Electrochemical Real-Time Mass Spectrometry (EC-RTMS): Monitoring Electrochemical Reaction Products in Real Time.

Methods that provide real-time information are essential to resolve transients occurring at dynamic interfaces. Now a powerful method is presented that enables the time- and potential-resolved characterization of liquid and gaseous products of electrochemical reactions shortly after their formation. To demonstrate its extraordinary potential, the electrochemical real time mass spectrometry (EC-RTMS) approach is used to determine the products of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) during potential step or sweep experiments on pristine and in situ anodized copper. The enhanced formation of several C2+ products over C1 products is tracked directly after copper anodization, with unprecedented temporal resolution. This new technique creates exciting new opportunities for resolving processes that occur at short timescales and eventually for guiding the design of new, robust catalysts for selective electrosynthesis under dynamic operation.

Few-layer black phosphorus enables nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions.

Nitrogen (N2) fixation is a key reaction in biological and industrial chemistry, which does not occur spontaneously under ambient conditions but often depends on very specific catalysts and harsh reaction processes. Here we show that exposing exfoliated black phosphorus to the open air triggers, concomitantly, the oxidation of the two-dimensional (2D) material and the fixation of up to 100 parts per million (0.01%) of N2 on the surface. The fixation also occurs in pristine non-exfoliated material. Besides, other allotropic forms of phosphorus, like red P, also fixes N2 during ambient oxidation, suggesting that the N2 fixation process is intrinsic with phosphorus oxidation and does not depend on the chemical structure or the dimensionality of the solid. Despite the low amounts of N2 fixed, this serendipitous discovery could have fundamental implications on the chemistry and environmental stability of phosphorous and the design of related catalysts for N2 fixation.

Monolayer black phosphorus by sequential wet-chemical surface oxidation.

We report a straightforward chemical methodology for controlling the thickness of black phosphorus flakes down to the monolayer limit by layer-by-layer oxidation and thinning, using water as solubilizing agent. Moreover, the oxidation process can be stopped at will by two different passivation procedures, namely the non-covalent functionalization with perylene diimide chromophores, which prevents the photooxidation, or by using a protective ionic liquid layer. The obtained flakes preserve their electronic properties as demonstrated by fabricating a BP field-effect transistor (FET). This work paves the way for the preparation of BP devices with controlled thickness.