Hepatitis B Virus DNA-Level Change is Associated With Tumor Recurrence in Patients With Resected Hepatitis B Virus Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the significance of perioperative hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA changes for predicting recurrence in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing liver resection (LR). METHODS: From 2013 to 2020, 241 patients with HBV-related HCC who underwent LR in five Hallym university-affiliated hospitals were enrolled. The serum HBV DNA level, together with other clinicopathological variables, was analyzed for association with HCC recurrence. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 99 patients had undetectable HBV DNA and 142 had detectable viral levels. Of those with detectable viral levels, 72 rapidly progressed to undetectable levels within 3 mo after LR (Rapid group), and 70 showed persistently detectable levels (Nonrapid group). The Rapid group had a better recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate than the Nonrapid group (1-y, 3-y RFS = 75.4%, 57.3%, versus 54.7%, 39.9%, respectively, P = 0.012). In the subgroup analysis, the Rapid group had a better RFS rate in early stages (1-y, 3-y RFS = 82.6%, 68.5%, versus 62.8%, 45.8%, respectively, P = 0.005); however, the RFS rates between the two groups were comparable in the advanced stage (1-y, 3-y RFS = 61.1%, 16.7% versus 45.5%, 22.7%, respectively, P = 0.994). Among the 142 patients with preoperatively detectable HBV DNA, persistently detectable HBV DNA within 3 mo postoperatively (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.7, P = 0.022), large tumor size (HR = 2.7, P < 0.001), multiple tumors (HR = 3.2, P < 0.001), and microvascular invasion (HR = 1.7, P = 0.028) were independent risk factors for RFS in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Rapidly undetectable HBV DNA after LR is associated with a better prognosis for recurrence in patients with HCC. Therefore, appropriate treatment and/or screening may be necessary for patients who do not return to undetectable HBV DNA after LR.

Linguistic anomalies observed in the Sentence Completion Test in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating disorder characterised by distorted thinking, perceptions, behaviours, and even language impairments. We investigated the linguistic anomalies in Korean schizophrenia patients compared to non-psychotic psychiatric controls to determine whether the linguistic anomalies in English speakers with schizophrenia were replicated in Korean speakers. METHODS: Thirty-four schizophrenia patients and 70 non-psychotic psychiatric controls were included in this study. The SCT was utilised as the text data for analysis. For linguistic analysis, we evaluated texts regarding semantics and syntax. We separately counted the number of semantic or syntactic errors in the written texts of study participants and compared them between patients and controls. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients showed significantly more semantic errors (p < .001) and syntactic errors (p < .001) per 1,000 characters than non-psychotic psychiatric controls. Specifically, inappropriate word or syntactic component selection is noticeable in schizophrenia patients. These differences were still significant after adjusting for general intelligence measured by the K-WAIS-IV. CONCLUSION: Schizophrenia patients showed both semantic and syntactic errors in written language. Moreover, these errors seemed to be partly independent of general intelligence. Notably, patients showed a noticeable number of syntactic errors. Further investigation into the language of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is required.

Lactobacillus plantarum Reduces Low-Grade Inflammation and Glucose Levels in a Mouse Model of Chronic Stress and Diabetes.

This study aimed to examine the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacteria strain isolated from kimchi, on the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exacerbated by chronic stress. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) and randomized into an HFD group or a group that was fed an HFD and subjected to chronic cold exposure-related stress (HFDS), or mice were fed a normal diet (ND) and randomized into an ND group or a group that was fed an ND and subjected to chronic cold exposure-related stress (NDS). Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5310 (108, 1010 CFU) and LRCC5314 (108, 1010 CFU) as well as L. gasseri BNR17 (108 CFU), as a positive control, were administered orally twice every day to all the mice for 12 weeks. The expression of Glut4 and adiponectin, main glucose transporter-related genes, was upregulated in the LRCC5310- and LRCC5314-treated groups. Levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and of mRNAs of proinflammatory genes (Tnf-α, Il-6, Ccl2, leptin) were elevated in HFDS mice. The expression of proinflammatory genes was downregulated in LRCC5310- and LRCC5314-treated groups; this was not the case for Tnf-α expression in HFDS mice. Levels of serum corticosterone and mRNA levels of stress-related genes (Npy, Y2r) were decreased in lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fed groups, with only LRCC5314 downregulating Npy expression in HFDS mice. These results suggest that the LAB strains can normalize the expression of metabolic genes, inhibit inflammatory responses, and suppress stress in HFDS mice.

Hygroscopic behavior and chemical reactivity of aerosols generated from mixture solutions of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids and NaCl.

Ambient sea spray aerosols (SSAs) have been reported to undergo reactions with low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (LMW DCAs). In the present study, the hygroscopic behavior of aerosols generated from NaCl-LMW DCA mixture solutions with different mixing ratios was explained. In situ Raman microspectrometry (RMS) was used to simultaneously monitor the alterations in chemical composition, size, and phase as a function of the relative humidity (RH) for individual aerosols. The observation of individual mixture aerosols revealed chemical reactions on the timescale of one hour in the aqueous phase, mostly during the dehydration process, leading to the formation of sodium salts of DCAs with distinct reactivities among different DCAs and mixing ratios, which in turn exhibited diverse hygroscopic behaviors. The NaCl-DCA mixture aerosols were either in a ternary NaCl-DCA-DCA sodium salt system or a binary NaCl-DCA sodium salt or DCA-DCA sodium salt system, instead of a binary NaCl-DCA system when experiencing the hygroscopic process. The chemical compositional evolution of the NaCl-DCA aerosols during the hygroscopic measurements was examined based on the Raman spectra acquired for aqueous, amorphous, and/or crystalline pure standard aerosols at specific RHs. The different reactivity observed among the DCAs with different mixing ratios suggests that the reactivity driven by the irreversible liberation of HCl is governed mainly by the available aqueous H+ because Cl- is always available in the aqueous NaCl-DCA aerosols until the complete consumption of NaCl.

Biotransformation of whey by Weissella cibaria suppresses 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.

Biotransformation, the structural modification of chemical compounds, has proved to be an indispensable tool in providing beneficial health effects. Although the health benefits of biotransformation using plant sources has been widely studied, the anti-adipogenic effect of biotransformed dairy products, such as whey, have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we investigated the anti-adipogenic effect of whey biotransformed by Weissella cibaria in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Weissella cibaria-biotransformed whey considerably reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and intracellular triglycerides in 3T3-L1 cells. In the presence of W. cibaria-biotransformed whey, the mRNA and protein expression of a key transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), for adipogenesis was markedly suppressed in 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, W. cibaria-biotransformed whey also decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, which are regulated by PPARγ. Moreover, W. cibaria-biotransformed whey inhibited the expression of adipokines, resistin, and leptin. Collectively, these results suggest that whey biotransformed by W. cibaria has the potential to exert anti-adipogenic effects by inhibiting intracellular signaling events of adipogenic-related transcription factors and target genes.

"Weighing Cam": A New Mobile Application for Weight Estimation in Pediatric Resuscitation.

Objective: We evaluated the validity of a newly developed mobile application (i.e. the Weighing Cam) for pediatric weight estimation compared with that of the Broselow tape. Methods: We developed an application that estimates the weight of pediatric patients using a smartphone camera and displays the drug dosage, device size, and defibrillation energy on the screen of the smartphone. We enrolled a convenience sample of pediatric patients aged <16 years who presented at two pediatric emergency departments of two tertiary academic hospitals in South Korea. The pediatric patients' heights and weights were measured; then, one researcher estimated the weights using the application. Using the measured height, we determined the weight estimated by the Broselow tape. We compared the estimated measurements by determining the mean percentage error (MPE), mean absolute percentage error, root mean square percentage error, and percentages predicted within 10% and 20% of the actual. Results: In total, 480 patients were enrolled in 16 age categories, each with 15 males and 15 females of different ages. The Weighing Cam demonstrated a lower bias (mean difference: -1.98% [95% confidence interval -2.91% to -1.05%] for MPE) and a higher proportion of estimated weights within 10% of the actual weights than the Broselow tape (mean difference: 9.1% [95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.1%]). The Weighing Cam showed better performance in terms of accuracy and precision than the Broselow tape in all subgroups stratified by age or body mass index percentile. Conclusions: The Weighing Cam may estimate pediatric patients' weights more accurately than the Broselow tape. The Weighing Cam may be useful for pediatric resuscitation in both prehospital and hospital settings.

Effects of the e-Motivate4Change Program on Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults Using Health Apps and Wearable Devices: Quasi-Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: The health behaviors of young adults lag behind those of other age groups, and active health management is needed to improve health behaviors and prevent chronic diseases. In addition, developing good lifestyle habits earlier in life could reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) later on. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the e-Motivate4Change program, for which health apps and wearable devices were selected based on user needs. The program was developed for the prevention and management of MetS in young adults. METHODS: This experimental study used a nonequivalent control group. In total, 59 students from 2 universities in Daegu, Korea participated in the study (experimental group n=30; control group n=29). Data were collected over 4 months, from June 1 to September 30, 2018. The experimental group received a 12-week e-Motivate4Change program intervention, and the control group received MetS education and booklets without the e-Motivate4Change program intervention. RESULTS: After the program, the experimental group had significantly higher scores for health-related lifestyle (t=3.86; P<.001) and self-efficacy (t=6.00; P<.001) than did the control group. Concerning BMI, there were significant effects by group (F=1.01; P<.001) and for the group × time interaction (F=4.71; P=.034). Concerning cholesterol, there were significant main effects for group (F=4.32; P=.042) and time (F=9.73; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The e-Motivate4Change program effectively improved participants' health-related lifestyle scores and self-efficacy, and significantly reduced their BMI and cholesterol levels. The program can be used to identify and prevent MetS among young adults.

Nanoencapsulation of synergistic antioxidant fruit and vegetable concentrates and their stability during in vitro digestion.

BACKGROUND: Natural antioxidants have received increased attention owing to their safe use without side effects; however, their application has been limited because of lower antioxidant activity and stability during digestion when compared with those of synthetic antioxidants. Although research is ongoing to overcome these problems, it is still challenging to find effective solutions. In this study, we aimed to improve the properties and stability of natural antioxidants during in vitro digestion by synergistic combination and nanoencapsulation. RESULTS: Ten selected fruit and vegetable concentrates (acai berry, aronia, blackberry, cranberry, wild berry, raspberry, blueberry, red grape, cabbage, and spinach) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity when combined via the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Among the 45 combinations, the highest synergistic ORAC value was noted for the blueberry and cabbage concentrates (BUCA; 0.8 and 1.2 mg mL-1 ) at an antioxidant ratio of 5:5. Chitosan/carrageenan (CSCR) nanoparticles are physically more stable than chitosan/gum arabic nanoparticles during in vitro digestion and were selected for the oral delivery of BUCA. Under simulated intestinal conditions, BUCA-loaded CSCR nanoparticles showed significantly more stable antioxidant activity and total phenolic content than non-nanoencapsulated BUCA. The highest antioxidant stability was observed in the BUCA-loaded CSCR nanoparticles prepared with 0.2 mg mL-1 carrageenan, which showed two-times higher ORAC value and ten-times higher total phenolic content than non-nanoencapsulated BUCA after 12 h of in vitro digestion. CONCLUSION: CSCR nanoencapsulation of natural antioxidants could be an effective technique for improving antioxidant stability during digestion. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

One-Year Recipient Morbidity of Liver Transplantation Using Pure Laparoscopic Versus Open Living Donor Right Hepatectomy: Propensity Score Analysis.

Donor safety and graft results of pure laparoscopic living donor right hepatectomy (LLDRH) have previously been compared with those of open living donor right hepatectomy (OLDRH). However, the clinical outcomes of recipients at 1-year follow-up have never been accurately compared. We aimed to compare 1-year outcomes of recipients of living donor right liver transplantation (LRLT) using pure LLDRH and OLDRH. From May 2013 to May 2017, 197 consecutive recipients underwent LRLT. Donor hepatectomies were performed either by OLDRH (n = 127) or pure LLDRH (n = 70). After propensity score matching, 53 recipients were included in each group for analysis. The clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up were compared between the 2 groups. The primary outcome was recipient death or graft failure during the 1-year follow-up period. In the propensity-matched analysis, the incidence of death or graft failure during the 1-year follow-up period was not different between the 2 groups (3.8% versus 5.7%; odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-8.95; P = 0.69). However, the composite of Clavien-Dindo 3b-5 complications was more frequent in the pure LLDRH group (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.15-5.96; P = 0.02). In conclusion, although pure LLDRH affords a comparable incidence of fatal complications in recipients, operative complications may increase at the beginning of the program. The safety of the recipients should be confirmed to accept pure LLDRH as a feasible option.

PCSK9 is Increased in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that alcohol use affects the regulation and expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9). While a major role of PCSK9 in hepatic function and lipid regulation has been clearly established, other pleiotropic effects remain poorly understood. Existing research suggests a positive association between PCSK9 expression in the brain and psychopathology, with increased levels of PCSK9 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with dementia and epigenetic modifications of PCSK9 associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this study, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol use would increase PCSK9 expression in CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 levels in CSF were measured in individuals with AUD (n = 42) admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation program and controls (n = 25). CSF samples in AUD were assessed at 2 time points, at day 5 and day 21 after admission. Furthermore, plasma samples were collected and measured from the individuals with AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 in CSF was significantly increased in the AUD group at day 5 and day 21 compared to the controls (p < 0.0001). Plasma PCSK9 levels were correlated positively with CSF PCSK9 levels in AUD (p = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PCSK9 is elevated in the CSF of individuals with AUD, which may indicate a potential role of PCSK9 in AUD. Additional studies are necessary to further elucidate the functions of PCSK9 in the brain.

Coagulation biomarkers in healthy male Cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

We designed this study to define reference values of the cynomolgus monkey coagulation system, as the normal range of values has not been established. Measurement of coagulation function was determined by testing plasma samples from 30 healthy male cynomolgus monkeys. Prothrombin time (PT), PT activity, PT international normalized ratio (INR), activated prothrombin time (aPTT), antithrombin III activity, factor II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, protein C activity, protein S activity, and d-dimer were measured using standardized techniques. Mean age and body weight were 69.5 ± 11.8 months and 5.3 ± 0.8 kg, respectively. The mean PT, PT activity, PT INR, aPTT, and antithrombin III activities were 11.72 seconds (95% CI = 10.55-12.88), 143.4% (95% CI = 102.0-184.9), 0.85 (95% CI = 0.74-0.96), 28.2 seconds (95% CI = 23.24-33.09), and 99.7% (95% CI = 79.2-120.3), respectively. The mean activities of factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII were 110.2% (95% CI = 88.8-131.5), 134.1% (95% CI = 73.0-195.2), 318.9% (95% CI = 185.0-452.9) 160.2% (95% CI = 96.9-261.3), 38.0% (95% CI = 20.9-55.1), 85.7% (95% CI = 61.4-110.0), 155.0% (95% CI = 81.4-228.6), and 353.7% (95% CI = 246.7-460.6), respectively. The mean activities of protein C and protein S were 195.7% (95% CI = 133.4-258.0) and 122.7% (95% CI = 83.2-162.3), respectively. The mean level of d-dimer was 1.80 µg/mL (95% CI = 0.27-3.33). Factors V (P = 0.008), IX (P = 0.002), and XI (P = 0.002), and protein S activity (P = 0.025) were positively correlated with age. Our study presented the baseline values of coagulation biomarkers of cynomolgus monkeys. Despite the similarity to previous published studies, more data are required to elucidate the age effect on coagulation biomarkers.

T-Cell Differentiation to T Helper 9 Phenotype is Elevated by Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Via Induction of IL-2 Signaling.

Owing to the development of information technology and the electronics industry, and the increase in the use of electronic products, an increasing number of people are exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in daily life. There has been concern about the effects of EMFs on the human body. Th9 cells, which are characterized by the generation of interleukin-(IL-9), are a recently defined subset of T helper (Th) cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of extremely low-frequency (60 Hz) EMFs, such as those generated by household power sources, at 0.8 mT intensity on CD4+ T cells. The exposure of CD4+ T cells to such EMFs under Th9-polarizing conditions increased IL-9 secretion and gene expression of transcription factors that are important for Th9 development. The expression of GATA3 increased in the early stage, and the phosphorylation of STAT5 and STAT6, which regulate the expression of GATA3, increased. In addition, EMFs increased the expression of IL-2 by the T cells. In conclusion, the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th9 phenotype was increased by exposure to extremely low-frequency EMFs, and this appeared to be dependent on the IL-2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, co-cultures of EMF-exposed Th9 cells and mast cells showed an increased expression of mast cell proteases, FcεR1α, and mast cell-derived inflammatory cytokines compared with co-cultures of non-EMF-exposed Th9 cells and mast cells. Our results suggest that EMFs enhance the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th9 phenotype, resulting in mast cell activation and inflammation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:588-601. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Genetic Association and Expression Analyses of the Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 5-Kinase (PIP5K1C) Gene in Alcohol Use Disorder-Relevance for Pain Signaling and Alcohol Use.

BACKGROUND: The gene encoding phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K1C) has been recently implicated in pain regulation. Interestingly, a recent cross-tissue and cross-phenotypic epigenetic analysis identified the same gene in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Given the high comorbidity between AUD and chronic pain, we hypothesized that genetic variation in PIP5K1C might contribute to susceptibility to AUD. METHODS: We conducted a case-control association study of genetic variants in PIP5K1C. Association analyses of 16 common PIP5K1C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were conducted in cases and controls of African (427 cases and 137 controls) and European ancestry (488 cases and 324 controls) using standard methods. In addition, given the prominent role of the opioid system in pain signaling, we investigated the effects of acute alcohol exposure on PIP5K1C expression in humanized transgenic mice for the µ-opioid receptor that included the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism, a widely used mouse model to study analgesic response to opioids in pain. PIP5K1C expression was measured in the thalamus and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in mice after short-term administration (single 2 g/kg dose) of alcohol or saline using immunohistochemistry and analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: In the case-control association study using an NIAAA discovery sample, 8 SNPs in PIP5K1C were significantly associated with AUD in the African ancestry (AA) group (p < 0.05 after correction; rs4807493, rs10405681, rs2074957, rs10432303, rs8109485, rs1476592, rs10419980, and rs4432372). However, a replication analysis using an independent sample (N = 3,801) found no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. In the humanized transgenic mouse model with the OPRM1 polymorphism, PIP5K1C expression was significantly different between alcohol and saline-treated mice, regardless of genotype, in both the thalamus (p < 0.05) and BLA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our discovery sample shows that genetic variants in PIP5K1C are associated with AUD in the AA group, and acute alcohol exposure leads to up-regulation of PIP5K1C, potentially explaining a mechanism underlying the increased risk for chronic pain conditions in individuals with AUD.

Biomechanical effect of mandibular advancement device with different protrusion positions for treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea on tooth and facial bone: A finite element study.

BACKGROUND: The mandibular advancement device (MAD) is widely used for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treatment, and several studies have demonstrated its effectiveness. However, no comprehensive studies have yet examined the biomechanical safety of the MAD. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyse the biomechanical effect of different protrusion positions of a MAD on the teeth and facial bones. METHODS: The posterior restorative forces due to the stretched mandibular muscles were measured by pressure sensors attached to the experimental mandibular advancement device for mandibular protrusions of 10-70% of the maximum protrusion of the subject. A detailed three-dimensional biomechanical model of the study subject, constructed from computed tomography scans, was used in finite element analysis, with loading conditions calculated from the measured posterior restorative forces. The outcome measures were the principal stresses on the periodontal ligaments (PDL) and cancellous bone, and the pressure at the PDL surfaces. The measurements were used to analyse the risk of the tooth movement, tooth root resorption, and bone resorption. RESULTS: The lowest and highest restorative forces occurred at 40% and 70% of maximum protrusion, respectively. The highest risk of tooth movement occurred at the mandibular molar teeth. The mandibular second molar teeth had the highest risks of root and bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular advancement at 70% of maximum protrusion induces risks of tooth root resorption and bone resorption. The mandibular second molars were subjected to the highest stresses. Stress on the teeth and facial bones was the lowest at 40% of maximum mandibular advancement.

Accessory nerve distribution for aesthetic botulinum toxin injections into the upper trapezius muscle: anatomical study and clinical trial : Reproducible BoNT injection sites for upper trapezius.

PURPOSE: The descending part of the trapezius muscle is clinically associated with neck pain and aesthetic applications. The innervation of the trapezius muscle is not well described in the medical literature for clinicians. The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius muscle with the aim of describing the most efficient and reproducible BoNT injection sites for aesthetic treatment of shoulder contouring. METHODS: Twenty-six specimens (five male and eight female) from embalmed Korean cadavers were used in this study. The trapezius muscle was dissected scrupulously and then reflected to enable examination of the locations of the perforating points. The thickness of trapezius muscle was measured in 13 volunteers using a diagnostic ultrasonography system. BoNT was injected into the trapezius muscle bilaterally. Injections were performed at 6 points separated by 2 cm. The muscle thicknesses were measured three times using ultrasonography: before the injection and at 4 and 12 weeks after the injection. RESULTS: The dense arborization of the perforating accessory nerve branches was confined mostly to section b (66.7%, 54/81) and section c (33.3%, 27/81). The mean muscle thickness at 4 and 12 weeks consistently decreased 0.68-0.63 cm  in conventional method and 0.65-0.61 cm in new method (NDM) respectively (right and left). CONCLUSION: To optimize the outcome of BoNT injection, we recommended injecting into six points separated by 2 cm in sections b and c of the upper trapezius muscle. It is significant that it is easier to apply to anyone than to apply unstructured techniques.

Exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Lipid Raft-Mediated STAT-6 Activation in T Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: CD4+ T cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune response. While the mechanisms controlling the differentiation of the Th1, Th17, and regulatory T cell subsets from naïve CD4+ T cells are well described, the factors that induce Th2 differentiation are still largely unknown. METHODS: The effects of treatment with exogenous H2O2 on STAT-6 phosphorylation and activation in T cells were examined by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and gel shift assay. Anti-CD3 antibody and methyl-ß-cyclodextrin were utilized to induce lipid raft assembly and to investigate the involvement of lipid rafts, respectively. RESULTS: Jurkat and EL-4 T cells that were exposed to H2O2 showed rapid and strong STAT-6 phosphorylation, and the extent of STAT-6 phosphorylation was enhanced by co-treatment with anti-CD3 antibody. The effect of H2O2 on STAT-6 phosphorylation and translocation was inhibited by disruption of lipid rafts. STAT-6 activation in response to H2O2 treatment regulated IL-4 gene expression, and this response was strengthened by treatment with anti-CD3. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 can act on upstream and initiating factors for activation of STAT-6 in T cells and contribute to formation of a positive feedback loop between STAT-6 and IL-4 in the Th2 differentiation process.

Mesenteric castleman disease mimicking superior mesenteric artery aneurysm.

Castleman disease (CD) is known as a lymphoproliferative disorder, which is most commonly located in the mediastinum. CD occurring in the mesentery is very rare. We report a case of CD in the mesentery, which is mimicking a superior mesenteric artery aneurysm on computed tomography image.

Seasonality of gout in Korea: a multicenter study.

The object of this study was to evaluate the seasonality of gout in Korea. We retrospectively examined data from 330 patients seen at nine rheumatology clinics, treated with urate lowering therapy (ULT) more than one year after stopping prophylactic medication. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory features, and seasonality of gout onset and flares were collected. Season was classified in three-month intervals. The mean age was 52.2 yr and mean disease duration was 26.8 months. The male to female count was 318:12. The onset of acute gouty attacks was obtained in 256 patients. Gout developed most commonly in summer season (36.7%) (P<0.001) and in June (15.6%, P=0.002). During ULT, there were 147 (male 97.3%) gout flares. Although there was no statistically significant difference, gout flares were more common in summer (30.6%). Aggravating factors were identified in 57 flares: alcohol (72.0%) was most common. In the patients who attained target serum uric acid (<6 mg/dL) at the end of prophylaxis, gout flares were high in fall (35.8%) and September (17.0%). In Korea, the summer is most common season of gout onset and there is a tendency for gout flares to increase during ULT in summer/fall season.

α-Tocopherol-loaded multi-layer nanoemulsion using chitosan, and dextran sulfate: Cellular uptake, antioxidant activity, and in vitro bioaccessibility.

The potential of multi-layer nanoemulsions (NEs) for improving the cellular uptake, antioxidant activity, and in vitro bioaccessibility of α-tocopherol (ToC) was examined. ToC-loaded multi-layer NEs were prepared using lecithin (primary-NEs, P-NEs), chitosan (secondary-NEs, S-NEs), and dextran sulfate (tertiary-NEs, T-NEs) as wall materials. The bioadhesion, cellular permeability, and uptake of the multi-layer NEs were significantly higher than that of the free coumarin 6 (C6). As a result of cellular uptake, the mean fluorescence intensity of T-NEs was the highest among the three types of multi-layer NEs and was 9.8-fold higher than that of free C6. The cellular antioxidant abilities of P-NEs, S-NEs, and T-NEs were 40, 45, and 50 %, respectively. Multi-layer nanoencapsulation sustains free fatty acid release after digestion. Moreover, the bioavailability of T-NEs exhibited a two-fold increase compared with that of the free ToC. These findings indicate that by multi-layer NEs using a layer-by-layer method, the cellular uptake, in vitro bioaccessibility, and antioxidant activity of ToC can be improved. Furthermore, T-NEs using chitosan and dextran sulfate can potentially enhance the cellular uptake, in vitro bioaccessibility, and antioxidant activity of ToC. These findings would facilitate the application of multi-layer NEs for lipophilic bioactive compounds using biopolymers.

Revisiting Rorschach test and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II patterns in Kraepelinian vs. DSM-wise Schizophrenia: How They Differ and What It Means for Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective chart review study aimed to investigate the differences in the Rorschach test and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-II profiles among patients with Kraepelinian schizophrenia, those with DSM-wise schizophrenia, and controls. Kraepelinian schizophrenia is characterised by a chronic, deteriorative disease course and a predominance of negative symptoms. METHODS: Patients with Kraepelinian schizophrenia were selected based on medical record reviews. We then compared their Rorschach test and MMPI-II results with those of the DSM-wise schizophrenia group and the control group. RESULTS: The Rorschach test revealed a significant increase in DV2 score and a decrease in D score in patients with Kraepelinian schizophrenia compared to those with DSM-wise schizophrenia. In the MMPI-II profiles, patients with Kraepelinian schizophrenia exhibited an elevated L relative to those with DSM-wise schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested the value of revisiting psychological tests in clinically delineated subgroups, such as Kraepelinian schizophrenia. Although patients fall under the same diagnostic category of schizophrenia, considering different phenotypes is important when interpreting psychological test outcomes. Additionally, our study indicated that both schizophrenia groups did not show as many abnormalities as expected compared to controls. This highlights the potential value of revisiting established profiles of certain psychological tests and calls for further research on other psychological tests.