Effect of Combination Therapy with Ezetimibe and Statins versus Statin Monotherapy on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background and Objectives: Lipid-lowering agents such as ezetimibe are recommended in uncontrolled hyperlipidemia for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis and a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebral events. The effects of ezetimibe on CIMT have been inconsistently reported. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the effects of ezetimibe/statin and statin alone therapies on CIMT reduction. Materials and Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to 26 January 2023 with the MeSH keywords 'Ezetimibe' and 'Carotid Intima-Media Thickness'. The results were presented as standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals using the random-effect model method, and heterogeneity was assessed. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: Five RCTs with 642 participants were included. CIMT reduction was not significantly different between the ezetimibe/statin and statin alone groups. However, in subgroup analyses, CIMT in the ezetimibe/statin group was significantly reduced in patients with non-familial hypercholesterolemia (SMD: -0.34 mm and p = 0.002) and in patients with secondary prevention (SMD: -0.38 mm and p = 0.002). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly reduced in the ezetimibe/statin group (SMD: -0.58 mg/dL and p < 0.001). Conclusions: The effect of ezetimibe on CIMT reduction was shown in non-familial hypercholesterolemia and secondary prevention. These results suggest that the efficacy of ezetimibe may vary with potential CIMT reduction benefits in certain subpopulations.

Expression and prognostic significance of Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 in colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy of the large intestine, whose development and prognosis have been demonstrated to be associated with altered lipid metabolism. High cholesterol intake is associated with an increased risk of CRC, and elevated serum cholesterol levels are known to be correlated with risk of developing CRC. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), a target of ezetimibe, plays an essential role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. However, whether the altered expression of NPC1L1 affects CRC development and prognosis is currently unknown. METHODS: Data corresponding to patients with CRC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCAG). Datasets from the Genome Data Analysis Center (GDAC) platform were analyzed to compare the expression of NPC1L1 in normal and CRC tissues using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test. Further, the datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed to determine whether NPC1L1 significantly affects the prognosis of CRC. RESULTS: The expression of NPC1L1 was found to be upregulated in CRC and was significantly associated with the N and pathological stages but not with the histological type, age, and sex. Increased NPC1L1 expression in CRC was related to poor patient survival, as evidenced by the Kaplan-Meier and multivariate regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: As high expression of NPC1L1 was associated with CRC development, pathological stage, and prognosis, NPC1L1 can serve as an independent prognostic marker for CRC.

Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Osteoporosis in Korean Premenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as a risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in Korean women after controlling for basic confounding factors and considering detailed demographic and clinical information. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort analysis and matched every IBS case with a non-IBS case at a 1:4 frequency ratio based on age. The population consisted of female patients with data in the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) database from 2002 to 2010. To determine the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in IBS and non-IBS patients, hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusting for confounding variables, such as the area of residence, health insurance type, and economic status. RESULTS: We identified 1,017,468 patients in the HIRA database with data from 2002 to 2010 who could potentially be included in the cohort. Among these, we identified 1,545 (11.4%) women (age >19 years) with newly diagnosed IBS (IBS group). Additionally, 6,180 patients without IBS and age-matched to the IBS group were selected. Cox modeling revealed that the crude HRs for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in patients with IBS were 1.476 (95% CI, 1.241-1.754) and 1.427 (95% CI, 1.086-1.876), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data showed an increased incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in women with IBS compared with age-matched controls.

Effects of a new medical insurance payment system for hospice patients in palliative care programs in Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the effects of a new medical insurance payment system for hospice patients in palliative care programs and analyzes length of survival (LoS) determinants. METHOD: At the Pusan National University Hospital hospice center, between January 2015 and April 2016, 276 patients were hospitalized with several diagnosed types of terminal stage cancer. This study separated patients into two groups, "old" and "new," by admission date, considering the new system has been applied from July 15, 2015. The study subsequently compared LoS, total cost, and out-of-pocket expenses for the two groups. RESULTS: Overall, 142 patients applied to the new medical insurance payment system group, while the old medical insurance payment system included 134 patients. The results do not show a significantly negative difference in LoS for the new system group (p = 0.054). Total cost is higher within the new group (p <  0.001); however, the new system registers lower patient out-of-pocket expenses (p <  0.001). CONCLUSION: The novelty of this study is proving that the new medical insurance payment system is not inferior to the classic one in terms of LoS. The total cost of the new system increased due to a multidisciplinary approach toward palliative care. However, out-of-pocket expenses for patients overall decreased, easing their financial burden.

Thermochemical hydrogen sensor based on chalcogenide nanowire arrays.

The hydrogen gas-sensing properties have been investigated of two types of thermochemical hydrogen (TCH) sensors composed of thermoelectric layers based on chalcogenide nanowire arrays and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. The monomorphic-type TCH sensor, which had only Bi2Te3 nanowire arrays, showed an output signal of 23.7 µV in response to 5 vol% hydrogen gas at room temperature, whereas an output signal of 215 µV was obtained from an n-p junction-type TCH sensor made of connected Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 nanowire arrays in an AAO template. Despite its small deposition area, the output signal of the n-p sensor was more than nine times that of the monomorphic sensor. This observation can be explained by the difference in electrical connections (parallel and serial conversions) in the TCH sensor between each type of nanowire array. Also, our n-p sensor had a wide detection range for hydrogen gas (from 400 ppm to 45 vol%) and a fast response time of 1.3 s at room temperature without requiring external power.

The magnetic resonance imaging-based approach for identification of high-risk patients with upper rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying upper rectal cancer patients who are at high risk for local recurrence. METHODS: 110 upper rectal cancer patients with locally advanced (pT3-4N0 or pTanyN+) tumors treated with tumor-specific mesorectal excision and no adjuvant radiotherapy were identified from an institutional database at a large academic medical center in Korea. Information on the extent of mesorectal invasion, sacral-side involvement was collected from preoperative MRI. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 47 months, 5 patients (4.5%) experienced local recurrence (LR). LR rates for patients with intermediate risk (T1-2/N1, T3N0), moderately high risk (T1-2/N2, T3N1, T4N0), and high risk (T3N2, T4/N1-2) were 3%, 4.8%, and 8.7%, respectively. Patients who did not have sacral-side involvement or mesorectal invasion of 5 mm or less did not experience LR. The patients with sacral-side involvement and intermediate risk, moderately high risk, and high risk had an LR rate of 4.2%, 5.6%, and 10%, respectively, or 11.1%, 33.3%, and 18.2%, respectively, when combined with those with mesorectal invasion of greater than 5 mm. Multivariate analyses demonstrated the presence of both sacral-side location and mesorectal invasion of greater than 5 mm was significantly associated with adverse disease-free and overall survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with mesorectal invasion of greater than 5 mm and sacral-side involvement identified on MRI were at an increased risk of local recurrence. The detection of these features on MRI provides prognostic information that is not available in conventional risk classification systems. Improved identification of a high-risk subset of upper rectal cancer patients may guide indications for preoperative chemoradiotherapy in this subset.

FDG-PET predicts outcomes of treated bone metastasis following palliative radiotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIMS: To determine the utility of FDG-PET in predicting long-term infield tumour control after RT in patients with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to bone. METHODS: Among 223 patients with HCC skeletal metastases diagnosed, we reviewed 22 patients with 45 total sites treated with RT who had at least two FDG-PETs prior to and after RT. The median RT dose was 42 Gy (range, 22-48) with a median fraction of 3 Gy (range, 2-8). Helical tomotherapy was generally offered for lesions that received higher RT dose (36%). The intrahepatic control rate in all patients was 73% at the time of referral. The ratio of tumour SUV to blood-pool activity SUV (SUV-ratio) was calculated. The primary end-points were infield progression-free survival (infield-PFS) and infield event-free survival (infield-EFS; recurrent and intractable pain or skeletal-related events). RESULTS: Among 45 sites, 20 had tumour progression and 21 developed events in the previously treated area. A higher SUV-ratio before RT, SUV-ratio decline and higher radiation dose were independently and significantly correlated with better infield-PFS (both P<0.05). The tumours with a pre-RT SUV-ratio≥3.0 and SUV-ratio decline≥40% had significantly better infield-PFS and EFS than those with either a pre-RT SUV-ratio<3.0 or SUV-ratio decline<40% (both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET may help to predict outcomes of infield tumour control following palliative RT for treatment of HCC bone metastases. Tumours with low metabolic uptake before RT or with a minor decline in post-RT SUV-ratio showed poor long-term infield tumour control.

Retro superior costotransverse ligament space block as an effective analgesia after laparoscopic gastrectomy -a case report.

BACKGROUND: The retro superior costotransverse ligament space (RSS) block, reported as a novel target in paraspinal block, involves the spreading of local anesthetics into the thoracic paravertebral space through slits around the superior costotransverse ligament . This blocks not only the dorsal rami but also the ventral rami, achieving a reliable complete sensory blockade. CASE: We performed an RSS block at the T5, T7, and T9 levels on both sides for postoperative analgesia in two patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy. Both patients showed complete sensory blockade from T4 to L1 on the anterior, lateral, and posterior chest walls in the recovery room. The resting and dynamic pain scores were 0 at 30 min and 6 h postoperatively. The pain score consistently remained below 3 throughout postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The RSS block provided effective postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic gastrectomy through definitive complete sensory blockade.

The association between reproductive period and handgrip strength in postmenopausal women: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Menarche and menopause are associated with muscle loss and strength in women. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a reliable measurement method of muscle strength. However, it is unclear whether the entire reproductive period, which encompasses both menarche and menopause, is associated with HGS in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A total of 2,354 postmenopausal women aged 45-75 years were included for statistical analysis. The reproductive period was divided into tertiles, and HGS was divided into four quartiles. HGS was measured to evaluate muscle strength. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors with the first quartile HGS, derived from quartile data. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the reproductive period (exposure) and low HGS (outcome). RESULTS: We found that the more extended the reproductive period, the lower the risk of low absolute HGS. This trend persisted even after controlling for other variables. Specifically, the odds ratio for low absolute HGS was 0.752 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.563-1.000) for the second tertile reproductive period and 0.683 (95% CI, 0.513-0.900) for the third tertile reproductive period, with the first tertile reproductive period as the reference. The odds ratio for low relative HGS was 0.761 (95% CI, 0.551-1.052) for the second tertile reproductive period and 0.732 (95% CI, 0.533-0.972) for the third tertile reproductive period, using first tertile reproductive period as the reference, after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: A longer reproductive period is associated with a decreased risk of low HGS in postmenopausal women.

Relationship between Pulse Pressure and Handgrip Strength in the Korean Population: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength and low physical performance, and it is closely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pulse pressure (PP) is a biomarker of arterial stiffness and compliance. Elevated PP levels increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, the association between PP and sarcopenia has not yet been clearly established. Methods: Participant data were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2014 to 2020. The study population was classified into three groups (PP < 40 mmHg, 40 mmHg ≤ PP < 60 mmHg, and PP ≥ 60 mmHg). PP was calculated by deducting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure. For handgrip strength, the maximum value measured with a grip dynamometer was adopted (weak handgrip strength: <28 kg for men, <18 kg for woman; normal handgrip strength: ≥28 kg for men, ≥18 kg for women). To determine the relationship between PP and the prevalence of weak handgrip strength, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results: The higher PP group had a higher age, body mass index; systolic blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, and maximum handgrip strength. In all models, the prevalence of weak handgrip strength was significantly higher in the group with PP ≥ 60 mmHg compared to the control group (PP < 40 mmHg). Conclusions: Elevated PP was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of weak muscle strength. Thus, PP monitoring may be used to identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and is helpful in improving health outcomes.

Harnessing the Potential of FAP-IL-12mut TMEkine™ for Targeted and Enhanced Anti-tumor Responses.

While cancer immunotherapy has yielded encouraging outcomes in hematological malignancies, it has faced challenges in achieving the same level of effectiveness in numerous solid tumors, primarily because of the presence of immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). The immunosuppressive qualities of the TME have generated considerable interest, making it a focal point for treatments aimed at enhancing immune responses and inhibiting tumor progression. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), an attractive candidate for targeted immunotherapy, is prominently expressed in the TME of various solid tumors. Interleukin-12 (IL-12), recognized as a key mediator of immune responses, has been explored as a potential candidate for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, initial efforts to administer IL-12 systemically demonstrated limited efficacy and notable side effects, emphasizing the necessity for innovation. To address these concerns, our molecules incorporated specific IL-12 mutations, called IL-12mut, which reduced toxicity. This study explored the therapeutic potential of the FAP-IL-12mut TMEkine™-a novel immunotherapeutic agent selectively engineered to target FAP-expressing cells in preclinical cancer models. Our preclinical results, conducted across diverse murine cancer models, demonstrated that FAP-IL-12mut significantly inhibits tumor growth, enhances immune cell infiltration, and promotes a shift toward a cytotoxic immune activation profile. These findings suggest that FAP-IL-12mut could offer effective cancer treatment strategies.

Association between E-Cigarette Smoking and Insulin Resistance Using the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background: Insulin resistance contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Smoking leads to an increase in triglyceride levels, which, in turn, increases insulin resistance. Although the number of e-cigarette users has increased in recent years, few studies have investigated the association between ecigarette use and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between e-cigarette use and insulin resistance using the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in Korean adults. Methods: This study included 4,404 healthy adults aged ≥20 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2019 and 2020. Participants were categorized as never-smokers or ecigarette users, and the TyG index was categorized into low- and high-TyG index groups according to the median value (9.22). A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between e-cigarette smoking and insulin resistance. Results: E-cigarette users had a higher TyG index than never smokers (e-cigarette: mean=3.95; never: mean=9.18; P<0.001). The e-cigarette users had a higher risk of being in the high TyG index group than never-smokers (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.84). In the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, age, and body mass index, a higher OR for a high TyG index was observed in men (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03-2.08) and individuals aged 60 years or older (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.14-12.30). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that e-cigarette use is significantly associated with insulin resistance.

Enteropathy and intestinal malabsorption in patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences in the incidence of enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption in patients taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), calcium channel blocker (CCB), and beta blockers (BBs) at a single center in Korea. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we utilized data from the Yangsan electronic medical records to identify 129,169 patients. These individuals were prescribed olmesartan, other ARBs, ACEI, CCB, and BBs between November 2008 and February 2021. RESULTS: Of the 44,775 patients, 51 (0.11%) were observed to have enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption. Compared with the ACEI group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for enteropathy and intestinal malabsorption were OR=1.313 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.188-6.798], p=0.893) for olmesartan, OR=0.915 (95% CI: [0.525-1.595], p=0.754) for the other ARBs, OR=0.928 (95% CI: [0.200-4.307]; p=0.924) for the CCB, and OR=0.663 (95% CI: [0.151-2.906]; p=0.586) for the BBs group. These findings were adjusted for factors such as age, gender, duration of antihypertensive medication, and comorbidities. CONCLUSION: In a retrospective cohort study of patients on antihypertensive medications, no significant difference was found in the incidence of enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption when ACEI was compared to olmesartan, other ARBs, CCB, and BBs.

Electrospun NiFe2O4 nanofibers as high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries.

Ultra-long NiFe2O4 nanofibers were synthesized by a simple electrospinning process followed by thermal treatment. The NiFe2O4 nanofibers are polycrystalline with average diameter of 218 nm and lengths up to several millimeters. When evaluated for their lithium-storage properties, the electrospun NiFe2O4 nanofibers exhibit a high specific capacity that can exceed 660 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles, along with enhanced cycling stability.

Induced heat property of polyethyleneglycol-coated iron oxide nanoparticles with dispersion stability for hyperthermia.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been used for hyperthermia treatment in an attempt to overcome various problems. When using hyperthermia treamtment, it is critical to control the surface modification of the particles. Magnetic nanoparticles tend to aggregate due to strong magnetic dipole--dipole attractions. The particles then have a high surface area and are of larger sizes, posing serious practical limitations. The nanoparticles are used to generate maximum heat and to maintain a constant heating temperature using the minimum magnetic nanoparticles dosage. In this study, we investigated the effect of PEG coated onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles. We tested the dispersion stability and repetitive heating property of nanoparticles for different PEG concentrations under an AC magnetic field. The results confirmed that the nanoparticles on a colloidal system maintained the heating properties of repetitve inductive heating as PEG concentration increased with dispersion stability. The nanoparticles with superior dispersion stability will be appropriate for hyperthermia applications in cancer treatments.

Use of the Subcutaneous Triptorelin Stimulation Test for Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty.

BACKGROUND: The gold standard gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test uses the response to intravenously injected gonadorelin to diagnose central precocious puberty (CPP). However, gonadorelin is not always readily available. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the diagnostic efficacy of the subcutaneous triptorelin test and the optimal blood sampling time for diagnosis of CPP. METHODS: This study retrospectively examined the medical records of 220 girls who had undergone either the triptorelin or gonadorelin test and compared their clinical characteristics. We retrospectively compared clinical parameters between girls diagnosed with CPP (n = 111) and idiopathic premature thelarche (IPT) (n = 109) using three different diagnostic methods: the gonadorelin, triptorelin 120 min, and triptorelin 180 min tests. The diagnostic ability of the stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration in the triptorelin test for CPP was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The CPP group exhibited higher basal and peak gonadotropin levels, more advanced bone age, and a lower body mass index standard deviation score than the IPT group. In the gonadorelin test group, all girls with CPP exhibited a peak LH response 30-60 min after intravenous gonadorelin injection. In the triptorelin test group, most girls with CPP exhibited a peak LH response 60-180 min after subcutaneous triptorelin injection (n = 68). On the ROC curve, a peak LH concentration of ≥ 4.52 IU/L at 120 min had the highest CPP diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 95.83%, respectively.

Engineered kirigami design of PVDF-Pt core-shell nanofiber network for flexible transparent electrode.

Nanofiber networks comprising polymer-metal core-shell structures exhibit several advantages, such as high uniformities and considerable flexibilities. Additionally, the flexibility of the nanofiber network may be further enhanced by engineering the network topology. Therefore, in this study, the topologies of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-Pt core-shell nanofiber (CS NF) networks were engineered, and their performances as flexible transparent electrodes were comprehensively evaluated. Three distinct topologies of nanofiber networks were induced using circular, square, and rectangular electrode collectors. A highly uniform nanofiber network was obtained using the square electrode collector, which generated a high density of nanofiber junctions (nodes). Consequently, this nanofiber network exhibited the smallest sheet resistance [Formula: see text] and lowest optical transmittance [Formula: see text] among the three CS NF networks. In contrast, nanofiber bundles were frequently formed in the randomly aligned CS NF network prepared using the circular electrode collector, reducing the node density. As a result, it simultaneously exhibited a very small [Formula: see text] and high [Formula: see text], generating the largest percolation figure of merit [Formula: see text]. Under certain strain directions, the CS NF network with the engineered topology exhibited a significantly enhanced mechanical durability. Finally, a flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor with CS NF network electrodes was fabricated and its sensing performance was excellent.

Functionalization of pine sawdust biochars with Mg/Al layered double hydroxides to enhance adsorption capacity of synthetic azo dyes: Adsorption mechanisms and reusability.

This study determined that the adsorption of azo dyes, Methyl Orange (MO) and Sunset Yellow FCF (SYF), using the pristine pine sawdust biochar (PSB) and post-modified PSB with Mg/Al layered double hydroxides (PSB-LDHMgAl) was examined to offer valuable information into the differences in their adsorption mechanisms. Although a lower specific surface area of PSB-LDHMgAl (147.2 m2 g-1) than PSB (495.7 m2 g-1), LDHMgAl were successfully functionalized on the PSB surface through co-precipitation, which was highly related to the improvements of adsorption capacity of PSB-LDHMgAl toward MO and SYF. The MO and SYF adsorption kinetics by PSB and PSB-LDHMgAl were confirmed to the pseudo-second-order and considered chemisorption. The adsorption capacity of MO and SYF adsorbed onto PSB-LDHMgAl (MO = 21.8 mg g-1, SYF = 23.6 mg g-1) were significantly higher than that of PSB (MO = 2.2 mg g-1, SYF = 1.6 mg g-1). The adsorption isotherms of MO and SYF by PSB were well fitted by Freundlich isotherm, whereas the MO and SYF via PSB-LDHMgAl were by Langmuir isotherm. Even after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles using desorbents, the PSB-LDHMgAl remained excellent reusability (reuse efficiency: >81.2%). These findings suggest that post-modification with LDHMgAl might accelerate the adsorption performance (i.e., electrostatic interaction) of azo dyes to PSB in water.

Weight loss maintenance after bariatric surgery.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an effective treatment for patients with morbid obesity and its comorbidities. However, many patients experience weight regain (WR) after achieving their nadir weight. Establishing the definition of WR is challenging as postoperative WR has various definitions. Risk factors for WR after MBS include anatomical, racial, hormonal, metabolic, behavioral, and psychological factors, and evaluating such factors preoperatively is necessary. Long-term regular follow-up and timely treatment by a multidisciplinary team are important because WR after surgery is multi-factorial. Although lifestyle interventions that focus on appropriate dietary education, physical activity education or interventions, and behavioral psychological interventions are suggested, more well-designed studies are needed because studies evaluating intervention methods and the effectiveness of WR prevention are lacking. Anti-obesity drugs can be used to prevent and manage patients with WR after MBS; however, more research is needed to determine the timing, duration, and type of anti-obesity drugs used to prevent WR.

Association between pulse pressure and low muscle mass in Korean adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study.

Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events and increased mortality. Pulse pressure (PP) serves as a marker for changes in heart structure and function, as well as arterial stiffness. A high PP also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between PP and sarcopenia is poorly understood. We used the data of participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2008 to 2011. Participants were divided into a control group (PP < 40 mm Hg) and a high-PP group (PP ≥ 40 mm Hg). PP was calculated by subtracting the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from the systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the low muscle index was assessed using appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) normalized by body mass index (BMI). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between PP and the prevalence of low muscle mass, adjusting for potential confounders. The high-PP group had a higher age, SBP, DBP, and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia than the control group. The high-PP group had a higher prevalence of low muscle mass than the control group in all models. A high PP is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of low muscle mass. Therefore, PP monitoring may help identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and guide interventions to improve health outcomes.