Diagnosis of the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass opacities on high-resolution computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: To explore the diagnostic method in assessing the malignancy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma characterized by ground glass opacities (GGO) on computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Preoperative CT data for preinvasive and invasive lung adenocarcinomas were analyzed retrospectively. GGO lesions that were detected on lung windows but absent using the mediastinal window were subject to adjustment of the window width, which was reduced with the fixed interval of 100 HU until the lesions were no longer evident, with a fixed mediastinal window level of 40 HU. The shape, smoking habits, size of the lesion on the lung window, and window width at which lesions disappeared were compared and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off of the lesion size and window width to differentiate between these invasive and preinvasive lesions. RESULTS: Of the 209 lung adenocarcinomas, 102 were preinvasive (25 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and 77 adenocarcinoma in situ), while 107 were invasive (78 minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and 29 invasive adenocarcinoma). The shape, lesion size, and window width at which lesions were no longer evident differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). The size of 8.9 mm and a window width of 1250 HU were the optimal cut-off to differentiate between preinvasive and invasive lesions. CONCLUSION: The shape, size of the lesion, and window width on high-resolution CT may be useful in assessing the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma that manifests as GGO. Irregular lesions that disappear at window width <1250 HU, with a diameter of > 8.9 mm are more likely to be invasive.

Morphological factors differentiating between early lung adenocarcinomas appearing as pure ground-glass nodules measuring ≤10 mm on thin-section computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the morphological features of pure ground-glass nodules (GGNs; diameter, ≤10 mm) on thin-section computed tomography (TSCT) with their histopathological results in order to identify TSCT features differentiating between atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA). METHODS: Between January and December 2013, 205 pure GGNs with a diameter ≤10 mm on TSCT were pathologically confirmed as AAH (40), AIS (95) or MIA (70) lesions. The patients' age and sex were recorded. The morphological features were evaluated, and maximum diameter and mean CT value were measured for each nodule. F test, Pearson χ2 test, Fisher exact test and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors differentiating between AAH, AIS and MIA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed for maximum diameter and mean CT value. RESULTS: F test, Pearson χ2 test and Fisher exact test revealed that maximum diameter (P <0.00001), mean CT value (P =0.005), type of interface (P =0.005) and presence of air bronchograms (P =0.02, n =44) significantly differed among the AAH, AIS and MIA groups. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that maximum diameter ≥6.5 mm, a well-defined and coarse interface indicated AIS or MIA rather than AAH; air bronchograms differentiated MIA from AAH; but these parameters did not differentiate between AIS and MIA. A mean CT value less than -520 HU indicated AAH or AIS rather than MIA, but did not differentiate between AAH and AIS. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of pure GGNs measuring ≤10 mm, a maximum diameter ≥6.5 mm, a well-defined and coarse interface indicate AIS or MIA rather than AAH; an air bronchogram can differentiate MIA from AAH. A mean CT value less than -520 HU indicates AAH or AIS rather than MIA.