of music which are important for reducing pain have not been well-studied. Some research has compared subject-selected preferred music to unfamiliar music selected by researchers, and has typically found a superior effect from preferred music. In this study, we sought to discover what aspects of listeners' relationship with their preferred music was important in producing a hypoalgesic effect. Methods: We conducted a thermal pain and music listening experiment with 63 participants (14 male, 49 female, mean age = 21.3), in which music excerpts were paired with thermal stimulations. Pain ratings of intensity and unpleasantness, as well as emotional response variables, were rated on visual analog scales. We also conducted brief structured interviews about participants' favorite music, on which we conducted thematic content analysis. Themes and emotion variables were analyzed for their effects on pain ratings. Results: We first replicated the finding that favorite music outperforms experimenter-selected relaxing music in reducing pain unpleasantness (MD = -7.25, p < 0.001) and that the difference in hypoalgesia was partially mediated by an increase in musical chills (ab = -2.83, p < 0.01). We then conducted a theme analysis on the interview transcripts and produced four themes relating to emotional experience: moving/bittersweet, calming/relaxing, happy/cheerful, and energizing/activating. We found suggestive evidence that moving/bittersweet favorite music reduces pain unpleasantness through increased music pleasantness (ab = -5.48, p < 0.001) and more musical chills (ab = -0.57, p = 0.004). Discussion: We find that music pleasantness and musical chills are salient predictors of music-induced hypoalgesia, and that different categories of favorite music derived from qualitative analysis may engage these emotional pathways to different degrees.
RESUMO
Objectives Since the 2000s, telework became common practice with the advent of telecommunication technologies. In the lockdown context linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, telework became the norm. The literature indicates that telework can have positive effects (e.g., reduction of commuting) but can also create challenges in terms of work-life balance, productivity at work and relationships within the work collective. Few studies focused on the elements that allow teleworkers to accomplish their work tasks optimally in the pandemic context. This study aimed to identify workers' best practices in telework by bringing forward the strategies they put into practice. More precisely, this study aimed at surveying teleworkers on their winning strategies in telework in order to 1) promote their work-life balance (and vice-versa) and their productivity in telework; and 2) promote their relationship with their immediate supervisor and their colleagues. Method This study allowed us to survey, using LimeSurvey, 318 teleworks in the general population and 405 teleworkers in a large health centre in Québec. We analysed these strategies using thematic analysis with inter judge agreement. Results Our results generated 72 winning strategies used by many teleworkers, to keep a balance between their professional life and their personal life (and vice versa), and promote their productivity at work. These strategies were grouped into 12 large categories. The questions regarding relationships with the work collective generated 41 strategies grouped into five large categories. Strategies mentioned the most frequently touched on notions of structure/routine, organisation of activities, clear separation between personal life and professional life, physical space dedicated to work, familiarity with communication technologies, and holding regular work meetings. Conclusion This study presents an extensive range of winning strategies used by teleworkers. Results highlight the importance of having guidance and support from colleagues and the immediate supervisor. Also, having access to an adequate home workspace, and the presence of a regular work schedule and a routine allows teleworkers to ensure their productivity and keep a good work-life balance. Telework seems to be a noteworthy work mode and deserves a better structural ground to assure workers' wellbeing and success.