Cardiovascular risk of energy drinks: Caffeine and taurine facilitate ventricular arrhythmias in a sensitive whole-heart model.

BACKGROUND: Several case reports have suggested an increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to energy drinks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess acute electrophysiologic effects of caffeine and taurine, two of the main ingredients of energy drinks, in an experimental whole-heart model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-five rabbit hearts were excised, retrogradely perfused, and assigned to two groups. Hearts were perfused with caffeine (2, 10, and 50 µM) or taurine (2, 10, and 50 µM) after generating baseline data. Eight monophasic action potentials and electrocardiography recordings showed a significant abbreviation of action potential duration (APD90 ), QT interval, and effective refractory periods (ERP) after caffeine treatment. With taurine, cardiac repolarization duration and ERP were significantly shortened. A ventricular vulnerability was assessed by a predefined pacing protocol. With caffeine, we observed a trend towards more ventricular arrhythmias in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with taurine, significantly more episodes of ventricular arrhythmias occurred. CONCLUSION: In this experimental whole-heart study, treatment with caffeine and taurine provoked ventricular arrhythmias. The underlying mechanism was an abbreviation of cardiac repolarizations and effective refractory periods that may facilitate re-entry and thereby provokes arrhythmias. These findings help to understand the potentially hazardous and fatal outcomes after intoxication with energy drinks.

Electrophysiological Safety Profile of Antiestrogenic Therapies in the Isolated Rabbit Heart.

INTRODUCTION: Hormone-mediated therapies are on the rise and are key therapies in the treatment of some of the most common cancer entities. Proarrhythmic effects have been described in patients treated with SERMs while little to none is known about the electrophysiological effects of the potentially less arrhythmogenic selective estrogen receptor degraders. METHODS: Twenty hearts of female New Zealand White rabbits were excised and retrogradely perfused employing a Langendorff setup. An electrophysiology study was performed to obtain CL-dependent action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90), QT interval, effective refractory period (ERP), and post-repolarization refractoriness (PRR = ERP-APD90). After generating baseline data, the hearts were assigned to two groups and perfused with (n = 10) increasing doses of fulvestrant (1 µM and 5 µM; n = 10) or tamoxifen (2.5 µM and 7.5 µM; n = 10), and the protocol was repeated again. RESULTS: Fulvestrant led to a decrease in APD90 and QT interval and an increased PRR. The inducibility of ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes was unaltered. Tamoxifen showed similar effects, resulting in a shortened APD90 and QT interval and no increased VT incidence in the setting of a prolonged PRR. CONCLUSION: The present study shows no acute proarrhythmic effect of tamoxifen and fulvestrant in an established whole heart model when employing clinically relevant concentrations.

Predictors of AVNRT Recurrence After Slow Pathway Modification.

Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Slow pathway modification (SPM) is the accepted first line treatment with reported success rates around 95%. Information regarding possible predictors of AVNRT recurrence is scarce.Out of 4170 consecutive patients with SPM in our department from 1993-2018, we identified 78 patients (1.9%) receiving > 1 SPM (69% female, median age 50 years) with a recurrence of AVNRT after a successful SPM. We matched these patients for age, gender and number of radiofrequency applications during first SPM with 78 patients who received one successful SPM in our center without AVNRT recurrence. Both groups were analyzed for possible predictors of a recurrence of AVNRT during long-term follow-up. The recurrence group contained a significantly lower proportion of patients with an occurrence of junctional beats during SPM (69% versus 89%, P = 0.006). Moreover, significantly more cases of previously diagnosed atrial fibrillation/tachycardia (AF/AT; 21% versus 5%, P = 0.007) and inducible AF/AT during electrophysiology study (23% versus 6%, P = 0.006) were present in the recurrence group. While more than half of patients had a recurrence within the first year, in 20% symptoms reappeared ≥ 4 years after ablation.In a small percentage of patients, AVNRT recurs after an initially successful ablation. Interestingly, these patients had significantly fewer junctional beats during ablation and a higher rate of other (inducible) arrhythmias. AVNRT recurrence spanned a considerable timeframe and should remain a differential diagnosis, even years after ablation.

Long-term experience of atrioventricular node ablation in patients with refractory atrial arrhythmias.

Atrial fibrillation and other atrial tachyarrhythmias are increasing with age and concomitant morbidity. First options in symptomatic patients are drug treatment and catheter ablation. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients suffer from refractory atrial tachyarrhythmias despite treatment. Atrioventricular node ablation (AVNA) may be helpful in many of these patients. Therefore, we investigated AVNA patients with a long-term follow-up. We enrolled 82 patients with a follow-up longer than 1 year receiving AVNA for drug- and ablation-resistant atrial tachyarrhythmias (AA) in a retrospective manner. Mean follow-up duration was 48 ± 24 months. 50% of the patients initially received AVNA to optimize biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy, the other 50% because of refractory symptomatic tachyarrhythmias. Persistent AV block was achieved in every patient. Symptom relief and patient satisfaction were high during follow-up. Due to system upgrades there were 63% of patients with a biventricular system during follow-up. In these patients, left-ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) increased by 7% (42-49%) after ablation. AVNA is effective in increasing biventricular pacing as well as for symptom relief in patients with refractory atrial tachyarrhythmias. AVNA should be considered as a valuable option in patients with refractory atrial tachyarrhythmias lacking other treatment options.

Change of sensing vector in the subcutaneous ICD during follow-up and after device replacement.

BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) has been established as a valuable alternative to transvenous ICD for prevention of sudden cardiac death. The system automatically chooses the optimal sensing vector. However, during follow-up and especially after device replacement we observed a change of the suggested sensing vector in automatic setup. Therefore, we analyzed frequency and reasons of vector change and its impact on inappropriate shocks (IAS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between June 2010 and December 2017, a total of 216 patients with S-ICD® were included in this analysis. In all patients sensing vectors at the time of implantation, during follow-up, and after device replacement were investigated. Median follow-up time was 27.3 ± 25.3 months. RESULTS: A change of the initial vector was seen in 77 patients (35.7%). The most frequent reason for vector change was the postoperative setup in supine and erect position in 54 patients (70.1%). In 12 patients (15.5%), the vector was manually changed due to inappropriate sensing and/or therapies. Routine setup during follow-up led to automatic vector change in 10 cases (13.0%). In only 1 patient the vector was manually changed due to oversensing in an exercise treadmill test. In 27 patients, the device was replaced due to battery depletion and in 6 of these patients the sensing vector was changed by the automatic setup. Vector change did not have an impact for inappropriate therapies in the follow-up; only 1 patient received an IAS due to an inadvertent vector change after device replacement. CONCLUSION: In the present study, a significant number of S-ICD® patients had a manual or automatic vector change during follow-up and after device replacement. The study underlines the importance of a thoroughly performed screening and at least two valuable sensing vectors preimplant. Further studies are needed to evaluate the necessity of a routine automatic setup during follow-up.

Ranolazine and Vernakalant Prevent Ventricular Arrhythmias in an Experimental Whole-Heart Model of Short QT Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Ranolazine has been reported to have an antiarrhythmic potential. The aim of this study was to assess the electrophysiologic effects of ranolazine and to compare its effects to vernakalant in an experimental whole-heart model of short-QT syndrome. METHODS: Rabbit hearts were isolated and Langendorff-perfused. After obtaining baseline data, pinacidil, an IKATP channel opener, was administered (1 µM). RESULTS: Endo- and epicardial monophasic action potentials and a 12-lead ECG showed a significant abbreviation of QT interval (- 34 milliseconds, P < 0.05) and action potential duration (APD90 ; - 31 milliseconds, P < 0.05). This was accompanied by a reduction of effective refractory period (ERP; - 32 milliseconds, P < 0.05). Subsequently, hearts were additionally perfused with ranolazine (10 µM, n = 12) or vernakalant (10 µM, n = 14). Ranolazine led to an increase of QT-interval (+ 29 milliseconds, P < 0.05), APD90 (+ 18 milliseconds, P < 0.05) and ERP (+ 28 milliseconds, P < 0.05) as compared with sole pinacidil treatment. Similar results were observed under the influence of vernakalant (APD90: + 25 milliseconds, QT-interval: + 34 milliseconds, ERP: + 31 milliseconds). Under the influence of pinacidil, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was inducible by a standardized pacing protocol including programmed stimulation and aggressive burst stimulation in 8 of 12 hearts (ranolazine group, 34 episodes) and 7 of 14 hearts (vernakalant group, 24 episodes). Additional infusion of ranolazine (1 of 12 hearts, 1 episode) or vernakalant (1 of 14 hearts, 3 episodes) led to a significant suppression of VF. CONCLUSION: In the present pharmacologic model of short QT syndrome treatment with pinacidil led to an increased inducibility of VF in association with a reduction in ERP. Additional treatment with ranolazine or vernakalant reversed this effect and demonstrated potent antiarrhythmic properties based on an increase of ERP.

Data on procedural handling and complications of pulmonary vein isolation using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter GOLD®.

AIMS: The second-generation multi-electrode-phased radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC GOLD(®)) was redesigned with the intent to improve its safety and efficacy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a prospectively designed single-centre database, we retrospectively analysed 128 consecutive patients (102 paroxysmal and 43 female) who underwent their first pulmonary vein isolation with the PVAC GOLD(®). The analysis focused on procedural data as well as in-hospital complications. Baseline characteristics of the patient collective were as follows: mean age 57.9 years, mean CHA2DS2-VASC was 1.73 ± 1.30; structural heart disease was present in seven patients. The PVAC GOLD(®) exhibited procedure durations of 123.1 min ± 27.9, duration of energy delivery was 18.3 min ± 11.4, and fluoroscopy duration was 16.0 min ± 7.7. The redesigned catheter shows major complication [major bleeding, transitory ischaemic attack (TIA), and pericardial tamponade] rates of 2.3% (n = 3). The overall rate of adverse events was 5.4% (n = 7). Bleeding complications were observed in three patients (2.3%), in particular there were two cases (1.6%) of minor bleeding and one case (0.8%) of major bleeding. Two patients suffered pericardial effusion, but there was no need for pericardiocentesis. Besides one TIA, there was no other thrombo-embolic event. Furthermore, one case of post-procedural fever was observed. No deaths, stroke, or haemorrhagic shock occurred. Of the 510 pulmonary veins, 508 could be reached with the PVAC GOLD(®) device using a non-steerable long sheath. CONCLUSION: The PVAC GOLD(®) seems to have an acceptable safety profile. The handling is comparable with the previous generation PVAC(®).

Modified phased radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation reduces the number of cerebral microembolic signals.

AIMS: Phased radiofrequency (RF) ablation for atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased number of silent cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebral microembolic signals (MESs) on transcranial Doppler ultrasound imaging compared with irrigated RF. The increased rate of embolic events may be due to a specific electrical interference of ablation electrodes attributed to the catheter design. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of deactivating the culprit electrodes on cerebral MESs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine consecutive patients (60 ± 11 years, 10 female) underwent their first pulmonary vein isolation using phased RF energy. Electrode pairs 1 or 5 were deactivated to avoid electrical interference between electrodes 1 and 10 ('modified'). Detection of MESs by transcranial Doppler ultrasound was performed throughout the procedure to assess cerebral microembolism. Results were compared with the numbers of MESs in 31 patients ablated using all available electrodes ('conventional') and to 30 patients undergoing irrigated RF ablation of a previous randomized study. Ablation with 'modified' phased RF was associated with a marked decrease in MESs when compared with 'conventional' phased RF (566 ± 332 vs. 1530 ± 980; P < 0.001). This difference was mainly triggered by the reduction of MES during delivery of phased RF energy, resulting in MES numbers comparable to irrigated RF ablation (646 ± 449; P = 0.7). Total procedure duration as well as time of RF delivery was comparable between phased RF groups. Both times, however, were significantly shorter compared with the irrigated RF group (123 ± 28 vs. 195 ± 38; 15 ± 4 vs. 30 ± 9; P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein isolation with 'modified' phased RF is associated with a decreased number of cerebral microembolism especially during the delivery of ablation impulses, supporting the significance of electrical interference between ablation electrodes 1 and 10. Deactivation of electrode pairs 1 or 5 might increase the safety of this approach without an increase in procedure duration or RF delivery time.

Outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and correlation with ECG markers of early repolarization.

BACKGROUND: Early repolarization pattern (ERP) has been associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) and with cardiovascular mortality in the general population. As there is limited data about long- term outcome of IVF, the aim of our study was to observe ventricular arrhythmia (VA) recurrences in these patients and to identify a possible correlation of VA with ECG markers of early repolarization. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated 56 consecutive IVF patients who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention. ERP was defined as a J-point elevation ≥ 0.1 mV in two or more contiguous inferior or lateral leads. Markers of early repolarization were present in 32.1% of cases with a preponderance of QRS slurring (77.8%). During a mean follow-up of 41.2 months, 11 patients (19.6%) received in total 18 adequate ICD-therapies. VF was most the common cause for ICDtherapy (61.1%) but monomorphic VT also occurred in four patients. Presence of ERP was associated with a significant trend towards arrhythmia recurrences. 38.9% patients with ERP received appropriate ICD-therapies whereas only 10.5% of patients without ERP had arrhythmia recurrence (p = 0.05). Inappropriate ICD-therapies occurred in seven patients (12.5%) with a non-significant trend towards a higher incidence in patients with a transvenous ICD (p = 0.15). CONCLUSION: A significant correlation between ERP and VA recurrences in patients with IVF could be observed. Though monomorphic VA also play a role in the studied IVF-population, our data support the use of the S-ICD in this collective.

Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Unknown Etiology and Implantable Loop Recorders-Further Insights of the TRACK AF Study on the Role of ECG and Echocardiography.

Aims-Electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiographic left atrial (LA) parameters may be helpful to assess the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in embolic stroke of unknown etiology (ESUS) and could therefore guide intensity of ECG monitoring. Methods-1153 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were analyzed. An internal loop recorder (ILR) was implanted in 104 consecutive patients with ESUS. Multiple morphologic P-wave parameters in baseline 12-channel ECG and echocardiographic LA parameters were measured and analyzed in patients with and without ILR-detected AF. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the predictive value of several ECG parameters and LA dimensions on the occurrence of AF. Results-In 20 of 104 (19%) patients, AF was diagnosed by ILR during a mean monitoring time of 575 (IQR 470-580) days. Patients with AF were significantly older (72 (67-75) vs. 60 (52-72) years; p = 0.001) and premature atrial contractions (PAC) were more frequently observed (40% vs. 2%; p < 0.001) during baseline ECG. All morphologic P-wave parameters did not show a significant difference between groups. There was a non-significant trend towards a larger LA volume index (31 (24-36) vs. 29 (25-37) mL/m2; p = 0.09) in AF patients. Conclusions-Age and PAC are independently associated with incident AF in ESUS and could be used as markers for selecting patients that may benefit from more extensive rhythm monitoring or ILR implantation. In our consecutive cohort of patients with ESUS, neither morphological P-wave parameters nor LA size were predictive of AF.

Left Atrial Posterior Wall Isolation with Pulsed Field Ablation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial posterior wall isolation (LAPWI) may improve rhythm control in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF) patients undergoing catheter ablation (CA). However, LAPWI may be challenging when using thermal energy sources. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of LAPWI performed by non-thermal pulsed field ablation (PFA) in CA for persAF. METHODS: Consecutive persAF patients from two German centers were prospectively enrolled. There were two study cohorts: (1) the LAPWI cohort, which included PFA-guided (re-)PVI with LAPWI for first-time and/or repeat ablation procedures; and (2) a comparative persAF cohort with a PFA PVI-only approach without LAPWI for first-time ablation within the same timeframe. Patients were followed up by routine Holter ECGs. RESULTS: In total, 79 persistent AF patients were included in the study: 59/79 patients were enrolled in the LAPWI cohort, including 16/59 index (27%) and 43/59 repeat ablation procedures (73%). Sixteen patients (16/79; 21%) were in the PVI-only cohort without LAPWI. Of the patients treated with LAPWI, procedure time and fluoroscopy time was 91 ± 30 min and 15 ± 7 min, respectively. The acute PVI rate was 100% in all first-time ablation patients (32 patients (16 PVI only, 16 PVI plus LAPWI), 196/196 PVs). Of the 43 re-do patients in the LAPWI cohort, re-PVI was necessary in 33% (14/43) of patients (27 PVs; 1.9 PV per-patient); in 67% (29/43), all PVs were isolated, and antral ablation of the PV ostia was performed in 48% (14/29). LAPWI was performed successfully in all 59 (100%) patients of the LAPWI cohort. Two minor complications occurred. No esophageal lesion was detected in the LAPWI cohort (n = 33/59 (56%) patients underwent endoscopy). After 354 ± 197 days of follow-up, freedom from atrial arrhythmias was 79.3% (95-CI: 62-95%) in the complete LAPWI cohort (n = 14/59 (24%) on AAD: class Ic n = 9, class III n = 5). There was no difference regarding acute procedural and clinical outcome compared to the PVI-only cohort. CONCLUSION: LAPWI guided by PFA is feasible and safe in patients undergoing CA for persAF and shows favorable outcomes. In the context of durable PVI, PFA-guided LAPWI may be an effective adjunctive treatment option.

Temperature to time Catch-Up: a novel procedural endpoint to predict durable pulmonary vein isolation after cryoballoon ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation is a widely used single-shot technique for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Procedural endpoints ensuring maximal PVI durability are important. OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of cryoablation procedural markers to predict long-term PVI. METHODS: In a single center, consecutive patients who underwent redo ablation with high-density mapping for symptomatic AF recurrence after cryoballoon ablation were included and cryoballoon procedural data were collected, including temperature values at 30 and 60 s, time to isolation, nadir temperature and the velocity of temperature decline estimated with the temperature/time catch-up point (T2T-Catch-Up) defined as positive when the freeze temperature in minus degree equals the time in seconds after cryoablation initiation (e.g. - 15 °C in the first 15 s of the ablation impulse). RESULTS: 47 patients (62% male; 58.3 ± 11.2 years) were included. Overall, 38 (80.9%) patients had ≥ 1 reconnected PV. Among 186 PVs, 56 (30.1%; 1.2 per patient on average) were reconnected. Univariate analysis revealed T2T-Catch-Up in 103 (56%) and more frequent in durably isolated than in reconnected PVs (93 [72%] vs 10 [19%], p < 0.0001). Among binary endpoints, T2T-Catch-Up had the highest specificity (82%) and predictive value for durable PVI at redo ablation (90%). In multivariable analyses, absence of T2T-Catch-Up (Odds-ratio 0.12, 95% CI [0.05-0.31], p < 0.0001) and right superior PV (Odds-ratio 3.14, 95% CI [1.27-7.74], p = 0.01) were the only variables independently associated with PV reconnection. CONCLUSION: T2T-Catch-Up, a new and simple cryoballoon procedural endpoint demonstrated excellent predictive value and strong statistical association with durable PVI.

[Anatomy of the left ventricle for endocardial ablation]. / Anatomie des linken Ventrikels als Grundlage für endokardiale Ablationen.

As with all cardiac interventions, performing left ventricular ablation requires profound knowledge of cardiac anatomy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of left ventricular anatomy and to characterize complex and clinically relevant structures from an electrophysiologist-centered perspective. In addition to the different access routes, the trabecular network, the left ventricular outflow tract, and the left ventricular conduction system, complex anatomical structures such as the aortomitral continuity and the left ventricular summit are also explained. In addition, this article offers multiple clinical examples that combine ECG, anatomy, and electrophysiologic study.

Electrophysiologic effects of sacubitril in different arrhythmia models.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies report conflicting data regarding anti- or proarrhythmic effects of sacubitril. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of acute sacubitril treatment in different arrhythmia models. METHODS: Sacubitril was administered (3, 5, 10 µM) in 12 isolated rabbit hearts. Further 12 hearts were treated with erythromycin to simulate long-QT-syndrome-2 (LQT2). Other 12 hearts were perfused with veratridine to mimic long-QT-syndrome-3 (LQT3). Both LQT-groups were treated with sacubitril (5 µM) additionally. Ventricular vulnerability was assessed by a pacing protocol. AV-blocked bradycardic hearts were perfused with a hypokalemic solution to trigger torsade de pointes (TdP). In further 13 hearts, AF was induced by a combination of acetylcholine and isoproterenol and sacubitril (5 µM) was added afterwards. RESULTS: With sacubitril, action potential duration (APD) was abbreviated whereas spatial dispersion of repolarisation (SDR) remained stable. In both LQT groups, APD and SDR were increased. Infusion of sacubitril reduced APD (- 21 ms, p < 0.01) and SDR (- 8 ms) in the LQT2-group and did not alter APD (+2 ms) but reduced SDR (-19 ms, p < 0.01) in the LQT3-group. Ventricular vulnerability was not altered by sacubitril. No TdP were observed with sacubitril or under baseline conditions in any group. Sacubitril significantly suppressed TdP in the LQT2-group (3 vs. 43 episodes, p < 0.05) but not in the LQT3-group (10 vs. 16 episodes, p = ns). Sacubitril reduced inducibility of AF (9 vs. 31 episodes). CONCLUSION: Sacubitril abbreviated APD. In addition, sacubitril exhibits potential antiarrhythmic effects in LQT2 and may be beneficial in LQT3 and AF.

Experimental evidence for proarrhythmic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a sensitive whole-heart model.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have raised serious concerns on cardiovascular safety of widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the electrophysiological effects of certain NSAIDs in an established whole heart model of proarrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-eight hearts of New Zealand White rabbits were harvested and retrogradely perfused employing a Langendorff setup, and electrophysiology studies were performed to investigate action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90 ), QT intervals, and effective refractory period (ERP). After generating baseline data, hearts were perfused with ibuprofen (Group 1, n = 12; 10 and 30 µM), indomethacin (Group 2, n = 13; 10 and 20 µM) and diclofenac (Group 3, n = 13; 10 and 20 µM), respectively, and the pacing protocols were repeated for each concentration. In all groups, perfusion with the NSAIDs resulted in a significant and reproducible shortening of APD90 and QT interval. In all groups, the arrhythmia susceptibility was significantly raised as occurrence of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia under programmed ventricular stimulation was significantly increased under perfusion with ibuprofen, indomethacin and diclofenac in all concentrations. CONCLUSION: The perfusion with ibuprofen, indomethacin and diclofenac in commonly used doses raised the arrhythmia susceptibility in an established rabbit whole-heart model while APD shortening and shortened ERP seem to be crucial for arrhythmogenesis.

[Electromagnetic interference in 3D-mapping procedures]. / Elektromagnetische Interferenzen bei 3-D-Mappingverfahren.

Catheter-based ablation is nowadays a safe and widespread procedure for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. This requires exact anatomical knowledge both before and during the examination and is an important prerequisite for targeted treatment. At the beginning of the era of interventional catheter-based treatment, fluoroscopy was the only and usual means of visualization, whereas in the middle of the 1990s continuous 3D-mapping systems were developed for the non-fluoroscopic examination of patients. The correct use of these 3­D systems, which non-fluoroscopically visualize the catheter and mostly identify mechanisms of arrhythmia in great detail, nowadays makes an important contribution to successful interventional catheter treatment of arrhythmia; however, it is not uncommon for patients with ventricular arrhythmia to also carry implanted electronic devices, such as pacemakers, defibrillators or less frequently left ventricular hemodynamic support systems. All implantable devices lead to electromagnetic interferences, which can complicate the diagnostics and treatment during electrophysiological examinations and ablation. This article addresses the adversities and experiences associated with magnet-based 3D systems and implantable electromagnetically active cardiac devices.

Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Obese Compared to Non-Obese Patients: Real-Life Experience from a Large Tertiary Center.

1. Introduction: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an established procedure used to achieve rhythm control in atrial fibrillation (AF). In obese patients (pts), in whom AF occurs more frequently, a reduced effectiveness of PVI has been observed. Therefore, this study's aim was to compare the long-term efficacy of PVI between obese and non-obese patients. 2. Methods: We enrolled 111 consecutive pts with a body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m2 undergoing PVI from our large registry. Procedural data and outcomes were compared with a matched group of 115 non-obese PVI pts and the long-term outcomes were analyzed. 3. Results: Overall follow-up duration was 314 patient-years in the obese and 378 patient-years in the non-obese group. The follow-up rate was 71% in the obese and 76% in the non-obese group. In both groups, their AF-characteristics did not differ significantly, while known risk factors were significantly more prevalent in the obese group. Procedural characteristics were similar in both groups. During follow-up, the obese pts demonstrated significant weight loss compared to the non-obese pts, while at the same time, the overall recurrence rate during follow-up did not differ significantly between both groups (obese: 39.2% and non-obese: 43.7%). PVI related and long-term complications were comparable between both groups. In the univariate analysis, obesity was not found to be associated with an increased AF recurrence risk. 4. Conclusion: These real-life data demonstrate that obese pts may not show higher AF recurrence rates after PVI compared to pts with normal body weight. Furthermore, PVI was found to be safe and effective in obese patients; thus, a BMI alone may not be a criterion for refusal of PVI.

The Incidence, Electrophysiological Characteristics and Ablation Outcome of Left Atrial Tachycardias after Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Three Different Ablation Technologies.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial tachycardias (LAT) are a well-known outcome of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Few data are available on whether the catheter used to perform PVI influences the incidence, as well as the characteristics of post PVI LAT. We present data on LAT following PVI by the following three ablation technologies: (1) phased multi-electrode radiofrequency catheter (PVAC), (2) irrigated single-tip catheter (iRF), and (3) cryoballoon ablation. METHODS: Using a prospectively designed single-center database, we analyzed 650 patients (300 iRF, 150 PVAC, and 200 cryoballoon) with paroxysmal (n = 401) and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), who underwent their first PVI at our center. RESULTS: The three populations were comparable in their baseline characteristics; however, the cryoballoon group comprised a higher percentage of patients with persistent AF (p = 0.05). The LAT rates were 3.7% in the iRF group (mean follow-up 22 ± 14 months), 0.7% in the PVAC group (mean follow-up 21 ± 14 months), and 4% in the cryoballoon group (mean follow-up 15 ± 8 months). The predominant mechanism of LAT was macro-reentrant tachycardia. Reconnection of at least one pulmonary vein was observed in 87% of the patients who underwent 3D mapping. No predictors for LAT occurrence were identified. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of LAT post PVI is rare; the predominant mechanism was macro-reentrant tachycardia. Reconnection of at least one pulmonary vein was observed in nearly all the LAT patients. In our retrospective analysis, the lowest rate of LAT was observed with the PVAC. No predictors for LAT occurrence were identified.

Usefulness of the MADIT-ICD Benefit Score in a Large Mixed Patient Cohort of Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death.

Background: Decision-making in primary prevention is not always trivial and many clinical scenarios are not reflected in current guidelines. To help evaluate a patient's individual risk, a new score to predict the benefit of an implantable defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention, the MADIT-ICD benefit score, has recently been proposed. The score tries to predict occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and non-arrhythmic death based on data from four previous MADIT trials. We aimed at examining its usefulness in a large single-center register of S-ICD patients with various underlying cardiomyopathies. Methods and results: All S-ICD patients with a primary preventive indication for ICD implantation from our large single-center database were included in the analysis (n = 173). During a follow-up of 1227 ± 978 days, 27 patients developed sustained ventricular arrhythmias, while 6 patients died for non-arrhythmic reasons. There was a significant correlation for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) (n = 29, p = 0.04) to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia. However, the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias could not sufficiently be predicted by the MADIT-ICD VT/VF score (p = 0.3) in patients with (n = 142, p = 0.19) as well as patients without structural heart disease (n = 31, p = 0.88) and patients with LV-EF < 35%. Of the risk factors included in the risk score calculation, only non-sustained ventricular tachycardias were significantly associated with sustained ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.02). Of note, non-arrhythmic death could effectively be predicted by the proposed non-arrhythmic mortality score as part of the benefit score (p = 0.001, r = 0.3) also mainly driven by ICM patients. Age, diabetes mellitus, and a BMI < 23 kg/m2 were key predictors of non-arrhythmic death implemented in the score. Conclusion: The MADIT-ICD benefit score adds a new option to evaluate expected benefit of ICD implantation for primary prevention. In a large S-ICD cohort of primary prevention, the value of the score was limited to patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Future research should evaluate the performance of the score in different subgroups and compare it to other risk scores to assess its value for daily clinical practice.