Prevalence of papillary muscle hypertrophy in fabry disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked genetic lysosomal disease, in which a deficit in the alpha-galactosidase A enzyme results in lysosomal build-up of globotriaosylceramide in several organs, causing cardiac, renal and cerebrovascular complications. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of papillary muscle hypertrophy (PMH) in patients with FD. METHODS: A group of 63 patients with FD and a positive genetic diagnosis were studied and were divided into two groups: one included 24 patients with FD and LVH and another group included 39 patients with FD and without LVH. Papillary muscles were measured from the left parasternal short axis view, defining PMH as a diastolic thickness greater than 11 mm in any diameter. RESULTS: Patients with FD and LVH had a high prevalence of anterolateral PMH (66.6%), and such prevalence was lower for the posteromedial PMH (33.3%). However, patients who had not yet developed LVH had a high prevalence of anterolateral PMH (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with FD in the pre-clinical stage (without LVH) have a high prevalence of PMH, especially involving the anterolateral papillary muscle. This finding could be an early marker for the development of LVH, allowing to suspect the disease during its early stages, and begin enzyme replacement therapy in the appropriate patients.

Tissue Doppler Imaging and strain rate of the left atrial lateral wall: age related variations and comparison with parameters of diastolic function.

BACKGROUND: Strain Rate Imaging (SRI) is one of the most used techniques to study left atrial (LA) and diastolic function. Its availability in low-income countries is diminished since it requires additional expensive software, among other limitations. In contrast, Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) is widely available and easy to use. We hypothesize TDI could detect changes in LA and diastolic function associated with age similarly to SRI. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of age on LA and diastolic function assessed by LA lateral wall TDI online by spectral pulse, and to compare them with age-related variations of LA SRI and other parameters of diastolic function in a population of healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one healthy adults were prospectively evaluated. In apical four - chamber view the LA lateral wall was divided in three portions. Peak velocities of basal and mid portions were measured with TDI online by spectral pulse and with SRI by speckle tracking. A first positive wave (S'la and SRS) and two negative waves (E'la and SRE, and A'la and SRA respectively) were obtained. E'la/A'la ratio and SRE/SRA ratio were analyzed. The distribution of the variables by age subgroups was described and analyzed. Correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: The median age was 42 years old and 54.9% were female. E'la/A'la showed a negative good correlation with age. E'la/A'la and SRE/SRA ratios changed from > 1 to < 1 in the age group of 41-50 years old, while this occurred in the group of 51-60 years old for the E/A ratio. Lateral and septal mitral annulus E´ showed decrease with age and prolongation of E-wave deceleration time was observed in the age group over 61 years old. CONCLUSION: Normal values​​ according to age group of TDI of the LA lateral wall were obtained. Age-related changes in LA and diastolic function could be detected as early with TDI as with SRI. Future studies are required to explore if this method could be used to address in part LA or diastolic function in other populations with established cardiovascular disease or at risk of presenting it, which could be useful in low-income settings, where SRI is not available.

Clinical significance of tissue Doppler imaging in chronic Chagas disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (ChD) is one of the main parasitic diseases in Latin-America. Its heart involvement is the most important cause of death. The aim of this study is to evaluate if Doppler Tissue Imaging (DTI) may have a predictive value for later events in subjects with chronic ChD. METHODS: we analyses DTI variables of 543 patients with chronic ChD for the evaluation of predicting factors of events. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were considered as stroke, heart failure resistant to treatment, sustained ventricular tachycardia, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, sudden death, and cardiovascular death. The following findings were also included in total evens: heart failure, bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmia, new conduction system abnormalities, and new echocardiographic abnormalities. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used in order to assess the Doppler and DTI parameters predicting events. Variables with a P-value ≤ .5 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: In patients with chronic ChD, the analysis of DTI parameters showed that S' wave and E' wave of the lateral wall of the left ventricle were significant predictors of MACE (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71-0.96; P-value: .015 and OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66-0.98; P-value: .031, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that patients with chronic ChD who had events showed significantly lower parameters in the DTI. What is more, this study showed that even lower DTI parameters are significant predictors of events.

Mechanical dispersion in Fabry disease assessed with speckle tracking echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked storage disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A, and it typically causes multiorgan dysfunction. The main cause of death is heart disease resulting from left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, LV systolic dysfunction, severe LV hypertrophy (LVH), and sudden death. In several cardiac disorders, LV systolic dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias are associated with mechanical dispersion (MD). MD has until now not been studied in patients with FD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of MD in patients with FD. METHODS: Complete echocardiographic data and speckle tracking echocardiographic data were collected. MD is an index of inter-segmental discoordination of contraction and is defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the time-to-peak longitudinal negative strain in 17 LV segments with a value >49 milliseconds. Patients with FD were divided into the following 2 groups: group I (patients with FD but no LVH, n = 64) and group II (patients with FD and LVH, n = 25). These groups were compared with a group of healthy subjects (group III, n = 50). Parametric variables were expressed as mean ± SD, and nonparametric variables were expressed as median and inter-quartile range. A P value <.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients with FD were included in this study. Of these, 24 (21%) were excluded because of poor imaging quality or presence of comorbidities, and the final study population consisted of 89 patients (mean age of 33.5 ± 14.5 years, 64% female). Group II patients were older than group I patients (46 ± 13 years vs 27 ± 11 years, P < .0001). There was no difference in LV ejection fraction between the 3 groups. There was also no difference in MD between groups I and III (32.4 ms [26-39] vs 32 ms [26-39]). In group II, the MD in 19 patients (76%) was 56 ms (39-80). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the prevalence of MD in patients with FD. MD was observed in 76% of patients with FD and LVH. The use of MD in strain echocardiography may be beneficial in the assessment of patients with FD who develop heart failure.

Tissue Doppler imaging of the atrial lateral wall: Correlation with atrial strain rate and parameters of diastolic function.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the velocity profile of the lateral wall of the left atrium (LA) using pulsed-wave color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) on line and its correlation with two-dimensional strain rate imaging (SRI) by speckle tracking, of equal segments and phases, and other parameters of diastolic function in a population of individuals without known cardiovascular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 91 adults aged 18-74 years, without cardiovascular history, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia or obesity, were evaluated. A Doppler echocardiogram was performed. The lateral wall of the LA was divided subjectively into three portions, the atrial roof was excluded; the peak velocities of the basal and midportions, and their average, were measured with pulsed-wave TDI on line and SRI. Using both techniques, a first positive wave (S'la and SRS-reservoir phase) and two negative waves (E'la and SRE-conduit phase-and A'la and SRA-atrial systole-respectively) were obtained. E'la/A'la ratio and SRE/SRA ratio were analyzed. RESULTS: The median age was 42 years, and 54.9% of the subjects were female. S'la presented moderate correlation with S' lateral mitral annulus. Both E'la and the E'la/A'la relationships showed moderate to good correlation with various diastolic dysfunction parameters evaluated and SRI. A'la did not present a statistically significant correlation with any of the variables evaluated. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the lateral wall of the LA by pulsed-wave color TDI on line is feasible in the vast majority of patients. In the conduit phase, E'la and the E'la/A'la relationship showed correlation with the parameters that evaluate diastolic function and SRI.

Comparison of left atrial size and function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in Fabry disease with left ventricular hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are two diseases with a different pathophysiology, both cause left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and myocardial fibrosis. Although remodeling and systolic dysfunction of the left atrium (LA) are associated with atrial fibrillation and stroke in HCM, changes in the size and function of the LA have not been well studied in FD with LVH. METHODS: The following groups were studied prospectively, and their respective findings compared: 19 patients with non-obstructive HCM (Group I), 20 patients with a diagnosis of Fabry cardiomyopathy (Group II), and 20 normal subjects matched for sex and age (Group III). Left ventricular mass index was measured using Devereux' formula, left atrial volume with Simpson's biplane method and left atrial mechanical function, including strain and strain rate, was measured using the speckle tracking technique. Strain and strain rate of the reservoir were measured during the three phases: reservoir (SR S), passive conduit (SR E) and atrial contraction (SR A). RESULTS: Patients with HCM had a larger left atrial volume than patients with FD (48.16 ± 14.3 mL/m2 vs 38.9 ± 14.9 mL/m2 respectively, P < .001), but in both disorders there was a severe decrease in left atrial function: reservoir strain in the apical four-chamber view: 17.47% in HCM vs 22.5% in FD, P = .24), strain rate in the apical chamber view: SR A: -0.80/seconds in HCM vs -1.04/seconds in FD (P = .88), SR S: 0.69/seconds in HCM vs 0.93 in FD (P = .12), SR E: -0.80 seconds in HCM vs -0.97/seconds in FD (P = .18). CONCLUSIONS: In this echocardiographic study we used speckle tracking to assess left atrial mechanical function and showed that FD is associated to an atrial cardiomyopathy, affecting the three phasic functions of the LA. Although in patients with HCM left atrial volume is larger than in patients with FD, both disorders exhibit severe decrease in left atrial function. These findings should be considered, given the potentially serious complications that can occur with the two diseases.

Bone cement cardiac and pulmonary embolism.

This case describes a complication of bone cement use. A 65-year-old male patient with back spine trauma caused by a fall, underwent a percutaneous vertebroplasty. Five years later, he consulted for palpitations, and the electrocardiogram showed supraventricular arrhythmia. A transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography showed a hyperechogenic linear structure of 7 cm length, running from the lateral wall of the right ventricle to the right atrium through the tricuspid valve. This foreign body, which was suspicious for bone cement embolism, appeared rigid and was attached at the lateral wall of the right ventricle, with its proximal end free in the right atrium. The tip of the cement embolus was inside the myocardium of the lateral wall of the right ventricle, with risk of cardiac perforation. A fluoroscopy was performed, which confirmed the presence of cement within the right heart, with great mobility in each cardiac cycle. Chest computed tomography (CT) and multidetector CT three-dimensional reconstruction confirmed the presence of cement within the right heart. Chest CT showed two pulmonary embolisms, one in the right upper lobe and one in the left lower pulmonary lobe. This case emphasizes the risk of late clinical manifestations of cardiac and pulmonary embolism of methylmethacrylate after percutaneous vertebroplasty, suggesting that the risk of such embolism might be underestimated. We propose routine chest radiography, two-dimensional echocardiography, and chest CT after every percutaneous vertebroplasty, to detect asymptomatic cardiac and pulmonary embolism and thereby prevent serious delayed cardiopulmonary failures.

Initial Results and Long-Term Follow-up of Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) is an attractive therapeutic approach in patients with mitral stenosis. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate and long-term clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic outcomes of PMV in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PAH). METHODS: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty was performed in 157 consecutive patients; 60 patients (38.2%) had significant PAH defined as baseline pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) ≥ 30mm Hg (Group 1) and 97 patients (61.8%) had PAMP ≤ 30mmHg (Group 2). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), mortality, need for mitral valve replacement or new PMV, and valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 44.2 years and 88.5% (139 patients) were women. Primary success was achieved in 79.6% of the patients (125 patients) without differences between the groups. Mitral valve area increased from 0.90cm2 to 1.76cm2, PASP fell from 57mmHg to 35mmHg in Group 1 and from 38mmHg to 30mmHg in Group 2. Median PASP in Group 1 was 35, 32, 36, 38 and 34mmHg at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. There were no significant differences in mitral valve area, PASP and clinical status between the groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of patients with mitral stenosis and PAH. A significant decrease in pulmonary pressure was observed after valvuloplasty. Although there was a gradual decrease of MVA at long-term follow-up, most patients remained asymptomatic and PASP was stable.

Papillary fibroelastoma: clinical and echocardiographic features and initial approach in 54 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) is a benign cardiac tumor that is currently detected more often due to the technological improvements in echocardiography. OBJECTIVES: To describe the echocardiographic features of PFE and correlate them with the clinical presentation and initial treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective analysis of patients with a diagnosis of PFE was conducted between 2000 and 2015. We assessed the clinical history, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, echocardiographic features, and initial treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients with a diagnosis of PFE by echocardiography were included. The incidence was 0.038%. Mean age was 62±16 years; 50% were male. Forty-six percent of patients had symptoms at the time of diagnosis, the most frequent of which was transient ischemic accident (TIA). Embolic episodes occurred in 31% of patients, mainly to the brain. PFEs were valvular in 70.4% of cases and multiple in 13%. Mean maximum length was 1.18±0.58 cm, and 44% were mobile. PFEs >1.5 cm were most often found in the heart valves (56.8% vs 10.8%; P=.045). There was no significant relation between size, mobility, location and number of tumors, and the presence of embolism or symptoms. Most frequent treatment was oral anticoagulation in 48.6%, followed by simple tumor resection in 42.8% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: PFE is a small tumor, predominantly valvular and benign, but entails a high incidence of cerebral embolism. The initial approach should be individualized according to clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and the experience of the surgical center.

Severe mitral regurgitation after radiotherapy.

We present the case of a 69-year-old patient with a history of gynecological neoplasia and a pulmonary metastasis, who in 1996 underwent chemotherapy and mediastinal radiotherapy followed by cancer remission. Ten years later she presented with heart failure and her Doppler echocardiogram showed severe mitral regurgitation with pulmonary hypertension. In 2011, she underwent a mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthesis and the pathology exam revealed valve damage consistent with radiotherapy-induced changes. This unusual mechanism of mitral regurgitation can be demonstrated clearly by echocardiography and should be disseminated among cardiology physicians and in patients who have survived for long periods after radiotherapy, it is important to remember that cardiac complications may indeed occur, and the treating physician is responsible for detecting them.

Cardiovascular adaptive response to training in elite athletes. Comparison between endurance and non-endurance athletes.

INTRODUCTION: The different structural modifications that have been described in the heart of the high-performance athlete depend on factors such as age, gender, type of sport, and the intensity and time dedicated to training. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of elite athletes through echocardiography for the description of cardiac structure and function, and the comparison between athletes with cardiorespiratory endurance and the rest of the athletes. METHODS: We performed the echocardiographic examination in 224 elite athletes, 96 women and 128 men aged 15 to 38 years (21.7 ± 5.3 years) and they were divided into 2 groups: "Endurance Group" (cardiorespiratory endurance) and "Non-Endurance Group" which included the rest of the sports. Univariate comparison between the two groups was performed by measuring 14 echocardiographic variables. RESULTS: In men, statistically significant higher values were identified in the endurance group for interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall, relative wall thickness (RWT), left ventricular mass index and left atrial dimension. In women, the endurance group had significantly lower heart rate values, and significantly higher left ventricular diastolic dimension with normal RWT. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the echocardiographic variables showed higher sample means in the endurance athletes. In the subgroup of men from the Endurance Group, eccentric hypertrophy prevailed with a greater increase in wall thickness, as well as in the diameter of the left atrium, while in women the variables indicated eccentric hypertrophy at the expense of an increase in left ventricle diameter, without increased wall thickness.

Introducción: Las diferentes modificaciones estructurales que han sido descritas en el corazón del deportista de alto rendimiento dependen de factores como la edad, el género, el tipo de deporte, la intensidad y el tiempo dedicados al entrenamiento. OBJETIVOS: Evaluación de atletas de élite por medio de la ecocardiografía para la descripción de la estructura y la función cardíacas, y la comparación entre deportistas de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y el resto de los deportistas. Métodos: Realizamos el examen ecocardiográfico en 224 deportistas de elite, 96 mujeres y 128 varones con edades de 15 a 38 años (21.7 ± 5.3 años) y se dividieron en 2 grupos: "Grupo de Resistencia" (resistencia cardiorrespiratoria) y "Grupo de no Resistencia" el cual incluyó al resto de los deportes. Se realizó la comparación univariada de 14 variables ecocardiográficas entre los dos grupos. RESULTADOS: En los hombres se identificaron valores estadísticamente significativos más altos en el grupo de resistencia para septum interventricular, pared posterior, grosor parietal relativo, índice de masa del ventrículo izquierdo y aurícula izquierda. En las mujeres, el grupo de resistencia tuvo valores de frecuencia cardíaca más bajos con diámetro diastólico e índice de masa del ventrículo izquierdo significativamente mayores. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las variables ecocardiográficas mostró valores mayores en los atletas de resistencia. En los hombres del Grupo de Resistencia, predominó la hipertrofia excéntrica con mayor incremento en el grosor parietal y del diámetro de la aurícula izquierda, mientras que en las mujeres las variables indicaron hipertrofia excéntrica a expensas de un aumento del diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo, sin incremento del grosor parietal.

Esophageal carcinoma and transthoracic echocardiography.

We report a rare case of a patient with esophageal carcinoma diagnosed using transthoracic echocardiography. This examination proved to be useful in the identification of a paracardiac mediastinal mass. Images of the esophageal carcinoma, of the stent in the esophagus, and the bubbles inside the stent generated with the ingestion of a carbonated beverage, have not been previously published. Therefore, we believe our findings may be useful to other echocardiographers.

Assessment of coronary flow with transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in echocardiography have allowed assessment of flow velocity in the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with ischemic heart disease, using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography (TTDE). However, few data are available regarding coronary blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). OBJECTIVE: To assess the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with HCM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 25 patients with HCM was assessed prospectively (mean age 57 ± 21 years, 11 male) using TTDE; flow velocities in the epicardial coronary arteries were measured and compared with those obtained in 10 age- and gender-matched controls. Analysis of the diastolic spectral waveform included flow velocity integral (VTI), peak velocity, deceleration time, and deceleration slope measurements, while systolic waveform analysis included peak flow measurement and morphology assessment (positive, absent or negative). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for multiple comparisons for variables with a normal distribution, and a Kruskal-Wallis test was used for variables with non-Gaussian distribution. RESULTS: Patients with HCM exhibited an increase in diastolic flow velocity with a rapid deceleration slope and a systolic slope which was decreased, absent or reversed, compared to normal subjects. On linear regression analysis there was no correlation with the type of hypertrophy or magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM. CONCLUSION: In patients with HCM, noninvasive assessment with TTDE revealed abnormal findings in the distal flow of the epicardial coronary arteries, very similar to those seen in the no-reflow phenomenon. These findings were independent of the type of hypertrophy and magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for early detection of myocardial damage in young patients with Fabry disease.

Fabry disease (FD) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Conventional echocardiography is not sensitive enough to perform the preclinical diagnosis To assess whether longitudinal myocardial strain of the left ventricle (LV), using speckle tracking, is useful to detect early myocardial involvement in FD. Forty-four patients with FD who were diagnosed with genetic testing were prospectively included and were compared to a sex-matched control group. They were divided into three groups: 22 with LVH (Group I), 22 without LVH (Group II), and 22 healthy volunteers (Group III). LV longitudinal strain was measured from the apical views. An ANOVA test was used for multiple comparisons for variables with a normal distribution, and a Kruskal-Wallis test was used for variables with non-Gaussian distribution. Longitudinal LV strain was different in the three groups: it was ≥-15% in at least one segment in all Group I patients, in 50% of patients of Group II and in no patient of Group III. Seventy percent of the segments with abnormal strain in Group II were located in the basal regions (32/46). These findings show that the presence of at least one strain value ≥-15% demonstrates subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with preclinical FD. Longitudinal myocardial LV strain measured with speckle tracking is a useful tool to detect early myocardial involvement in young patients with FD. This information allows the detection and treatment of myocardial dysfunction at an early stage, which is of high clinical importance.

[Primary pericardial synovial sarcoma]. / Sarcoma sinovial primario de pericardio.

Primary pericardial synovial sarcoma is an extraordinarily very rare tumor with a poor prognosis, and little is known about its therapeutic management. We describe the case of a 51-year-old woman patient who underwent incomplete surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, no primary pericardial synovial sarcoma has been described which, after surgery, remains asymptomatic for 5 years, and until a control CT scan detects cardiac metastases that compromised the lumen of the right cavities and with chemotherapy, echocardiography demonstrated complete resolution of cardiac metastases.

El sarcoma sinovial primario del pericardio es un tumor muy raro y de mal pronóstico y se sabe poco en cuanto al manejo terapéutico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 51 años a quien se le realizó resección quirúrgica incompleta, quimioterapia y radioterapia. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer caso de un sarcoma sinovial primario de pericardio que luego de operado se mantuvo asintomático durante 5 años hasta que en una TAC de control se le detectaron metástasis cardiacas que comprometían las cavidades derechas y con quimioterapia, la ecocardiografía demostró la resolución completa de las mismas.

Speckle Tracking Imaging in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction is a strong predictor of mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH). The goal of this study was to investigate whether right atrium (RA) and RV myocardial strain related to PH using speckle tracking echocardiography provide a superior estimation of RV systolic function than 2-dimensional (2D)-echo. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 22 patients with a diagnosis of PH stratified by right heart catheterization, and they were compared to a control group of 22 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. RESULTS: Global longitudinal peak systolic strain measured in the RV free wall from the apical 4 chamber view was -15% vs. -14.5% when measured from the subcostal view (p = 0.99). Mean longitudinal strain during reservoir phase, and longitudinal strain rate during atrial reservoir and passive conduit function was significantly impaired measured in the right atrial free wall in patients with PH. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed impaired LV contractility in patients with PH assessed by speckle tracking strain. RV free wall longitudinal strain does not correlate with any of the measurements of RV systolic function obtained by 2D echocardiography. A major strength of RV longitudinal strain is its ability to assess the RV function without the limitations of 2D parameters. The subcostal RV strain is a feasible and accurate alternative to conventional RV strain from the apical view in patients with poor acoustic apical 4-chamber windows. The RA strain and strain rates values may be a valuable additive to assess right-sided heart function.

Use of tissue doppler imaging for the early detection of myocardial dysfunction in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is one of the most common diseases in Latin America and heart involvement is the main cause of death. This study aimed to determine differences in tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters in the assessment left and right ventricular function in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease compared to those in healthy controls. METHODS: We compared 194 patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease to 72 age-matched healthy individuals. We considered p-values <0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: TDI analysis of the right ventricular (RV) showed lengthened isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) and higher RV index of myocardial performance (RIMP) and left ventricle (LV) index of myocardial performance (LIMP) in the Chagas group than in the control group, indicating RV and LV systolic and diastolic myocardial damage. TDI analysis of the myocardial velocities of the interventricular septum and the lateral wall of the LV also showed a systolic and diastolic myocardial damage. CONCLUSIONS: The study results demonstrated early LV systolic and diastolic myocardial damage in the RV and LV in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease by TDI. These early findings of RV and LV dysfunction may help identify patients who will progress to heart failure during the disease course. TDI should be included in initial patient evaluations because it allows adequate follow-up and treatment.

Perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic impact on cardio-oncology: results from the COVID-19 International Collaborative Network survey.

BACKGROUND: Re-allocation of resources during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in delays in care delivery to patients with cardiovascular disease and cancer. The ability of health care providers to provide optimal care in this setting has not been formally evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of COVID-19 resource re-allocation on scheduling, testing, elective procedures, telemedicine access, use of new COVID-19 therapies, and providers' opinions on healthcare policies among oncology and cardiology practitioners. METHODS: An electronic survey was conducted by a cardio-oncology collaborative network through regional and state chapters of the American College of Cardiology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the International Cardio-Oncology Society. Descriptive statistics were reported by frequency and proportion for analyses, and stratified categorically by geographic region and specialty. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred fifteen providers (43 countries) participated: 986 cardiologists, 306 oncologists, and 118 trainees/internal medicine. 63% (195/306) of oncologists vs 92% (896/976) of cardiologists reported cancellations of treatments/elective procedures (p = 0.01). 46% (442/970) of cardiologists and 25% (76/303) of oncologists modified the scope of their practice (p = < 0.001). Academic physicians (74.5%) felt better supplied with personal protective equipment (PPE) vs non-academic (74.5% vs 67.2%; p = 0.018). Telemedicine was less common in Europe 81% (74/91), and Latin America 64% (101/158), than the United States, 88% (950/1097) (p = < 0.001). 95% of all groups supported more active leadership from medical professional societies. CONCLUSIONS: These results support initiatives to promote expanded coverage for telemedicine, increased access to PPE, better testing availability and involvement of medical professional societies to help with preparedness for future health care crisis.

Myocardial perfusion SPECT in the diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Apical hypertrophy cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare condition characterized by asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy of the apex of the left ventricle. When two-dimensional echocardiography is limited by a poor acoustic window, patients are often referred for MRI. Our hypothesis is that a cheaper and more widely available diagnostic modality like myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be helpful in the diagnosis of ACM. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to define the characteristics of rest and stress SPECT studies in patients with known ACM, and whether SPECT may be helpful in the diagnosis of ACM. METHODS: Adult patients with ACM were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis was made with 2-D echo. A rest and exercise or dipyridamole stress SPECT study was performed in all patients with Tc-99m sestamibi. RESULTS: We enrolled 20 patients (mean age 60 +/- 16 years), 9 were female, with ACM. SPECT at rest revealed in 15 patients (75%) an increased apical tracer uptake, a spade-like deformity of the left ventricular chamber, and the "Solar Polar" map pattern consistent with ACM. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SPECT for detecting ACM were 75%, 100%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Three-fourths of adult patients with ACM showed, on myocardial perfusion SPECT, characteristic findings which were not seen in age-matched control subjects, such as a significant increased apical tracer uptake, a spade-like deformity of the left ventricle, and the "Solar Polar" map. Nuclear physicians should be aware of these SPECT findings because many ACM patients may first end up in the nuclear labs due to their markedly abnormal ECG for exclusion of obstructive coronary artery disease.

Intermittent acute aortic regurgitation of a mechanical bileaflet aortic valve prosthesis: diagnosis and clinical implications.

Intermittent aortic regurgitation (AR) is an unusual complication after a mechanical prosthetic replacement. We describe a rare case of intermittent dysfunction of a bileaflet mechanical aortic prosthetic valve in a 41-year-old man with a 21 mm Tri-technologies prosthetic valve implanted 4 years before. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) before discharge was normal and prosthesis-patient mismatch was ruled out. He was admitted to our hospital because of mild dyspnoea at effort. TTE revealed acute and severe intermittent AR. The patient underwent surgery, during which abnormal proliferation of subvalvular pannus overgrowth on the inflow aspect of the prosthesis was found impeding the normal closure of one of the discs of the prosthesis. The pannus formation was resected, the Tri-technologies prosthetic valve was prophylactic explanted and a 23 mm St Jude Medical bileaflet mechanical prosthesis valve was implanted. We describe the role of TTE and the limitation of the cinefluoroscopy in the diagnosis of Tri-technologies prosthetic dysfunction.