Two-fluid dynamics and micron-thin boundary layers shape cytoplasmic flows in early Drosophila embryos.

Cytoplasmic flows are widely emerging as key functional players in development. In early Drosophila embryos, flows drive the spreading of nuclei across the embryo. Here, we combine hydrodynamic modeling with quantitative imaging to develop a two-fluid model that features an active actomyosin gel and a passive viscous cytosol. Gel contractility is controlled by the cell cycle oscillator, the two fluids being coupled by friction. In addition to recapitulating experimental flow patterns, our model explains observations that remained elusive and makes a series of predictions. First, the model captures the vorticity of cytosolic flows, which highlights deviations from Stokes' flow that were observed experimentally but remained unexplained. Second, the model reveals strong differences in the gel and cytosol motion. In particular, a micron-sized boundary layer is predicted close to the cortex, where the gel slides tangentially while the cytosolic flow cannot slip. Third, the model unveils a mechanism that stabilizes the spreading of nuclei with respect to perturbations of their initial positions. This self-correcting mechanism is argued to be functionally important for proper nuclear spreading. Fourth, we use our model to analyze the effects of flows on the transport of the morphogen Bicoid and the establishment of its gradients. Finally, the model predicts that the flow strength should be reduced if the shape of the domain is more round, which is experimentally confirmed in Drosophila mutants. Thus, our two-fluid model explains flows and nuclear positioning in early Drosophila, while making predictions that suggest novel future experiments.

Model of Active Solids: Rigid Body Motion and Shape-Changing Mechanisms.

Active solids such as cell collectives, colloidal clusters, and active metamaterials exhibit diverse collective phenomena, ranging from rigid body motion to shape-changing mechanisms. The nonlinear dynamics of such active materials remains, however, poorly understood when they host zero-energy deformation modes and when noise is present. Here, we show that stress propagation in a model of active solids induces the spontaneous actuation of multiple soft floppy modes, even without exciting vibrational modes. By introducing an adiabatic approximation, we map the dynamics onto an effective Landau free energy, predicting mode selection and the onset of collective dynamics. These results open new ways to study and design living and robotic materials with multiple modes of locomotion and shape change.

Mechanisms of degradation of paraoxon in different ionic liquids.

Herein, the reactivity and selectivity of the reaction of O,O-diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate triester (Paraxon, 1) with piperidine in ionic liquids (ILs), three conventional organic solvents (COS), and water is studied by (31)P NMR, UV-vis, and GC/MS. Three phosphorylated products are identified as follows: O,O-diethyl piperidinophosphate diester (2), O,O-diethyl phosphate (3), and O-ethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate diester (4). Compound 4 also reacts with piperidine to yield O-ethyl piperidinophosphate monoester (5). The results show that both the rate and products distribution of this reaction depend on peculiar features of ILs as reaction media and the polarity of COS.

Two-fluid dynamics and micron-thin boundary layers shape cytoplasmic flows in early Drosophila embryos.

Cytoplasmic flows are widely emerging as key functional players in development. In early Drosophila embryos, flows drive the spreading of nuclei across the embryo. Here, we combine hydrodynamic modeling with quantitative imaging to develop a two-fluid model that features an active actomyosin gel and a passive viscous cytosol. Gel contractility is controlled by the cell cycle oscillator, the two fluids being coupled by friction. In addition to recapitulating experimental flow patterns, our model explains observations that remained elusive, and makes a series of new predictions. First, the model captures the vorticity of cytosolic flows, which highlights deviations from Stokes' flow that were observed experimentally but remained unexplained. Second, the model reveals strong differences in the gel and cytosol motion. In particular, a micron-sized boundary layer is predicted close to the cortex, where the gel slides tangentially whilst the cytosolic flow cannot slip. Third, the model unveils a mechanism that stabilizes the spreading of nuclei with respect to perturbations of their initial positions. This self-correcting mechanism is argued to be functionally important for proper nuclear spreading. Fourth, we use our model to analyze the effects of flows on the transport of the morphogen Bicoid, and the establishment of its gradients. Finally, the model predicts that the flow strength should be reduced if the shape of the domain is more round, which is experimentally confirmed in Drosophila mutants. Thus, our two-fluid model explains flows and nuclear positioning in early Drosophila, while making predictions that suggest novel future experiments.

13C NMR studies of heterocyclic naphtho- and anthraquinones. Deshielding effect on the carbonyl carbon with methyl substitution.

13C chemical shift assignment of several methyl substituted heterocyclic naphtho- and anthraquinones, including dihydronaphthofuranquinones, azaanthraquinones, benzopyrroloquinolinediones and benzothiophenoquinolinediones, are described. A deshielding effect due to a methyl group was observed over the neighbouring carbonyl carbon, in every case studied. 13C assignments were based on 2D experiments.

Proposing the Clinical Inventory of Sleep Quality.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to propose the Clinical Inventory of Sleep Quality (CISQ), and compared it with the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). METHODS: We studied 400 subjects with the CISQ. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to measure the reliability, and to determine the concurrent validity, a Canonical correlation analysis was performed. At next, we used an exploratory and confirmatory Factorial analysis with Varimax rotation for validity construct calculation. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was significantly strong (α=0.81). Canonic correlation was=0.93, suggesting that data proved that the CISQ and PSQI are measuring identical subject. Confirmatory Factorial analysis model grouped items of the scale in four factors: 1. Daytime symptoms, 2. Nocturnal symptoms, 3. Sleep disordered breathing symptoms, and 4. Sleep-related movement disorders symptoms. We proposed five categories to score CISQ in a range of 0-52 points, as follows: Good quality of sleep, Mild bad sleep quality, Moderate bad sleep quality, Severe bad sleep quality, and Profound bad sleep quality. CONCLUSION: CISQ is a promising tool to measure sleep quality and deserve more research to confirm its utility.

Incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en personas menores de 15 años, entre los años 2009 y 2016, en la provincia de Corrientes / Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in persons under 15 years old, betwenn the years 2009 and 2016, in the province of Corrientes

Introducción: la incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) aumentó en los últimos años en varias regiones del mundo. Los Estudios Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond), Europa y Diabetes (EURODIAB) fueron fundamentales para monitorizar el desarrollo de incidencia de DM1 en niños al propiciar pruebas sobre tendencias y prevalencia mundiales. En el Estudio DiaMond, en la provincia de Corrientes, se halló una incidencia de 4,3/100.000 (2,21-7,51) entre los años 1990 a 1999. Objetivos: determinar la incidencia de DM1 en niños <15 años en la provincia de Corrientes entre el 1º de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016, según edad, sexo y residencia; comparar con el período 1990-1999; calcular la tasa de incidencia 2009-2016; analizar la presencia de factores de riesgo económicos, psicosociales y ambientales. Materiales y métodos: registro de casos de DM1 con población <15 años, que debutó con DM1, entre el 1º de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016, a través de una ficha epidemiológica. La fuente primaria fueron datos de registros de médicos especializados en diabetes, endocrinólogos y pediatras, y las fuentes secundarias se tomaron de los registros de entrega de insulinas de hospitales, obras sociales y de la Asociación Correntina de Ayuda al Diabético. El método de captura-recaptura se empleó para establecer el grado de eficiencia y estimar el número de casos incidentes. Se calculó la incidencia anual cada 100.000 habitantes en riesgo, agrupados en tres categorías por edad (0-4, 5-9, 10-14). Resultados: casos estimados 104 (IC95% 100-108). Incidencias 6,0/100.000 2009; 2,3/100.000 2010; 3,71/100.000 2011; 3,75/100.000 2012; 5,82/100.000 2013; 5,2/100.000 2014; 2,7/100.000 2015; 5,5/100.000 2016; incidencia general por año 4,4/100.000. Conclusiones: la tasa calculada entre 2009-2016 de 4,4/100.000 fue similar al período 1990-1999 de 6/100.000 y se mantuvo en el rango de tasa intermedia 5-9,99 por 100.000/año

Introduction: Diabetes Mondiale, Europe and Diabetes studies were fundamental to monitor the development of incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in children, providing evidence on global trends and prevalence, in the Province of Corrientes was found an incidence 4.3/100,000 (2.21-7.51). Objectives: to determine the incidence of DM1 in children <15 years old in the Province of Corrientes between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016, according to age, sex and residence; compare with the period 1990-1999, calculate incidence rate 2009 and 2016; analyze the presence of economic, psychosocial and environmental risk factors. Materials and methods: registry of cases of DM1 with population <15 years, which debuted with DM1, between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016 through an epidemiological record, being primary source of data records of diabetologists, endocrinologists and pediatricians; secondary sources records of delivery of insulins from hospitals, social eorks and Correntina Association of Diabetic Aid. The capture-recapture method was used to establish the degree of efficiency and estimate the number of incident cases. The annual incidence per 100,000 inhabitants at risk was calculated, grouped into three age categories (0-4, 5-9, 10-14). Results: estimated cases 104 (95%CI 100-108). Incidences 6.0/100,000 2009; 2.3/100,000 2010; 3.71/100,000 2011; 3.75/100,000 2012; 5.82/100,000 2013; 5.2/100,000 2014; 2.7/100,000 2015; 5.5/100,000 2016; general incidence per year 4.4/100,000. Conclusions: the calculated rate between 2009-2016 of 4.4/100,000 was similar to the period 1990-1999 of 6/100,000, keeping in the range of intermediate rate 5-9.99 per 100,000/year

Surgical treatment of ascending aortic complications in Marfan syndrome: early and long-term outcomes.

Findings in 54 patients (mean age 39 years, range 18-66 years, 25% female) were analyzed. Of these patients, 21 had dissection of the ascending aorta (15 acute and six chronic) and 33 had aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Surgery was classified as emergency surgery in three cases, as urgent in 15, and as scheduled surgery in 36. The Bentall-De Bono procedure was performed in 39 patients, aortic valve reimplantation was carried out in nine, Cabrol's operation was performed in three, and a homograft was used in three. The mean diameter of the ascending aorta was 66.6 mm. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 3.7% (33.3% for emergency surgery vs. 2.8% for scheduled surgery; P< .001). During the mean follow-up period of 4 years (range, 2 months-14 years), seven patients died, including four who died due to type-B aortic dissection. The actuarial survival rate at 2, 5 and 10 years was 94%, 83% and 75%, respectively, with 88%, 67% and 43% of patients, respectively, not requiring reoperation. Elective aortic root replacement was associated with a low risk and a good survival rate.

Assessment of training-dependent changes in the left ventricle torsion dynamics of professional soccer players using speckle-tracking echocardiography.

Recently, it has been proposed the use of speckle-tracking echography (STE) to study the left ventricle (LV) torsion dynamics, which would make LV torsion assessment more available in clinical and research cardiology. LV torsion has been described during exercise and in some sportsmen, but so far, its dynamics has not been studied in soccer players. The aims were to characterize and to compare LV apical and basal rotation, and to analyze LV torsion in professional soccer players using STE, and to determine the main differences in torsion between soccer players and age-matched non-trained individuals. The STE allowed characterizing LV rotation and torsion in both groups. LV torsion level and velocities were lesser in soccer players than in non-trained individuals. Changes in torsion in soccer players could represent physiological adaptations to training.

Reemplazo valvular aórtico utilizando la cirugía de Ross: 13 años de experiencia / Aortic Valve Replacement Using the Ross Procedure: a 13-Year Experience

Introducción El procedimiento de Ross para el tratamiento de la valvulopatía aórtica se ha utilizado durante décadas. A pesar de sus resultados alentadores, ciertos interrogantes han limitado su uso masivo; su durabilidad es uno de los principales motivos de preocupación. Objetivo Analizar los resultados de la cirugía de Ross en nuestro centro. Material y métodos El presente es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. De julio de 1995 a mayo de 2008, 198 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía de Ross; en todos ellos se empleó la técnica de reemplazo de la raíz aórtica. Los eventos asociados con la válvula se analizaron con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Para el análisis de las variables se emplearon el log-rank test y el modelo de Cox. Resultados La edad media fue de 39 ± 13 años; el 77% eran hombres. La cirugía fue indicada por estenosis aórtica (58%) e insuficiencia aórtica (42%). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 2,5% (5 pacientes). El seguimiento a 10 años fue completo en el 93% para los primeros 165 pacientes. La sobrevida a los 10 años fue del 94,8% (IC 95% 89-98). La libertad de endocarditis a los 10 años fue del 95% (IC 95% 84-98) y la libertad de eventos relacionados con la válvula a los 10 años fue del 91% (IC 95% 86-96). Cinco pacientes requirieron reoperación, 4 de ellos por disfunción del autoinjerto y enfermedad de otras válvulas. Conclusiones La cirugía de Ross es una técnica quirúrgica con una tasa baja de eventos a los 13 años y debe ser considerada para el tratamiento de la enfermedad valvular aórtica en pacientes seleccionados.

Background The Ross procedure has been used for decades for the treatment of aortic valve disease. Despite the promising outcomes of this technique, its limited durability is one of the major drawbacks against its massive indication. Objective To analyze the outcomes of the Ross procedure in our oenter. Material and Methods We conducted a retrospective study in a cohort of patients. From July 1995 to May 2008, 198 patients underwent Ross procedure with aortic root replacement technique. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the events associated with the valve, and the variables were analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox model. Results Mean age was 39± 13 years and 77% were raen. The procedure was indicated due to aortic stenosis (58%) and aortic regurgitation (42%). In-hospital mortality was 2.5% (5 patients). Complete follow-up at 10 years was achieved in 93% of the first 165 patients. Survival at 10 years was 94.8% (95% CI, 89-98) After 10 years, 95% (95% CI, 84-98) of patients did not present endocarditis and 91% (95% CI, 86-96) had no valve-related events. Five patients required reoperation, 4 due to autograft dysfunction and disease of other valves. Conclusions Ross procedure has a low event rate after 13 years and should be considered for the treatment of aortic valve disease in selected patients.

Enfoque interdisciplinario en el tratamiento del Síndrome de Marfan: resultados a 17 años / Interdisciplinary approach of Marfan Syndrome: a 17-year experience

Introducción: el Síndrome de Marfan (SM) es una enfermedad genética de baja prevalencia (1/5.000) individuos). Esta entidad posee características cardiovasculares, esqueléticas y oculares bien definidas. El pronóstico depende fundamentalmente de la dilatación de la raíz aórtica que provoca disección y/o ruptura de la misma. Hay gran desconocimiento sobre este síndrome por parte de los médicos de todas las especialidades. Con la formación de un equipo interdisciplinario diseñamos un registro sobre esta patología, relevando el comportamiento clínico y quirúrgico. Objetivo: registrar la información clínica y evolutiva de los pacientes con SM derivados de diversos lugares de nuestro país a nuestro centro con el fin de lograr una mejor atención de esta patología y detectar la presencia de dilatación de la raíz aórtica. Material y métodos: entre 1992 y 2009 se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de SM de acuerdo a los criterios internacionales establecidos en Ghent. Fueron evaluados por traumatólogos, cardiólogos, cirujanos cardiovasculares, oftalmólogos, nutricionistas, neumonólogos y psicólogos y controlados periódicamente con un programa preestablecido recibiendo tratamiento preventivo médico y/o quirúrgico. Resultados: se evaluaron 273 pacientes, 145 de sexo masculino (53,5%). La edad promedio fue de 25,7 años (2 a 70 años). Las manifestaciones diagnósticas cardiovasculares correspondieron en orden decreciente a: aneurisma de aorta torácica 84 p (30,7%), insuficiencia valvular aórtica 47 p (17,2%), prolapso de válvula mitral 30 sujetos (10,9%) e insuficiencia mitral en 28 (10,2%). 63 % (90 pacientes) requirió cirugía de reemplazo de aorta ascendente. 76 pacientes en nuestro Hospital, el 84 % de las cirugías fueron programadas. Conclusión: la constitución de un equipo interdisciplinario permitió controlar un importante número de pacientes con SM con la detección de un número significativo de casos pasibles de tratamiento preventivo del aneurisma de aorta torácica.

Introduction: Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder of low prevalence (1/5,000 subjects). This disorder has well defined cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular features. Its prognosis depends mainly on the aortic root dilation leading to its disection and/or rupture. This Syndrome is not well known among physicians of all specialties. In order to study the clinical and surgical characteristics of this disorder, we form an interdisciplinary team and design a registry. Objective: To register the clinical information and evolution of patients with Marfan Syndrome referred from different areas of our country to our Hospital in order to get a better attention of this disorder and to detect the presence of thoracic aorta dilation. Methods: Between 1992 and 2009, patients with Marfan Syndrome were included according to the international criteria established in Ghent. An interdisciplinary team formed by: traumatologists, cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, oftalmologists, specialists in nutrition, neumonologists and psychologists, evaluated and controlled the patients periodically with a pre set program receiving medical and/or surgical treatment. Results: it were evaluated 273 patients, 146 male (53,5%). Average age was 25.7 years (2-70 years old). Cardiovascular manifestations were in decreasing order: thoracic aorta aneurysms 84 p (30.7%), aortic valve regurgitation 47p (17.2%), mitral valve prolapse 30p (10.9%) and mitral regurgitation 28 p (10.2%), 90 patients (63%) required replacement of the ascending aorta, 76 were performed in our Hospital, and 84% of the procedures were scheduled. Conclusions: the formation of an interdisciplinary team allowed to control an important number of patients with Marfan Syndrome detecting a significant amount of cases which could be treated with preventive surgery of the thoracic aorta aneurysms, main cause of early mortality.

Granulomatosis de wegner: presentación de un caso / Wegner's granulomatosis: report of a atypical case

La granulomatosis de Wegener es una patología infrecuente caracterizada por vasculitis necrotizante de vías aéreas superiores e inferiores y glomerulonefritis. El diagnóstico se realiza por la combinación de criterios clínicos, la biopsia del tejido afecto y la presencia de anticuerpos contra componentes extranucleares de neutrófilos. El pronóstico ha mejorado sustancialmente desde la introducción de la ciclofosfamida al tratamiento. Presentamos un caso atípico cuya clínica fue un síndrome febril prolongado, tos e insuficiencia renal rápidamente progresiva, sin lesión de vías respiratorias superiores