Study of nonsynchronous online teaching of regional anatomy for international students integrated with medical humanities and local culture during COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice, the teaching of regional anatomy for international students which has changed to an online format and faces various challenges. The challenges include creating online education homogeneous/equivalent to offline education, introducing local culture to international students, and educating students in medical humanities and ethics. METHODS: To address these problems, the teaching staff integrated medical humanities and local culture into nonsynchronous online teaching of regional anatomy. RESULTS: The nonsynchronous online teaching with interpreted videos of dissections does not significantly affect the experimental and total scores of regional anatomy courses for international students. Integrating medical humanities and local culture into this teaching model is appreciated by them and also has a good teaching effect. CONCLUSION: Students not only gained professional knowledge but also obtained enhanced exposure to local culture and professional spirit from this regional anatomy education.

Efficacy and Safety of Renal Sympathetic Denervation on Dogs with Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: In dogs with heart failure (HF) induced by overload pressure, the role of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) on heart failure and in the renal artery is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy and safety of RSD in dogs with pressure overload-induced heart failure. METHODS: Twenty mongrel dogs were divided into a sham-operated group, an HF group and an HF + RSD group. In the sham-operated group, the abdominal aorta was located but was not constricted, in the HF group, the abdominal aorta was constricted without RSD, and the HF+RSD group underwent RSD with constriction of the abdominal aorta after 10 weeks. Blood sampling assays, echocardiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurement and histopathological examination were performed. RESULTS: Renal sympathetic denervation caused a significant reduction in the levels of noradrenaline (166.62±6.84 vs. 183.48±13.66 pg/ml, P<0.05), plasma renin activity (1.93±0.12 vs. 2.10±0.13 ng/mlh, P<0.05) and B-type natriuretic peptide (71.14±3.86 vs. 83.15±5.73 pg/ml, P<0.05) at eight weeks after RSD in the HF+RSD group. Compared with the HF group at eight weeks, the left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole and end-systole were lower and the left ventricular ejection fraction was higher (all P<0.05) at eight weeks after RSD in the HF+RSD group. Intravenous ultrasound images showed no changes in the renal artery lumen, and intimal hyperplasia and vascular lumen stenosis were not observed after RSD. CONCLUSIONS: Renal sympathetic denervation could improve cardiac function in dogs with HF induced by pressure overload; RSD had no adverse influence on the renal artery.

Ursolic acid enhances macrophage autophagy and attenuates atherogenesis.

Macrophage autophagy has been shown to be protective against atherosclerosis. We previously discovered that ursolic acid (UA) promoted cancer cell autophagy. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether UA enhances macrophage autophagy in the context of atherogenesis. Cell culture study showed that UA enhanced autophagy of macrophages by increasing the expression of Atg5 and Atg16l1, which led to altered macrophage function. UA reduced pro-interleukin (IL)-1ß protein levels and mature IL-1ß secretion in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), without reducing IL-1ß mRNA expression. Confocal microscopy showed that in LPS-treated macrophages, UA increased LC3 protein levels and LC3 appeared to colocalize with IL-1ß. In cholesterol-loaded macrophages, UA increased cholesterol efflux to apoAI, although it did not alter mRNA or protein levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Electron microscopy showed that UA induced lipophagy in acetylated LDL-loaded macrophages, which may result in increased cholesterol ester hydrolysis in autophagolysosomes and presentation of free cholesterol to the cell membrane. In LDLR(-/-) mice fed a Western diet to induce atherogenesis, UA treatment significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size, accompanied by increased macrophage autophagy. In conclusion, the data suggest that UA promotes macrophage autophagy and, thereby, suppresses IL-1ß secretion, promotes cholesterol efflux, and attenuates atherosclerosis in mice.

Mitochondrial FOXO3a is involved in amyloid ß peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid ß peptide (Aß)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanism(s) of Aß-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has not been fully understood. There is evidence that Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) is normally present in neuronal mitochondria. Using HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and primary hippocampal neurons, the present study investigated whether mitochondrial FOXO3a was involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aß. It was found that Aß induced dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of FOXO3a. In addition, Aß enhanced association of FOXO3a with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), causing a decrease in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and the activity of COX. In addition, Aß-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by the decrease in 3- (4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and COX activity, could be suppressed by knockdown of FOXO3a (FOXO3a-KD). These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying Aß-induced neurotoxicity and open up new therapeutic perspectives for AD.

De-oncogenic HPV E6/E7 vaccine gets enhanced antigenicity and promotes tumoricidal synergy with cisplatin.

In order to develop more effective therapeutic vaccines against cancers with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, it is crucial to enhance the immunogenicity, eliminate the oncogenicity of oncoproteins, and take a combination of E7- and E6-containing vaccines. It has been shown recently that PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 (E7), a fusion protein containing the HPV16 oncoprotein E7 and the translocation domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, is effective against TC-1 tumor cells inoculated in mice, therefore, we engineered PE(ΔIII)-E6-CRL-KDEL3 (E6), the de-oncogenic versions of the E7 and E6 fusion proteins [i.e. PE(ΔIII)-E7(d)-KDEL3, E7(d), and PE(ΔIII)-E6(d)-CRL-KDEL3, E6(d)] and tested the immunoefficacies of these fusion proteins as mono- and bivalent vaccines. Results indicated that the E7(d) get higher immunogenicity than its wild type and the E6 fusion proteins augmented the immunogenicity and antitumor effects of their E7 counterparts. Furthermore, the bivalent vaccine system E7(d) plus E6(d), in the presence of cisplatin, showed the best tumoristatic and tumoricidal effects against established tumors in vivo. Therefore, it can be concluded that this novel therapeutic vaccine system, upon further optimization, may shed new light on clinical management of HPV-related carcinomas.

Ursolic acid promotes cancer cell death by inducing Atg5-dependent autophagy.

Ursolic acid (UA) has been reported to possess anticancer activities. Although some of the anticancer activities of UA have been explained by its apoptosis-inducing properties, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer actions are largely unknown. We have found that UA-activated autophagy induced cytotoxicity and reduced tumor growth of cervical cancer cells TC-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. UA did not induce apoptosis of TC-1 cells in vitro as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining, DNA fragmentation, and Western blot analysis of the apoptosis-related proteins. We found that UA increased punctate staining of light chain 3 (LC3), which is an autophagy marker. LC3II, the processed form of LC3I which is formed during the formation of double membranes, was induced by UA treatment. These results were further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of autophagy, and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) for autophagy-related genes (Atg5) reduced LC3II and simultaneously increased the survival of TC-1 cells treated with UA. We also found that LC3II was significantly reduced and that survival was increased in Atg5-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells compared to Atg5+/+ MEF cells under UA treatment. However, silencing BECN1 by siRNA affected neither the expression of LC3II nor the survival of TC-1 cells under UA treatment. These results suggest that autophagy is a major mechanism by which UA kills TC-1 cells. It is Atg5 rather than BECN1 that plays a crucial role in UA-induced autophagic cell death in TC-1 cells. The activation of autophagy by UA may become a potential cancer therapeutic strategy complementing the apoptosis-based therapies. Furthermore, regulation of Atg5 may improve the efficacy of UA in cancer treatment.

High bifurcation of the unilateral brachial artery: an unusual variation.

BACKGROUND: It is common to observe a high bifurcation of the brachial artery, with some variations being quite rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During routine dissection for medical teaching purposes, a unilateral high bifurcation of the brachial artery was noted on the left side of a female cadaver. RESULTS: On the left arm, two branches of different sizes originate from the axillary artery, one on the radial side and the other on the ulnar side. These branches run down the arm, crossing each other, eventually becoming the forearm's radial and ulnar arteries. We also observed branches such as the posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and deep brachial artery. CONCLUSIONS: This case report adds to the existing body of knowledge about the variation of the brachial artery, which is of anatomical and clinical value. We report this case to highlight the unique variation in the arterial anatomy of the upper limb.

Breakthrough in targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains by far the single most common malignancy of lung cancer which causes more and more mortality in recent years. NSCLC accounts for more than 80 % of lung cancers, and the vast majority of patients were found to be in advanced inoperable stages. Chemotherapy used to be the main treatment for NSCLC, but due to its obvious side effects. Chemotherapy gradually withdrew from the stage of history. In recent years, cellular and molecular biotechnology has developed rapidly, and researchers have begun to target key genes and regulatory molecules for treatment. Targeted drugs have also emerged. The purpose of this review is to introduce important research achievements in recent years and the treatment progress of new drugs.

Involvement of NOS/NO in the development of chronic dental inflammatory pain in rats.

Nitric oxide (NO) is believed to be an important messenger molecule in nociceptive transmission. To assess the possible roles of NO in trigeminal sensory system, we examined the distribution and density of histochemical staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos, a neuronal activity marker, in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) following pulp exposure (PX) injured rats. The neurons innervating injured tooth in TG were labeled by the retrograde transport of fluoro-gold (FG). Teeth were processed for H&E staining. We found that NADPH-d activity increased significantly in the TG and Vc following PX pretreatment (7-28 days, especially in 21-28 days). Such changes were closely corresponding to the pattern of c-Fos detected by immunocytochemistry. The results demonstrate that PX-induced chronic pulpal inflammation results in significant alterations in the TG cells and in the Vc, and such changes may underlie the observed NADPH-d activity. It suggests that NOS/NO may play an active role in both peripheral and central processing of nociceptive information following chronic tooth inflammation.

RNA-based pharmacotherapy for tumors: From bench to clinic and back.

RNA therapy is a treatment that regulates cell proteins and cures diseases by affecting the metabolism of mRNAs in cells, which has cut a figure in the studies on various incurable illnesses like hereditary diseases, tumors, etc. In this review, we introduced the discovery and development of RNA therapy and discussed its classification, mechanisms, advantages, and challenges. Moreover, we highlighted how RNA therapy works in killing tumor cells as well as what progresses it has made in related researches. And the development of RNA anti-tumor drugs and the clinical trial process were also included.

Expression and colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase and heme oxygenase-2 in trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rat.

Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are two endogenously produced gases that can function as second messenger molecules in the nervous system. The enzyme systems responsible for CO and NO biosynthesis are heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), respectively. The present study was undertaken to examine the distribution of HO-2 and NOS of the trigeminal primary afferent neurons of the rat, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. NADPH-d staining was found in most neurons in TG. The intensely NADPH-d-stained neurons were small- or medium-sized, while the large-sized neurons were less intensely stained. Immunocytochemistry for HO-2 revealed that almost all neurons in TG expressed HO-2, but they did not appear cell size-specific pattern. NADPH-d and HO-2 positive neurons appeared the same pattern, which was NADPH-d activity and HO-2 expression progressively declined from the caudal to rostral part of the MTN. A double staining revealed that the colocalization of NADPH-d/HO-2 neurons was 97.3% in TG and 97.6% in MTN. The remarkable parallels between NADPH-d and HO-2 suggest that NO and CO are likely neurotransmitters and mediate the orofacial nociception and sensory feedback of the masticatory reflex arc together.

Bone mesenchymal stem cells for gene transfer of NGF to the adult rat brain: rescue the NGFR p75 positive neurons from fimbria-fornix lesion-induced degeneration.

The study was to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of transplanted bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transfected never growth factor (NGF) gene and GFP gene (as a reporter gene), in treating the rat with fimbria-fornix lesion. After transduction of NGF gene via recombinant retroviral vectors into the rat BMSCs, BMSCs were therefore transformed into the GFP-NGF positive BMSCs, nearly 100% of BMSCs expressed NGF, and then transplanted into basal forebrain of rat with fimbria-fornix lesion. After 2 weeks post-transplantation, the GFP-NGF positive BMSCs survive and fuse in vivo with astroglia or NGFR p75 positive neurons in the basal forebrain, no evidence of transdifferentiation was observed in this study. The number of NGFR p75 positive neurons in basal forebrain of NGF group was significantly higher than those of the void plasmid group (p < 0.05) or the PBS group (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the GFP-NGF positive BMSCs provide, by way of paracrine, NGF that effectively perform the functions of neuroprotection, which cell fusion may be also contribute to.

Genetic variations in chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 5, gene-environment interactions and risk of sporadic Alzheimer's disease in Chinese population.

CHD5 is an essential factor for neuronal differentiation and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the targeted next generation sequencing and TaqMan genotyping technologies were carried out for CHD5 gene in a two-staged case-control study in Chinese population. The genetic statistics and gene-environment interactions were analyzed to find certain risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. We found intronic rs11121295 was associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease at both stages including combined cohorts. This risk effect presented consistently significant associations with the alcoholic subgroups at both all stages in the stratified analysis. The gene-environment interactions further supported the above findings. Our study highlighted the potential role of CHD5 variants in conferring susceptibility to sporadic Alzheimer's disease, especially modified its risk by alcoholic intake.

NF-κB pathway link with ER stress-induced autophagy and apoptosis in cervical tumor cells.

Targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being investigated for its anticancer effect in various cancers, including cervical cancer. However, the molecular pathways whereby ER stress mediates cell death remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we confirmed that ER stress triggered by compounds such as brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin (TM), and thapsigargin (TG) leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cervical cancer cell lines, which is characterized by elevated levels of inositol-requiring kinase 1α, glucose-regulated protein-78, and C/EBP homologous protein, and swelling of the ER observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). We found that BFA significantly increased autophagy in tumor cells and induced TC-1 tumor cell death in a dose-dependent manner. BFA increased punctate staining of LC3 and the number of autophagosomes observed by TEM in TC-1 and HeLa cells. The autophagic flux was also assessed. Bafilomycin, which blocked degradation of LC3 in lysosomes, caused both LC3I and LC3II accumulation. BFA initiated apoptosis of TC-1 tumor cells through activation of the caspase-12/caspase-3 pathway. At the same time, BFA enhanced the phosphorylation of IκBα protein and translocation into the nucleus of NF-κB p65. Quinazolinediamine, an NF-κB inhibitor, attenuated both autophagy and apoptosis induced by BFA; meanwhile, it partly enhances survival of cervical cancer cells following BFA treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that the cross-talk between ER stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and the NF-κB pathways controls the fate of cervical cancer cells. Careful evaluation should be given to the addition of an NF-κB pathway inhibitor to treat cervical cancer in combination with drugs that induce ER stress-mediated cell death.

microRNA-155 deficiency impairs dendritic cell function in breast cancer.

In antitumor immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) capture, process, and present tumor antigens to T cells, initiating a tumoricidal response. However, DCs are often dysfunctional due to their exposure to the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to tumor escape from immune surveillance. Here, a vital role of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in regulating the function of DCs in breast cancer is reported. Host miR-155 deficiency enhanced breast cancer growth in mice, accompanied by reduced DCs in the tumors and draining lymph nodes. miR-155 deficiency in DCs impaired their maturation, migration ability, cytokine production, and the ability to activate T cells. We demonstrate that miR-155 regulates DC migration through epigenetic modulation of CCR7 expression. Moreover, IL-6 and IL-10, two cytokines abundant in the TME, are found to impair DC maturation by suppressing miR-155 expression. Furthermore, animal studies show that a lack of miR-155 diminishes the effectiveness of DC-based immunotherapy for breast cancer. In conclusion, these findings suggest that miR-155 is a master regulator of DC function in breast cancer, including maturation, cytokine secretion, migration toward lymph nodes, and activation of T-cells. These results suggest that boosting the expression of a single microRNA, miR-155, may significantly improve the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies for breast cancer.

MAPKAP1 rs10118570 polymorphism is associated with anti-infection and anti-hepatic fibrogenesis in schistosomiasis japonica.

Chronic infection with Schistosoma japonicum is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis (HF). Human 9q33.3 is one of the most important loci for stress-related diseases. We examined the potential associations of 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with S. japonicum infection and HF in epidemic region in China. We identified a SNP (rs10118570 GG in mitogen-activated protein kinase associated protein 1, MAPKAP1) contributes to anti-infection (adjusted OR = 0.35) and anti-fibrogenesis (adjusted RR = 0.44) in the discovery study. Replicative and combined studies showed consistent protective quality for this genotype (replicative: adjusted OR = 0.37 for anti-infection, and adjusted RR = 0.40 for anti-fibrogenesis; Combined: adjusted OR = 0.45 for anti-infection, and adjusted RR = 0.42 for anti-fibrogenesis). Univariate and multivariate analysis in the discovery, replicative and combined studies, suggested that durations (years), splenomegaly, serum ALB and rs10118570 were independent predictors influencing the fibrogenesis. The analysis of gene-gene interaction showed rs10118570 functions independently. We conclude that MAPKAP1 may represent a novel anti-infection and anti-fibrogenesis genomic locus in chronic schistosomiasis japonica. And rs10118570 may be a potential biomarker and target for the treatment of this life-threatening ancient disease.

9q33.3, a stress-related chromosome region, contributes to reducing lung squamous cell carcinoma risk.

BACKGROUND: Human chromosome 9q33.3 is one of the most important loci for pathophysiological stresses with complex genetic traits. We hypothesized that the common single-nucleotide polymorphisms on this region may affect non-small-cell lung cancer risk. METHODS: We genotyped 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that span 13 genes on 9q33.3 in two independent cohorts: the discovery study including 485 cases and 532 controls (North China) and the replicative study including 1063 cases and 1247 controls (South China). Both of the discovery cohort and the replicative cohort were included in the combined study. RESULTS: In the discovery study, we identified a potential protective locus rs10118570 in mitogen-activated protein kinase associated protein 1 with a lower population attributable risk under logistical regression adjusted by age, gender, smoking, and drinking status (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.71, p = 1.138 × 10 for genotype GG in lung squamous cell carcinoma). This protective quality increased in a dose-dependent manner as genotype GG decreased (ptrend = 9.675 × 10). Replicative and combined studies showed consistent association for this genotype (replicative: adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.20-0.66, p = 6.109 × 10, ptrend = 7.386 × 10; combined: adjusted OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.18-0.55, p = 1.259 × 10, ptrend = 7.725 × 10). CONCLUSION: We concluded that mitogen-activated protein kinase associated protein 1 rs10118570 may be an important protective factor for developing better management strategies in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

WITHDRAWN: Transplantation of bone mesenchymal stem cells containing the nerve growth factor gene in adult rat brain with Fimbria Fornix lesion.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising source for cell-based treatment of brain injury, but the therapy of BMSCs is restricted by low cell survival. We examined whether nerve growth factor (NGF) improve BMSCs viability in the brain with Fimbria-Fornix lesion (FF). After transduction of NGF gene via recombinant retroviral vectors, the rat BMSCs were transformed into the NGF-GFP positive BMSCs, nearly 100% of cells expressed NGF. After transplanted into basal forebrain of rat with FF, the NGF-GFP positive BMSCs expressed the exogenous NGF gene in the host brain, and interesting, the survival number of BMSCs in the NGF group was significant more than that of the void plasmid group. Furthermore, the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive neurons of NGF group was also significant higher than those of the void plasmid group (p<0.05) or the PBS group (p<0.01). Performance in the water maze test was improved in these rats in NGF group. These results indicate that NGF increased BMSCs survival in brain with FF, which results in better improvement of brain function than injected with BMSCs alone.