Decreased Quantitative Cerebral Blood Volume Is Associated With Poor Outcomes in Large Core Patients.

BACKGROUND: Recent large core trials have highlighted the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion. Variable perfusion-imaging thresholds and poor Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score reliability underline the need for more standardized, quantitative ischemia measures for MT patient selection. We aimed to identify the computed tomography perfusion parameter most strongly associated with poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke-large vessel occlusion with significant ischemic cores. METHODS: In this study from 2 comprehensive stroke centers from 2 comprehensive stroke centers within the Johns Hopkins Medical Enterprise (Johns Hopkins Hospita-East Baltimore and Bayview Medical Campus) from July 29, 2019 to January 29, 2023 in a continuously maintained database, we included patients with acute ischemic stroke-large vessel occlusion with ischemic core volumes defined as relative cerebral blood flow <30% and ≥50 mL on computed tomography perfusion or Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score <6. We used receiver operating characteristics to find the optimal cutoff for parameters like cerebral blood volume (CBV) <34%, 38%, 42%, and relative cerebral blood flow >20%, 30%, 34%, 38%, and time-to-maximum >4, 6, 8, and 10 seconds. The primary outcome was unfavorable outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale score 4-6). Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, intravenous thrombolysis, and MT. RESULTS: We identified 59 patients with large ischemic cores. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that CBV<42% ≥68 mL is associated with unfavorable outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale score 4-6) with an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82-0.99) in the total and MT-only cohorts. Dichotomizing at this CBV threshold, patients in the ≥68 mL group exhibited significantly higher relative cerebral blood flow, time-to-maximum >8 and 10 seconds volumes, higher CBV volumes, higher HIR, and lower CBV index. The multivariable model incorporating CBV<42% ≥68 mL predicted poor outcomes robustly in both cohorts (area under the curve for MT-only subgroup was 0.87 [95% CI, 0.75-1.00]). CONCLUSIONS: CBV<42% ≥68 mL most effectively forecasts poor outcomes in patients with large-core stroke, confirming its value alongside other parameters like time-to-maximum in managing acute ischemic stroke-large vessel occlusion.

A New (Digital) Era in Medical Journalism: Leveraging Social Media and Other Online Tools to Increase Reach and Engagement.

Social media is a popular communication and marketing tool in modern society, with the power to reach and engage large audiences. Many members of the medical and radiology communities have embraced social media platforms, particularly X (formerly known as Twitter), as an efficient and economic means for performing patient outreach, disseminating research and educational materials, building networks, and promoting diversity. Editors of medical journals with a clear vision and relevant expertise can leverage social media and other digital tools to advance the journal's mission, further their interests, and directly benefit journal authors and readers. For editors, social media offers a means to increase article visibility and downloads, expand awareness of volunteer opportunities, and use metrics and other feedback to inform future initiatives. Authors benefit from broader dissemination of their work, which aids establishment of a national or international reputation. Readers can receive high-quality high-yield content in a digestible format directly on their devices while actively engaging with journal editors and authors in the online community. The authors highlight the multifaceted benefits of social media engagement and digital tool implementation in the context of medical journalism and summarize the activities of the RadioGraphics Social Media and Digital Innovation Team. By enumerating the social media activities of RadioGraphics and describing the underlying rationale for each activity, the authors present a blueprint for other medical journals considering similar initiatives. ©RSNA, 2023.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed in Liver Cirrhosis; Less May Be More.

INTRODUCTION: Administration of antibiotics in patients with cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been shown to improve outcomes. Little is known regarding optimum duration of prophylactic antibiotics. Seven days of antibiotics are generally recommended but very few studies have compared antibiotic duration to clinical outcomes in current available scientific literature. The goal of our study was to study the effect of shorter antibiotic duration on patient outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis presenting with upper GI bleeding at our institute from 2010 to 2018. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on duration of antibiotic administration for prophylaxis: 1-3 days of antibiotics, 4-6 days of antibiotics and 7 days or more of antibiotics. Rates of infection diagnosis within 30 days, rebleeding, and mortality were compared between the three groups with Chi square, Fisher Exact and Kruskall-Wallace tests. Multivariable analysis was conducted to evaluate independent risk factors for infection. RESULTS: Medical charts of 980 patients with cirrhosis and upper GI bleeding during the study period were reviewed. A total of 303 with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the final sample, of these 243 patients received antibiotics for prophylaxis and were included for analysis. Seventy-seven patients received antibiotic therapy for 3 days or less, 69 patients for 4-6 days, and 97 patients longer than 6 days. The three groups were well matched in demographic and clinical variables. Twenty-seven patients developed infections within 30 days of bleeding. MELD-Na score at presentation and presence of ascites were associated with infection within 30 days. Rates of infection were not statistically different between the three antibiotic groups (p = 0.78). In the thirty days following the GI bleed, pneumonia was the most diagnosed infection (eleven patients) followed by urinary tract infections (eight patients). Four patients developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and three were diagnosed with bacteremia. There was no difference in time to infection (Kruskall Wallace test p = 0.75), early re-bleeding (p = 0.81), late re-bleeding (p = 0.37) and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.94) in the three groups. Six patients in the cohort developed C. Difficile infection; no patient in the short antibiotic group developed C. Difficile infection. CONCLUSION: Short course of antibiotics for prophylaxis (3 days) appears safe and adequate for prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis with upper gastrointestinal bleeding if there is no active infection.

MR Intracranial Venography at 7 T.

Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Integrated Biomarkers for the Management of Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules.

Rationale: Patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs) at risk of cancer undergo high rates of invasive, costly, and morbid procedures. Objectives: To train and externally validate a risk prediction model that combined clinical, blood, and imaging biomarkers to improve the noninvasive management of IPNs. Methods: In this prospectively collected, retrospective blinded evaluation study, probability of cancer was calculated for 456 patient nodules using the Mayo Clinic model, and patients were categorized into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. A combined biomarker model (CBM) including clinical variables, serum high sensitivity CYFRA 21-1 level, and a radiomic signature was trained in cohort 1 (n = 170) and validated in cohorts 2-4 (total n = 286). All patients were pooled to recalibrate the model for clinical implementation. The clinical utility of the CBM compared with current clinical care was evaluated in 2 cohorts. Measurements and Main Results: The CBM provided improved diagnostic accuracy over the Mayo Clinic model with an improvement in area under the curve of 0.124 (95% bootstrap confidence interval, 0.091-0.156; P < 2 × 10-16). Applying 10% and 70% risk thresholds resulted in a bias-corrected clinical reclassification index for cases and control subjects of 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. A clinical utility analysis of patient medical records estimated that a CBM-guided strategy would have reduced invasive procedures from 62.9% to 50.6% in the intermediate-risk benign population and shortened the median time to diagnosis of cancer from 60 to 21 days in intermediate-risk cancers. Conclusions: Integration of clinical, blood, and image biomarkers improves noninvasive diagnosis of patients with IPNs, potentially reducing the rate of unnecessary invasive procedures while shortening the time to diagnosis.

Validation of the BRODERS classifier (Benign versus aggRessive nODule Evaluation using Radiomic Stratification), a novel HRCT-based radiomic classifier for indeterminate pulmonary nodules.

INTRODUCTION: Implementation of low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) lung cancer screening and the ever-increasing use of cross-sectional imaging are resulting in the identification of many screen- and incidentally detected indeterminate pulmonary nodules. While the management of nodules with low or high pre-test probability of malignancy is relatively straightforward, those with intermediate pre-test probability commonly require advanced imaging or biopsy. Noninvasive risk stratification tools are highly desirable. METHODS: We previously developed the BRODERS classifier (Benign versus aggRessive nODule Evaluation using Radiomic Stratification), a conventional predictive radiomic model based on eight imaging features capturing nodule location, shape, size, texture and surface characteristics. Herein we report its external validation using a dataset of incidentally identified lung nodules (Vanderbilt University Lung Nodule Registry) in comparison to the Brock model. Area under the curve (AUC), as well as sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values were calculated. RESULTS: For the entire Vanderbilt validation set (n=170, 54% malignant), the AUC was 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.92) for the Brock model and 0.90 (95% CI 0.85-0.94) for the BRODERS model. Using the optimal cut-off determined by Youden's index, the sensitivity was 92.3%, the specificity was 62.0%, the positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 73.7% and 87.5%, respectively. For nodules with intermediate pre-test probability of malignancy, Brock score of 5-65% (n=97), the sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 46%, respectively, the PPV was 78.4% and the NPV was 79.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The BRODERS radiomic predictive model performs well on an independent dataset and may facilitate the management of indeterminate pulmonary nodules.