Medications for alcohol use disorder promote abstinence in alcohol-associated cirrhosis: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of medications for alcohol use disorder (MAUD) in patients with cirrhosis is not well established. Evidence on the efficacy and safety of these drugs in these patients is scarce. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol guidelines on the efficacy of MAUD in patients with cirrhosis. A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, including all studies until May 2022. The population was defined as patients with AUD and cirrhosis. The primary outcome was alcohol abstinence. Safety was a secondary outcome. We performed a random-effect analysis and expressed the results as relative risk of alcohol consumption. Heterogeneity was measured by I2 . Out of 4095 unique references, 8 studies on 4 different AUD treatments [baclofen (n = 6), metadoxine (n = 1), acamprosate (n = 1), and fecal microbiota transplant (n = 1)] in a total of 794 patients were included. Four were cohort studies, and 4 were RCTs. Only RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. MAUD was associated with a reduced rate of alcohol consumption [relative risk = 0.68 (CI: 0.48-0.97), P = 0.03], increasing alcohol abstinence by 32% compared to placebo or standard treatment, despite high heterogeneity ( I2 = 67%). Regarding safety, out of 165 serious adverse events in patients treated with MAUD, only 5 (3%) were possibly or probably related to study medications. CONCLUSION: MAUD in patients with cirrhosis is effective in promoting alcohol abstinence and has a good safety profile. Larger studies on the effects of MAUD are needed, especially in patients with advanced liver disease.

Efficacy of medications for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD): A systematic review and meta-analysis considering baseline AUD severity.

Baseline severity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is an influencing factor in the response to medications recommended for the treatment of AUD. The scarce efficacy of AUD medications partly justifies their limited uses. We were interested in evaluating the efficacy of approved and recommended AUD medications using generic inverse-variance, an analysis facilitating comparison between medications and placebo both at the end of the study and, concomitantly, to baseline values for the same participants. We conducted a systematic review to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any medication to placebo providing, both at baseline and end of treatment, percent heavy drinking days (%HDD), percent drinking days (%DD), and/or drinks per drinking day (DDD). We searched PubMed, Embase, PMC, and three CT registers from inception to April 2023. A total of 79 RCTs (11,737 AUD participants; 30 different medications) were included: 47 RCTs (8465 participants) used AUD medications, and 32 RCTs (3272 participants) used other medications. At baseline, participants consumed on average approximately 12 DDD, and experienced 70 % DD, and 61 % HDD. Placebo halved or reduced these values to a third. Compared to placebo, AUD medications further reduced these outcomes (moderate to high certainty evidence). Other medications reduced the DDD without modifying other alcohol outcomes. AUD medications increased the risk of developing adverse events (high-certainty evidence). Despite the large placebo effects, our results support the benefits of providing AUD medications to people with AUD, helping them reduce alcohol consumption.

High-Risk Cannabis Use: A Proposal of an Operational Definition through Delphi Methodology for Scientific Consensus.

INTRODUCTION: Cannabis ranks as one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide. Its usage has been reported as a risk factor for developing a variety of physical and mental health issues, alongside social and economic problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hazardous (or high-risk) substance use is defined as "a pattern of substance use that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user." The primary objective of this study was to achieve a consensus on an operational definition of high-risk cannabis use suitable for a European jurisdiction (Spain). METHODS: A three round Delphi study was conducted. The Delphi technique entails group decision-making and iterative forecasting by consulting a panel of experts and conducting systematic feedback rounds. An online survey was distributed among a diverse expert panel comprising professionals from Spain working on fields related to cannabis use (research, policy planning, and clinical professionals). One-hundred ninety-nine invitations were sent to experts, of which forty-five (22.6%) accepted to participate. All participants were provided the option to revise a background document with the latest compiled scientific evidence and guidelines related to health and social conditions associated to cannabis usage. This background document also proposed the quantification of dose using a standardized unit established for the population of Spain (the Standard Joint Unit or SJU) based on quantity of cannabis main psychoactive constituent, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) (1 SJU = 1 joint = 0.25 g of cannabis = 7 mg of 9-THC). Three rounds of Likert scale and open-ended questions were administered until consensus, defined as ≥75% agreement, was attained. RESULTS: Consensus was reached on defining high-risk cannabis use as the usage of more than 4 SJU (>28 mg THC) per week or any use of cannabis with potency >10% THC. Concurrent use of cannabis with other drugs was also considered high risk, while the smoked route was considered the riskiest administration route. It was also agreed that vulnerable groups for high-risk cannabis use (for whom any pattern of cannabis use represents high risk of harm) include individuals under the age of 21, pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with psychiatric history, those with medical health issues related to cannabis use, professional drivers and heavy machine operators. CONCLUSION: This operational definition of high-risk cannabis use for Spain elucidates usage patterns and individual vulnerability factors predictive of heightened harm. Its adoption holds potential to inform decision-making among individuals, professionals, and policy-makers, facilitating evidence-based interventions aimed at prevention and risk reduction.

Another Round: Influence of Alcohol-Related Conditions and Other Drug Use-Related Disorders in Emergency Department Frequent Use - A Single-Site Matched Case-Control Study in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Patients who make 5 or more visits per year to hospital emergency departments (EDs) are usually considered ED frequent users (FUs). This study aims to better characterize the influence of alcohol and other drug use-related disorders in this phenomenon in a European Mediterranean country with public, universal, tax-financed healthcare system. METHODS: Matched case-control study. Cases were adults between 18 and 65 years old who consulted 5 or more times the ED of a tertiary hospital in Spain between December 2018 and November 2019. Each case was assigned a control of the same age and gender, who appeared to the ED on the same day, but who made 4 visits or less to the service during the study period. The electronic record of the first ED visit during this period was used to extract the variables of interest: emergency care received, clinical and social characteristics. Predictors of frequent ED use were identified with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: 609 case-control pairs (total n = 1,218) were selected. History of alcohol-related conditions (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.82 [95% CI: 1.26-2.64] p = 0.001) and also other drug use-related disorders (AOR = 1.50 [95% CI: 1.11-2.03] p = 0.009) significantly increased the probability of frequent use of emergency services. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Alcohol-related conditions and other drug use-related disorders must be evaluated in all ED FUs. Specific action protocols to concurrently address repeated attendance and addictions in the emergency room could be a good tool to reduce frequent ED use.

Vickybot, a Chatbot for Anxiety-Depressive Symptoms and Work-Related Burnout in Primary Care and Health Care Professionals: Development, Feasibility, and Potential Effectiveness Studies.

BACKGROUND: Many people attending primary care (PC) have anxiety-depressive symptoms and work-related burnout compounded by a lack of resources to meet their needs. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this problem, and digital tools have been proposed as a solution. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to present the development, feasibility, and potential effectiveness of Vickybot, a chatbot aimed at screening, monitoring, and reducing anxiety-depressive symptoms and work-related burnout, and detecting suicide risk in patients from PC and health care workers. METHODS: Healthy controls (HCs) tested Vickybot for reliability. For the simulation study, HCs used Vickybot for 2 weeks to simulate different clinical situations. For feasibility and effectiveness study, people consulting PC or health care workers with mental health problems used Vickybot for 1 month. Self-assessments for anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) symptoms and work-related burnout (based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory) were administered at baseline and every 2 weeks. Feasibility was determined from both subjective and objective user-engagement indicators (UEIs). Potential effectiveness was measured using paired 2-tailed t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for changes in self-assessment scores. RESULTS: Overall, 40 HCs tested Vickybot simultaneously, and the data were reliably transmitted and registered. For simulation, 17 HCs (n=13, 76% female; mean age 36.5, SD 9.7 years) received 98.8% of the expected modules. Suicidal alerts were received correctly. For the feasibility and potential effectiveness study, 34 patients (15 from PC and 19 health care workers; 76% [26/34] female; mean age 35.3, SD 10.1 years) completed the first self-assessments, with 100% (34/34) presenting anxiety symptoms, 94% (32/34) depressive symptoms, and 65% (22/34) work-related burnout. In addition, 27% (9/34) of patients completed the second self-assessment after 2 weeks of use. No significant differences were found between the first and second self-assessments for anxiety (t8=1.000; P=.34) or depressive (t8=0.40; P=.70) symptoms. However, work-related burnout scores were moderately reduced (z=-2.07, P=.04, r=0.32). There was a nonsignificant trend toward a greater reduction in anxiety-depressive symptoms and work-related burnout with greater use of the chatbot. Furthermore, 9% (3/34) of patients activated the suicide alert, and the research team promptly intervened with successful outcomes. Vickybot showed high subjective UEI (acceptability, usability, and satisfaction), but low objective UEI (completion, adherence, compliance, and engagement). Vickybot was moderately feasible. CONCLUSIONS: The chatbot was useful in screening for the presence and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and for detecting suicidal risk. Potential effectiveness was shown to reduce work-related burnout but not anxiety or depressive symptoms. Subjective perceptions of use contrasted with low objective-use metrics. Our results are promising but suggest the need to adapt and enhance the smartphone-based solution to improve engagement. A consensus on how to report UEIs and validate digital solutions, particularly for chatbots, is required.

Systematic review on the clinical management of chronic pain and comorbid opioid use disorder. / Revisión sistemática sobre el manejo clínico del dolor crónico y el trastorno por uso de opioides simultáneo.

The crisis caused by prescribed opioids and their related side effects are a public health problem worldwide. Most of these are prescribed for coping with chronic pain. The coexistence of opioid use disorder (OUD) in patients with chronic pain represents a complex challenge due to the need for managing both pain and OUD. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of feasible treatments for this population with OUD and comorbid chronic pain for both conditions. A systematic database search has been performed using Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ClinicalTrials.gov in compliance with PRISMA guidelines. Eligible articles addressed the outcomes in chronic pain patients with comorbid opioid use disorder after treatment interventions were applied. Of 593 identified articles, nine were eligible for qualitative review (n = 7 pharmacological interventions; n = 2 psychological interventions). Methadone, buprenorphine, cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness showed promising results, but data were inconclusive (<2 RCT with low risk of bias). It is unclear whether the opioid agonist treatment should be maintained or tapered and which drug should be prescribed for the opioid substitution therapy (methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone). Mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy have a discrete effect on improving negative affect but not pain. The therapeutic approach might be individualized under a shared decision-making basis.

La crisis causada por los opioides recetados y sus efectos secundarios relacionados son un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. La mayoría de estos medicamentos se recetan para el afrontamiento del dolor crónico. La coexistencia del trastorno por uso de opioides (TUO) en pacientes con dolor crónico representa un desafío complejo debido a la necesidad de controlar tanto el dolor como el TUO. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar la eficacia de los tratamientos posibles para dicha población con TUO y dolor crónico. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática usando las bases de datos Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO y ClinicalTrials.gov, conforme a las pautas PRISMA. Los artículos elegibles abordaron los resultados en pacientes con dolor crónico y diagnóstico comórbido de TUO, después de aplicar una intervención. De 593 artículos identificados, nueve eran elegibles para la revisión cualitativa (n = 7 intervenciones farmacológicas; n = 2 intervenciones psicológicas). La metadona, la buprenorfina, la terapia cognitivo-conductual y el mindfulness mostraron resultados prometedores, pero los datos no eran concluyentes (<2 ECA con bajo riesgo de sesgo). No está claro si el tratamiento con agonistas opioides debe mantenerse o disminuirse y qué fármaco debe prescribirse para la terapia de sustitución de opioides (metadona o buprenorfina/naloxona). El mindfulness y la terapia cognitivo-conductual tienen un efecto discreto en la mejora del afecto negativo, pero no del dolor. El enfoque terapéutico podría individualizarse sobre la base de una toma de decisiones conjunta.

The relevance of patterns of use: A survey to assess cannabis use related harm. / La importancia de los patrones de consumo: Diseño de una encuesta que permita evaluar daño relacionado al consumo de cannabis.

Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use is estimated 192 million adults worldwide (2017) and has increased by 16% in the last decade. However, data on quantity and frequency of use that can lead to harm is lacking. We have developed a survey to assess patterns of cannabis use and related harms in a sample of cannabis users. This paper focuses on evaluating the feasibility of the survey and the users' satisfaction in a pilot sample. Forty cannabis users were recruited (>18 years old, living in Spain, cannabis use at least once during the last 12 months) between December 2018 and January 2019. Participants answered an online survey (mental health, organic harm and injury) and an ad hoc questionnaire to assess accessibility, feasibility, satisfaction, design and content appropriateness. Of the participants, 93.23% (n = 37.3) were satisfied with the design, 94.92% (n = 38.2) were satisfied with the content, and 94.73% (n = 37.0) were satisfied with the accessibility of the survey; only minor changes were required to improve feasibility and accessibility. Participants used a median of 1.0 Standard Joint Unit per day (Interquartile Range [IQR] 1.0-2.0). Of the sample, 92.5% reported at least one related harm and suffers a median of 4.0 disorders (IQR, 1.25-5.0). The present study allows for designing a feasible online survey to conduct a cross-sectional study with a larger sample.

Globalmente, 192 millones de adultos han consumido cannabis alguna vez en su vida (2017), un consumo que se ha incrementado en un 16% en la última década. Sin embargo, seguimos sin tener información clara sobre qué cantidad y qué frecuencia de consumo va a causar daño. Por tanto, este proyecto desarrolla una encuesta para evaluar los patrones de consumo de cannabis y los daños relacionados en una muestra de consumidores. Este artículo se centra en mostrar la factibilidad de la encuesta y la satisfacción de los usuarios en una muestra piloto. Cuarenta usuarios de cannabis fueron reclutados (>18 años, viviendo en España, consumo de cannabis mínimo una vez en los últimos 12 meses) entre diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019. Los participantes respondieron una encuesta en línea (consumo cannábico, salud mental, organicidad y lesiones) y un cuestionario ad hoc para evaluar la accesibilidad, factibilidad, satisfacción, diseño y contenido. El 93,23% de participantes estaba satisfecho con el diseño; el 94,92% estaba satisfecho con el contenido y el 94,73% estaba satisfecho con la accesibilidad de la encuesta, y fueron necesarios solo cambios menores para mejorar la factibilidad y la accesibilidad de algunos ítems. Los participantes consumieron una mediana de 1,0 Unidades de Porro Estándar por día (Rango Intercuartílico [RIQ] 1,0-2,0). El 92,5% de la muestra puntuó como mínimo en un daño relacionado y con una mediana de 4,0 patologías (RIQ 1,25-5,0). El presente estudio nos permite diseñar una encuesta en línea con determinada factibilidad que pueda ser usada en un estudio transversal a gran escala.

Rehabilitation Gaming System for Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Usability Study.

AIMS: Cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent, and it negatively impacts treatment outcome. However, this condition is neither systematically assessed nor treated. Thus, we aimed to explore the usability of a virtual reality-based protocol ('Rehabilitation Gaming System', RGS) for patients with AUD. METHODS: Twenty AUD patients (50% also cognitive impairment) underwent a single session of the RGS protocol (four cognitive training tasks, 10 minutes each). System Usability Scale (SUS) and Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) were applied to assess the RGS usability and patients' satisfaction with it. Also, the Perceived Competence Scale was administered to assess the patients' feelings of competence when using the training protocol. Comparisons of the responses to these questionnaires were performed between AUD patients with cognitive impairment and those without cognitive impairment. RESULTS: RGS usability was very positively rated (median SUS score = 80, Interquartile Range, IQR = 68.13-86-88). No significant differences were found in the median SUS scores for any of the sociodemographic or clinical variables, excepting for gender (women median score = 85; IQR = 80-94.38 vs. men median score = 71.25; IQR = 61.25-89.25; P-value = 0.035). The quality of the information provided by the RGS training scenarios and the usability were positively rated (PSSUQ), and patients experienced high feelings of competence. CONCLUSIONS: The RGS has been found to be usable in the short term and patients with AUD stated to be satisfied with it. Future larger, randomized trials are needed to explore the effectiveness of this tool to help overcome the cognitive deficits in AUD patients.

Validation of the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in acute psychiatric inpatients. / Validación de la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST) en pacientes con trastorno psiquiátrico ingresados en una unidad de agudos.

The aims of this study were to examine the psychometric properties of The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in psychiatric inpatients, due to the scarcity of screening instruments validated in this population. Patients from Hospital Clínic's psychiatric ward (n = 202) completed: ASSIST, Addiction Severity Index (ASI), MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). Reliability and validity evidences based on internal structure (Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses) and on the relation to other variables were obtained. Excellent internal consistency was found for Total Substance Involvement (TSI) (α = .92 and ω = .93) and for Specific Substance Involvement (SSI) scores (α = .88 - .96 and ω = .89 - .95). Analysis of internal structure for tobacco, alcohol and cannabis subscales resulted in unidimensional models with adequate goodness-of-fit indices. ASSIST scores were significantly correlated with those of ASI (r = .795 to r = .953), AUDIT (r = .864), FTND (r = .808), DAST (r = .831), SDS (r = .519) and with "number of diagnoses of abuse/dependence" in MINI-Plus (TSI: r = .857 to r = .862; SSI: r = .646 to r = .834). Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) and Mann-Whitney's U test found good discriminative validity evidences. ASSIST scores showed good reliability and there were validity evidences that support its use for identifying risk levels of tobacco, alcohol and other substance use in psychiatric patients.

Los objetivos fueron examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST) en pacientes con trastorno psiquiátrico. Un total de 202 pacientes ingresados en psiquiatría del Hospital Clínic completaron: ASSIST, Índice de gravedad de la adicción (ASI), MINI-Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI), cuestionario de identificación de los trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol (AUDIT), Test de Fagerström (FTND), Escala de gravedad de la dependencia (SDS) y Prueba de detección de abuso de drogas (DAST). Se obtuvieron la fiabilidad y evidencia de validez de la estructura interna (análisis factorial exploratorio/confirmatorio) y de la relación con otras variables. Se encontró excelente consistencia interna en puntuaciones de riesgo total (TSI) (α = ,92 y ω = ,93) y de cada sustancia (SSI) (α = ,88 - ,96 y ω = ,89 - ,95). La estructura interna de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis resultó en modelos unidimensionales con índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados. Las puntuaciones del ASSIST correlacionaron significativamente con: ASI (r = ,795 a r = ,953), AUDIT (r = ,864), FTND (r = ,808), DAST (r = ,831), SDS (r = ,519) y «número de diagnósticos de abuso/dependencia¼ en MINI-Plus (TSI: r = ,857 - ,862; SSI: r = ,646 - ,834). El análisis de curva ROC y U de Mann-Whitney mostraron evidencias de validez discriminativa. Las puntuaciones del ASSIST tienen buena fiabilidad y existen evidencias de validez para su uso en la detección del nivel de riesgo de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y sustancias en pacientes con trastorno psiquiátrico.

Impact of Training and Municipal Support on Primary Health Care-Based Measurement of Alcohol Consumption in Three Latin American Countries: 5-Month Outcome Results of the Quasi-experimental Randomized SCALA Trial.

PURPOSE: We aimed to test the effects of providing municipal support and training to primary health care providers compared to both training alone and to care as usual on the proportion of adult patients having their alcohol consumption measured. METHODS: We undertook a quasi-experimental study reporting on a 5-month implementation period in 58 primary health care centres from municipal areas within Bogotá (Colombia), Mexico City (Mexico), and Lima (Peru). Within the municipal areas, units were randomized to four arms: (1) care as usual (control); (2) training alone; (3) training and municipal support, designed specifically for the study, using a less intensive clinical and training package; and (4) training and municipal support, designed specifically for the study, using a more intense clinical and training package. The primary outcome was the cumulative proportion of consulting adult patients out of the population registered within the centre whose alcohol consumption was measured (coverage). RESULTS: The combination of municipal support and training did not result in higher coverage than training alone (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.6 to 0.8). Training alone resulted in higher coverage than no training (IRR = 9.8, 95% CI = 4.1 to 24.7). Coverage did not differ by intensity of the clinical and training package (coefficient = 0.8, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Training of providers is key to increasing coverage of alcohol measurement amongst primary health care patients. Although municipal support provided no added value, it is too early to conclude this finding, since full implementation was shortened due to COVID-19 restrictions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT03524599; Registered 15 May 2018; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03524599.

Motivational Interviewing for Cannabis Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis is one of the most used drugs worldwide. There is no gold standard treatment for cannabis use disorder (CUD). Motivational interviewing (MI) has shown efficacy in some substance use disorders. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of MI in CUD. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials or open-label studies published until September 2019 from 3 different databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and PsycINFO) were included, following the PRISMA guidelines and a predetermined set of criteria for article selection. Meta-analyses were conducted. The end point was determined as month 3, and 4 outcomes were analysed (abstinence rates, reduction in frequency of use, reduction in quantity of use, and reduction in cannabis use disorder symptoms) in 2 populations (adolescents and adults). RESULTS: Forty studies were identified, of which 24 were performed in adults and 16 in adolescents. MI showed efficacy in achieving abstinence in both adults (odds ratio [OR] = 3.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.40-6.16, p < 0.0001) and adolescents (OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.42-2.89, p < 0.0001). MI showed efficacy in reducing frequency and quantity of use in adults but not in adolescents. Those adults who were in the MI group consumed less joints per day than those in the control group (mean difference = -0.69 joints per day, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.53, p < 0.001), and they consumed on less days per month (mean difference = -3.9 days per month, 95% CI -7.47 to -0.34, p = 0.0317) than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: MI is an effective intervention to reduce cannabis use and achieve abstinence, especially among adults and patients with no prior history of psychotic disorder. Further investigation is needed to assess the effect on CUD symptoms. MI should be included in guidelines for treating cannabis use disorder as one of the essential psychological interventions.

Psychiatric Clinical Profiles and Pharmacological Interactions in COVID-19 Inpatients Referred to a Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Unit: a Cross-Sectional Study.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can affect mental health in different ways. There is little research about psychiatric complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The aim of the study was to describe the psychiatric clinical profile and pharmacological interactions in COVID-19 inpatients referred to a Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry (CLP) unit. This is a cross-sectional study, carried out at a tertiary hospital in Spain, in inpatients admitted because of COVID-19 and referred to our CLP Unit from March 17,2020 to April 28,2020. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. The patients were divided in three groups depending on psychiatric diagnosis: delirium, severe mental illness (SMI) and non-severe mental illness (NSMI). Of 71 patients included (median [ICR] age 64 [54-73] years; 70.4% male), 35.2% had a delirium, 18.3% had a SMI, and 46.5% had a NSMI. Compared to patients with delirium and NSMI, patients with SMI were younger, more likely to be institutionalized and were administered less anti-COVID19 drugs. Mortality was higher among patients with delirium (21.7%) than those with SMI (0%) or NSMI (9.45%). The rate of side effects due to interactions between anti-COVID19 and psychiatric drugs was low, mainly drowsiness (4.3%) and borderline QTc prolongation (1.5%). Patients affected by SMI were more often undertreated for COVID-19. However, the rate of interactions was very low, and avoidable with a proper evaluation and drug-dose adjustment. Half of the patients with SMI were institutionalized, suggesting that living conditions in residential facilities could make them more vulnerable to infection.

The relationship between motivations for cannabis consumption and problematic use. / Relación entre las motivaciones para consumir y el consumo problemático de cannabis.

INTRODUCTION: Systematic screening of problematic cannabis use does not include the motivations that lead to consumption, although from a person-centered perspective this is fundamental. The present study explores the motivations for cannabis use in adults and its relationship with cannabis use patterns and problematic use. METHOD: Adult cannabis users (previous 60 days) were recruited in the province of Barcelona (n = 468). Information on their sociodemographic data, cannabis use pattern, Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) and the main motivation for use were collected. Motivations were categorized a posteriori according to the Marijuana Motives Measures (MMM). A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out to link the motivations to sociodemographic variables, consumption pattern and probability of suffering problematic cannabis use (CAST). RESULTS: Using cannabis to heighten positive feelings (35%), out of habit (29%) and to cope with negative feelings (25%) were the most frequent motivations. In comparison to other motivations, coping is related to a greater quantity of cannabis used (4 vs 3 joints per day, p = 0.005), higher probability of problematic cannabis use (77% vs 64%, p = 0.05), and greater social vulnerability (unemployment 56% vs 37%, p = 0.001; and low educational level 14% vs 8%, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Coping as a motivation for cannabis use is present in one out of four users and is a marker of social vulnerability, greater quantity of cannabis used and higher risk of problematic use. Patient-centered care together with preventive (emotional and social education) and clinical strategies (psychotherapy) can be useful for this population at higher risk.

Introducción. El cribado sistemático del consumo problemático de cannabis no incluye las motivaciones que llevan al consumo, aunque desde una perspectiva de atención centrada en la persona, este dato sea fundamental. El presente estudio explora las motivaciones de consumo de cannabis en adultos y su relación con el patrón de consumo y consumo problemático.  Método. Consumidores adultos de cannabis (en los últimos 60 días) fueron reclutados en la provincia de Barcelona (n=468). Se pasó un cuestionario para explorar datos sociodemográficos, patrón de uso, la Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) y la motivación principal para el consumo. Los motivos de consumo se categorizaron a posteriori según la Marijuana Motives Measures (MMM). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial para explorar la relación entre la motivación categorizada y variables sociodemográficas, patrón de consumo y puntuaciones de la CAST.Resultados. Consumir cannabis para mejorar las emociones positivas (35%), por costumbre (29%) y para afrontar emociones negativas (25%) fueron las motivaciones más frecuentes. Respecto a otras motivaciones, el "afrontamiento" se relaciona con mayor cantidad consumida (4 vs 3 porros/día, p = 0,005), mayor probabilidad de tener un consumo problemático (77% vs 64%, p = 0,05), y mayor vulnerabilidad social (desempleo 56% vs 37%, p = 0,001; y bajo nivel de estudios (14% vs 8%, p = 0,042)). Conclusiones. El afrontamiento está presente en uno de cada cuatro usuarios de cannabis, es un marcador de vulnerabilidad social y de mayor cantidad de consumo de cannabis y probabilidad de consumo problemático. Una atención centrada en la persona junto con estrategias preventivas (educación emocional y social) y clínicas (psicoterapia) pueden ser de utilidad en esta población de mayor riesgo.

"The post-COVID era": challenges in the treatment of substance use disorder (SUD) after the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Citizens affected by substance use disorders are high-risk populations for both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related mortality. Relevant vulnerabilities to COVID-19 in people who suffer substance use disorders are described in previous communications. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a unique opportunity to reshape and update addiction treatment networks. MAIN BODY: Renewed treatment systems should be based on these seven pillars: (1) telemedicine and digital solutions, (2) hospitalization at home, (3) consultation-liaison psychiatric and addiction services, (4) harm-reduction facilities, (5) person-centered care, (6) promote paid work to improve quality of life in people with substance use disorders, and (7) integrated addiction care. The three "best buys" of the World Health Organization (reduce availability, increase prices, and a ban on advertising) are still valid. Additionally, new strategies must be implemented to systematically deal with (a) fake news concerning legal and illegal drugs and (b) controversial scientific information. CONCLUSION: The heroin pandemic four decades ago was the last time that addiction treatment systems were updated in many western countries. A revised and modernized addiction treatment network must include improved access to care, facilitated where appropriate by technology; more integrated care with addiction specialists supporting non-specialists; and reducing the stigma experienced by people with SUDs.

A systematic review of treatments for alcohol-related cognitive impairment: lessons from the past and gaps for future interventions.

Alcohol-related cognitive impairment (ARCI) is highly prevalent among patients with alcohol dependence. Although it negatively influences treatment outcome, this condition is underdiagnosed and undertreated. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the existing evidence regarding both cognitive and pharmacological interventions for ARCI. We systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus and Science direct databases up to May 2019 and followed the PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Jadad Scale. Twenty-six studies were eligible for inclusion (14 referring to neuropsychological interventions and 12 to pharmacological treatments). Among neuropsychological interventions, computerised treatments, errorless learning and component method showed positive effects on working memory, memory measures and general cognitive function. On the other hand, thiamine, memantine and methylphenidate improved working memory, long-term memory and general cognitive function. Nevertheless, these studies have several limitations, such as small sample size, lack of replication of the results or low specificity of the interventions. Therefore, no gold-standard intervention can yet be recommended for clinical practice, and further research based on promising strategies (e.g. digital interventions, thiamine) is required.

e-INEBRIA Special Interest Group Roadmap for Best Practices for Research on Brief Digital Interventions for Problematic Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use.

There is great potential for scaling up the delivery of brief interventions for alcohol and illicit drug use, given the increasing coverage of mobile devices and technologies for digital interventions, including apps for smartphones and tablets. However, while the number of digital interventions is increasing rapidly, the involvement of brief-intervention researchers and the development of good practices has just begun. In 2018, the Special Interest Group on digital interventions of the International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol & Other Drugs (e-INEBRIA SIG) initiated a conversation regarding possible avenues of future research, which subsequently became a roadmap for digital interventions. This roadmap consists of points considered relevant for future research, ongoing technological developments, and their implementation across a continuum of prevention and care. Moreover, it outlines starting points for the diversification of brief digital interventions, as well as next steps for quality improvement and implementation in public health and clinical practice. The roadmap of the e-INEBRIA SIG on digital interventions is a starting point that indicates relevant next steps and provides orientation for researchers and interested practitioners with regard to the ambiguous literature and the complexity of current digital interventions.

Role of Alcohol and Drug Detection by Regular Urine Sample Testing in pre-transplant evaluation for Alcohol Liver Disease. / Papel de la detección regular de sustancias en orina en pacientes en valoración pre-transplante hepático por hepatopatía alcohólica.

Alcohol Liver Disease (ALD) is one of the most prevalent conditions leading to liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease. There is lacking evidence of regular urine screening testing (RUST) impact on survival or liver transplantation of ALD patients. The aims of this study were to compare the sensitivity of RUST, to assess its impact on survival and liver transplantation, and to evaluate factors associated with adherence to RUST. We performed a single-centered retrospective study (N = 84) with ALD candidates for liver transplantation. Demographic, biochemical and clinical variables were recorded at baseline. Adherence to RUST was evaluated during follow-up. The sensitivity of both RUST and self-reports were calculated for all drugs. Multivariable logistic and survival regression analyses were performed to explore associated factors and the impact of adherence to RUST, and positive results on survival. RUST had high sensitivity for identifying active drinkers (76.9%), smokers (78.9%) and cannabis users (83.3%). High adherence to RUST was inversely associated with mortality during follow-up. Presence of personality disorders negatively impacted (OR 0.29, CI 95% 0.08-0.97) adherence to RUST. Both RUST and self-reports should be carried out in this setting. Professionals involved in liver transplantation programs must promote adherence to RUST, primarily in patients with personality disorders.

La enfermedad hepática alcohólica (EHA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de trasplante hepático en enfermedad hepática terminal. No hay evidencia de impacto de la detección regular de sustancias en orina (DRSO) sobre la supervivencia de los pacientes con EHA. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar la sensibilidad de la DRSO, evaluar su impacto en la supervivencia y en el trasplante de hígado, y evaluar el impacto de la adherencia a la DRSO. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo (N = 84) con candidatos para trasplante de hígado por EHA. Registramos las variables demográficas, bioquímicas y clínicas al inicio del estudio. Evaluamos la adherencia a la DRSO durante el seguimiento. Calculamos la sensibilidad tanto de la DRSO como de las declaraciones de los pacientes para todas las sustancias. Realizamos análisis multivariables (regresión logística) y de supervivencia para explorar los factores asociados y el impacto de la adherencia a la DRSO, y de los resultados positivos en la DRSO sobre la supervivencia. La DRSO tuvo una alta sensibilidad para identificar bebedores activos (76,9%), fumadores (78,9%) y consumidores de cannabis (83,3%). Alta adherencia a la DRSO tuvo una asociación inversa con mortalidad durante el seguimiento. La presencia de trastornos de la personalidad tuvo un impacto negativo (RM ,29, IC 95% ,08-,97) sobre la adherencia a la DRSO. Tanto la DRSO como las declaraciones deben llevarse a cabo en este perfil de pacientes. Los profesionales que participan en programas de trasplante hepático deben promover el cumplimiento de la DRSO, principalmente en pacientes con trastornos de la personalidad.

Prediction of Alcohol Relapse Among Liver Transplant Candidates With Less Than 6 Months of Abstinence Using the High-Risk Alcoholism Relapse Score.

The selection of liver transplantation (LT) candidates with alcohol-use disorder (AUD) is influenced by the risk of alcohol relapse (AR) after LT. We aimed to investigate the risk factors of AR after LT and its impact on graft and recipient outcomes. A retrospective study was conducted that included all consecutive patients with AUD undergoing LT from January 2004 to April 2016 (n = 309), excluding patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AR were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was used to analyze patient survival and graft cirrhosis. There were 70 (23%) patients who presented AR (median follow-up, 68 months), most of them (n = 44, 63%) presenting heavy AR. The probability of heavy AR was 2.3%, 7.5%, 12%, and 29% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years after LT, respectively. The independent risk factors for heavy AR included a High-Risk Alcoholism Relapse (HRAR) score ≥3 (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.02-5.56; P = 0.04) and the duration of abstinence (months) before LT (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98; P = 0.03). In recipients with <6 months of abstinence before LT, the probability of heavy AR after LT was higher in patients with an HRAR score ≥3 than in those with an HRAR score <3 (20%, 36.7%, and 47% versus 6.8%, 12.4%, and 27% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively; log-rank 0.013). The risk of graft cirrhosis was increased in patients with heavy AR (hazard ratio, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.58-7.57; P = 0.002) compared with nonrelapsers, with no differences in patient survival. In conclusion, the HRAR score is helpful in identifying the risk of harmful AR after LT in candidates with <6 months of alcohol abstinence without alcoholic hepatitis. These patients could benefit from a longterm integrative patient-centered approach after LT until lifestyle changes are implemented.

Translation, adaptation, and reliability of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation in the Spanish population.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial risk factors influence the course of transplantation. Psychosocial evaluation is an important part of pre-transplantation evaluation processes, yet there are no standardized instruments in Spanish. OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt, and test the reliability of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT) in organ and cell transplantation patients in the Spanish context. METHOD: A Spanish version was developed and adapted using WHO's guidelines. The first 30 candidates' SIPAT interviews were recorded and scored by four independent examiners to test the inter-rater reliability. The internal consistency of the SIPAT items was calculated with a sample of 150 heart, liver, and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant candidates. Evaluations were conducted by SIPAT-trained and transplantation-experienced clinical psychologists and psychiatrists. RESULTS: Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation achieved excellent intra-class correlation reliability coefficients between investigators (ICC = 0.93 for the general score and from 0.77 to 0.94 for domain scores). Good internal consistency was found with Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 (from 0.69-0.71 for domains). DISCUSSION: This study presents the translated and adapted version of SIPAT. It has been found to have strong inter-rater reliability and good internal consistency. Further research is needed to confirm reliability (eg, test-retest) and establish its validity (eg, concurrent, predictive).