Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Combined with Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia.

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent type of hair loss that impacts individuals of both genders. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and minoxidil have been employed as therapeutic interventions for AGA, yet the efficacy of their concurrent use remains ambiguous. OBJECTIVE: To perform a comprehensive review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in combination with minoxidil for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, encompassing their complete records up until December 2023. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that compared the combination of PRP and minoxidil with minoxidil or PRP alone in patients with AGA. The primary outcome measure was the change in hair growth as assessed by the hair density or hair thickness. Secondary outcome measures included patient satisfaction, and global photographic assessment. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies involving 343 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that PRP combined with minoxidil significantly improved hair growth compared to minoxidil or PRP alone. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant increase in hair density (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 9.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.57-11.70) and hair diameter (WMD = 4.72; 95% CI 3.21-6.23) in the PRP combined with minoxidil group. Moreover, patients receiving PRP combined with minoxidil reported higher satisfaction rates compared to those using minoxidil or PRP alone. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that PRP combined with minoxidil is an effective treatment for AGA, providing significant improvement in hair growth and patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

[Research advance in assessment of nutritional status of children].

Malnutrition is not a simple disease, which occurs in the condition when the body does not get the right amount of nutrients to maintain healthy tissues and organ functions. Malnutrition generally refers both to undernutrition and overnutrition, but usually it is used to refer solely to a deficiency of nutrition. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable because of their high nutritional requirements for growth and development. Growth is an important indicator of health and nutritional status of a child. Generally, underweight, studding and wasting are used as the indicators of malnutrition. In fact, a gain in height is a better indicator of the adequacy of a diet than a gain in weight. Rates of weight gain needs to accompany accelerated height gain to maintain normal body proportions (weight-for-height). Now therefore WHO recommends using weight-for-height as the indicator of malnutrition of epidemic intensity in communities and of nutritional condition evaluation, including treatment assessment. The assessment of nutritional status is commonly summarized by the mnemonic "ABCD," which stands for anthropometric measurement (A), biochemical or laboratory tests (B), clinical indicators (C) and dietary assessment (D). Children with malnutrition are required to ingest more than 30 essential nutrients including both functional, protective nutrients (type I) and growth nutrients (type II), in order to have a catch-up growth in weight and height.

Mental health and psychosocial problems among laboratory technicians in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Hebei, China.

Objective: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an increased mental burden has been widely reported among medical health workers such as physicians and nurses. However, data on laboratory technicians exposed to COVID-19 have rarely been published. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of psychological symptoms among laboratory technicians and analyze potential risk factors associated with these symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was performed via the Wenjuanxing platform (a professional online questionnaire platform) (https://www.wjx.cn/mobile/statnew.aspx) to investigate the mental health of laboratory technicians during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hebei, China from October 4, 2021, to November 3, 2021. The online questionnaire included demographic and occupational characteristics data of responders, and the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL90-R)was used to quantify the magnitude of psychological symptoms among laboratory technicians. Participants' demographic and occupational characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistical analyses. Chi-square tests were applied to compare the severity of each symptom between two or more groups. A binary logistic regression model was developed to identify the predictors of laboratory technicians' mental health in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and outcomes are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence interval. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS, New Orchard Road, Armonk, New York, USA). Results: A total of 3081 valid questionnaires were collected. Of these 3081 participants, 338 (11.0%) reported a total SCL90-R score >160, which indicated positive psychological symptoms. Among the 338 participants who reported psychological problems, most of them were mild symptoms. Several factors associated with mental health problems in laboratory technicians during COVID-19 were found, which include a history of physical and/or psychological problems (all 10 symptoms p < 0.001), more than 10 years of work experience (depression symptoms: OR = 2.350, p = 0.024; anxiety symptoms: OR = 2.642, p = 0.038), frontline work (depression symptoms: OR = 1.761, p = 0.001; anxiety symptoms: OR = 2.619, p < 0.001; hostility symptoms: OR = 1.913, p = 0.001), participant in more than 3 times large-scale SARS-CoV-2 screenings and more than 36 h per week in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing. Conclusion: A portion of laboratory technicians reported experiencing varying levels of psychological burden. During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple interventions should be developed and implemented to address existing psychosocial challenges and promote the mental health of laboratory technicians.

[Assessment and management of rotation and angulation of lower limbs in children].

Most rotational and angulational variations in young children are benign and resolved spontaneously. However, they may cause great concerns to parents. In order to provide a deliberate assessment and management of lower limb rotational and angulational problems, it is necessary for pediatricians to understand the normal variations of lower limb development in healthy children combined with the features of child growth and development and detail physical examinations.

[Study on the mechanism of insulin resistance in rats born with intrauterine growth retardation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of the livers of the male adult rats born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR),and to find out the relationship between IUGR and insulin resistance in their adult life. METHODS: The foods were available ad libitum throughout the pregnancy to the control group and the rats in the experimental group were fed 50% of the control group to build the IUGR animal model. Liver samples were collected when the male offspring grew up to 12 weeks old. The mRNA expressions of hepatic IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3K, and IGF-1 were detected by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of hepatic IR, IRS-1, and IRS-2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The mRNA expressions of hepatic IR in the adult male rats with IUGR were significantly lower than control group [(0.41+/-0.06) vs (0.62+/-0.11), P<0.05]. But the expressions of hepatic IR protein were similar [(6.21+/-0.57) vs (6.69+/-0.47), P>0.05] in both groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of the hepatic IRS-1 [mRNA: (0.77+/-0.20) vs (1.32+/-0.42), P<0.05; protein: (2.15+/-0.23) vs (5.96+/-0.38), P<0.05] and IRS-2 [mRNA: (1.05+/-0.28) vs (1.48+/-0.40), P<0.05; protein: (4.33+/-0.29) vs (7.08+/-0.35), P<0.05] of the IUGR rats were reduced; there were no differences between the hepatic PI3K mRNA expressions in the 2 groups [(1.12+/-0.19) vs (1.18+/-0.24), P>0.05]. The expressions of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of the rats with IUGR were significantly lower than those in control group [(0.55+/-0.12) vs (1.22+/-0.34), P<0.05]. There was close relation between the reduction of the expression of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA and the expression of IRS-1 mRNA (r=0.821, P<0.05) and IRS-2 mRNA(r=0.643, P<0.05) in the adult male rats with IUGR. CONCLUSION: The reduced expressions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 caused the lower expression of hepatic IGF-1 in the adult male rats with IUGR, which was related to the stunted growth and the insulin resistance. There were no relation of the expressions of hepatic IR and PI3K and the insulin resistance in adult male rats with IUGR.

[Expression of the hepatic insulin signal transduction proteins in the rats with intrauterine growth retardation during the perinatal period].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of maternal malnutrition on the expression of the insulin signal transduction proteins in the liver of perinatal rats. METHODS: (1) The dams were semi-starvation from the first day during pregnancy to build the animal model of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). On days 15, 17, 19, 21(E15, E17, E19, E21) of gestation, the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section. The fetal rats, placenta, fetal liver and the fetal brain were weighed respectively. And the placenta weight to the body weight ratio (PWR), the liver weight to the body weight ratio (LWR), the brain weight to the body weight ratio (BWR) were calculated; The expressions of the hepatic insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor subtrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinse (PI3K) mRNA in the rats during perinatal period were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: (1) The PWR of the IUGR fetus on E15 was lower than that in the control (P < 0.05) and beyond E17 it was gradually higher than that in the control (P < 0.05). There were no differences of the mean values of LWR between the IUGR fetus and the control. On E17 the LWR of the IUGR fetus were slowly increased (P < 0.05). The average level of BWR of the IUGR fetus during the perinatal period was significant higher (P < 0.05). (2) The expressions of hepatic IRS-1 mRNA of the IUGR fetus were similar on E15 and E17, and lower than that in the control on E19 until P1 (P < 0.05); The contents of hepatic IRS-2 mRNA of the IUGR fetus were significantly lower on E15 until P1 than that of the control(P < 0.05); There were no differences of the expressions of fetal hepatic IR mRNA and fetal hepatic PI3K mRNA between the IUGR fetus and the control(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: (1) In order to protect the development of brain, the fetus that suffered maternal malnutrition throughout the pregnancy had liver weight and body weight reduced much more than brain weight, which was known as "brain spare effects". (2) The expressions of hepatic IR mRNA and PI3K mRNA of the fetus were in normal ranges; But the expressions of the hepatic IRS-1 mRNA and IRS-2 mRNA of the IUGR fetus were decreased during the perinatal period. These may be related to the growth retardation and insulin resistance of the adult IUGR rats.

[Impaired islet beta-cell function and insulin resistance in adult male rats born with intrauterine growth retardation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the islet beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in adult male rats born intrauterine growth retardation caused by uterine placenta insufficiency. METHODS: Bilateral uterine artery ligation (UAL) was performed on day 17 of gestation in the pregnant Wistar rats; sham-operated pregnant rats served as controls. The birth weights of the offspring in the UAL group were below the mean values of the birth weights of the control group more than 2SD, defined as IUGR. The tests were done in the adult male offspring (n=9 for each group). The glucose tolerance test was processed and Modified Beta-Cell function Index (MBCI) was calculated to evaluating the islet beta-cell endocrine function. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, the gold standard method to test the insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue was performed and insulin induced glucose infusion rate (GIR) was used to evaluate the insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: (1) Though the mean birth weight of the newborn in the UAL group (4.49+/-0.56) g is much more than two standard deviations below the mean weight of that of the control group (6.16+/-0.30) g, P<0.001. The body weights of the UAL adult male offspring (382+/-37.51) g were significantly higher than those of the control group(339+/-24.06) g, P<0.01; (2) During a glucose tolerance test, the glucose levels of the UAL adult offspring [0 min, (3.96 +/-0.25) mmol/L; 30 min, (6.61+/-0.57) mmol/L; 60 min, (7.34+/-0.47) mmol/L; 120 min, (6.27+/-0.37) mmol/L] were significant higher than those of the controls [0 min, (3.56+/-0.22) mmol/L; 30 min, (5.74+/-0.32) mmol/L; 60 min, (5.89+/-0.29) mmol/L; 120 min, (3.89+/-0.25) mmol/L], P<0.05. The peak of insulin secretion is delayed and the insulin level at 120 min (84.65+/-11.79) mU/L is much higher than that of the controls (50.01+/-7.43) mU/L, P<0.05. MBCI values in the UAL adult male offspring (26.42+/-5.59) is significantly lower than those of in the control group (55.88+/-10.20), P<0.001. (3) The GIR in UAL adult offspring [16.86+/-1.59 mg/(kg . min)] is significantly lower than that of control group [20.35+/-2.38 mg/(kg . min)], P<0.05. CONCLUSION: The adult male rats born intrauterine growth retardation are prone to be obesity. The impaired islet beta-cell function and insulin resistance would be the risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

[Seasonal influence on the diagnosis of food allergy in children less than 3 years of age].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seasonal influence on the diagnosis of food allergy in children under 3 years of age. METHOD: The data of epidemiological studies about food allergy of children under 3 years of age attending routine well-baby checks at the Department of Primary Child Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in the winter and summer, 2009, including questionnaires, results of skin prick test (SPT), food elimination and oral food challenge (OFC) were analyzed. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0. RESULT: The age and sex distribution, and both the rates of the drop-out in two studies were similar. Ninety infants were positive for SPT, 40 infants were positive for OFC, and 31 infants dropped out in winter; while 65 infants were positive for SPT, 25 positive for OFC, and 31 dropped out in summer. The percentage of positive SPT in the children performed in winter was higher than that in summer (14.9%, 90/603 vs 10.7%, 65/607) (P = 0.028). Skin prick test accuracy was similar when the studies were performed in winter and in summer [sensitivity 0.85 and 0.84, positive predictive value (PPV) 0.54 and 0.47, negative predictive value (NPV) 0.99 and 0.99]. The prevalence of food allergy in the children studied in winter was higher than that in summer (7.0% vs 4.3%), but the difference was not significant. After correcting the prevalence for dropout children, the prevalence of food allergy (FA) investigated in winter was significantly higher than that in summer (9.3% vs 5.9%). The results of circular distribution analysis showed the date of birth corresponding to estimated value of peak point of SPT in winter were not consistent with it in summer, so was OFC. Either the results of skin prick test or oral food challenge in two studies were not correlated with the seasons of birth. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the rates of positive SPT and the prevalence of food allergy were correlated with the seasons, but the seasons of birth did not influence the results of skin prick test or oral food challenge in children, while the real age of children were related to them.

[Changes of anterior fontanel size in children aged 0 - 2 years].

OBJECTIVE: To study the development of anterior fontanel(AF) in children less than 2 years of age. METHOD: The size of AF of the children under 2 years of age was measured. The criteria were: (1) All the children were singletons and term (37 weeks ≤ gestational age ≤ 40 weeks) at birth, birth weight > 2500 g. (3) Those with intracranial diseases (included trauma and asphyxia) and scalp hematoma were ruled out. (3) Healthy children (without intracranial disease, growth retardation, congenital syndrome or bone metabolic diseases such as rickets). RESULT: (1) The mean value of AF in neonates was 1.5 (0.3 - 2.5) cm, and the average of the AF at 1 month after birth was 2.2 cm, which was the largest one. The size of AF was 1.0 (0.3 - 2.0) cm at age 12 months, and 0.5 (0.3 - 0.7) cm at 24 months. (2) The percentage for the closure of the AF was 3% at 6 months, 26.5% at 12 months, and 93.0% at 24 months. (3) There were no gender differences in the size of the AF (P > 0.05). And the size of AF was not correlated with the development levels of weight, length, and head circumference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: (1) The size of AF at 1 month was maximum (2.2 cm), and then decreased by years. The AF was almost closed (93%) at 24 months. (2) There were no gender differences in anterior fontanel (P > 0.05). The size of AF was not correlated with the growth of weight, length, and head circumferences (P > 0.05). (3) The fontanel dimensions should be represented by oblique diameters of the fontanel in clinical pediatrics. (4) The AF closure time needs to be further evaluated in normal children.

[Immune state in lung of BALB/c mice with ovalbumin allergy and the effects of fulvotomentoside on lungs of mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate immune state in lung of BALB/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA) allergy and the effects of fulvotomentoside (Ful) on lungs of the mice and provide some clues for the mechanism that patients with food allergies were prone to asthma and observe the effects of the treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. METHOD: Ninety-six female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups. Mice in group 1 and group 2 were sensitized intraperitoneally and challenged intragastrically with OVA and were exposed to phosphate buffer solution and OVA respectively by nebulized inhalation. Mice in group 3 and group 4 were treated with Ful, other processes were the same as the mice in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Mice in group 5 were not challenged intragastrically with OVA and other processes were the same as the mice in group 2. Group 6 was the control group. The number of total leukocytes and cell classification in bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) were counted, and inflammatory characteristic of lung was scored by staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The protein expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF-ß1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17A) in lung of the mice were detected by immunohistochemical method. The activation of neutrophils in lung was assayed by the level of myeloroxidase (MPO). RESULT: There was no inflammatory cells infiltration in lung of the mice in group 1. Compared with group 6, numbers of total leukocytes and erythrocytes as well as the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes were increased in group 2. Inflammatory score and protein expressions of TGF-ß1 [(75 437 ± 3 638) vs. (6 118 ± 1 978)], IL-6 [(121 650 ± 25 389) vs. (15 726 ± 9 360)], IL-17A [(252 105 ± 31 651)vs. (72 644 ± 12 285)] in lung were increased, too. Inflammatory score and TGF-ß1 (11 054 ± 1 468), IL-6 (50 877 ± 11 744), IL-17A (137 864 ± 28 986) expressions in group 5 were lower than those in group 2. Eosinophils infiltration was significant in group 5. After the treatment with Ful, TGF-ß1 expression did not change and IL-6, IL-17A expressions were decreased in lung of the mice that inhaled OVA. It was not enough for Ful to relieve the neutrophil aggregation and improve inflammatory reaction in lung. CONCLUSION: The expressions of TGF-ß1, IL-6, IL-17A in lung of the mice with OVA allergy were increased markedly after they inhaled specific antigen, which caused serious inflammation that was induced by neutrophil infiltration in lung. Ful could decrease the expressions of IL-6, IL-17A to some extent, but it was not enough to improve pathologic state in lung.

[Prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years of age in three cities in China].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and clinical features of food allergy in children aged 0 - 2 years. METHOD: From January to February, 2009 and January to May, 2010, all well-infants and young children between the age of 0 and 2 years attending routine health visits at the Department of Primary Child Care, in Chongqing, Zhuhai and Hangzhou were invited to participate in the study. Parents completed questionnaires and all children were skin prick tested (SPT) to a panel of 10 foods (egg white, egg yolk, cow's milk, soybean, peanut, wheat, fish, shrimp, orange and carrot). Based on the results of SPT and medical history, the subjects under went the suspected food elimination and oral food challenge under medical supervision. Food allergy was confirmed by the food challenge test. RESULT: Totally 1687 children were recruited by the consent of their parents. Of 1687 children approached, 1604 (550 of Chongqing, 573 of Zhuhai and 481 of Hangzhou) fulfilled the study criteria for diagnosing food allergy. One hundred children were confirmed to have challenge-proven food allergy in 3 cities (40 of Chongqing, 33 of Zhuhai and 27 of Hangzhou). The prevalence of food allergy in 0-2 years old children in Chongqing was 7.3%, in Zhuhai was 5.8% and in Hangzhou was 5.5%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years among the three cities, and the average prevalence for food allergy in children under 2 years was 6.2%. Egg (3.0% - 4.4%) was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk (0.83% - 3.5%), shrimp (0.17% - 0.42%) and fish (0.17% - 0.21%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of food allergy in 0 - 2 years old children in China was 5.5% - 7.3%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years of age among the three cities. Egg was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk, shrimp and fish.

[Diagnostic capacity of skin prick test in egg and cow's milk allergic infants].

OBJECTIVE: Mean diameter is the most common used parameter for wheal response assessment after skin prick test. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic capacity of mean diameter according to the outcome of oral food challenge, and to determine the cut-off points that could render food challenges unnecessary. METHOD: Data of 173 children referred to the Division of Primary Child Health Care for the evaluation of suspected food allergy were prospectively studied. All children underwent skin prick test and open food challenge to the relevant food(s) in clinic. The mean wheal diameter of skin prick test was measured, and open food challenge was performed to confirm food allergy. The SPSS software package version 13.0 for windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analysis. Open food challenge was taken as the gold standard for diagnosis. Diagnostic capacity of skin prick test, including the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, was calculated by cross-table. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to quantify the accuracy of the parameter. RESULT: For the 173 children, 271 open food challenges were performed with egg white, egg yolk and cow's milk, In which 123 were positive, 99 children were diagnosed as food allergy. Cutaneous symptoms (87.0%) were most common, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms (9.8%). The AUC of mean diameter was 0.794 for egg white, 0.804 for egg yolk and 0.904 for cow's milk. The sensitivity of skin prick test with a cut-off value of ≥ 3 mm was ranged from 71% to 87%, while the specificity was between 31% and 57%. The authors also defined food specific skin prick test mean diameters that were 100% diagnostic for allergy to egg white (≥ 8.5 mm), egg yolk (≥ 5.5 mm), cow's milk (≥ 5.5 mm). CONCLUSION: Predictive decision points for a positive outcome of food challenges can be calculated for egg and cow's milk using mean diameter. It may help to simplify the diagnostic procedure of food allergy.

[Evaluation of therapeutic effects of three hypoallergenic formulae in infants with cow's milk protein allergy].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the growth and symptom remission of infants with cow's milk protein allergy, who were fed with an amino acid formula, an extensively hydrolyzed formula or soy formula. METHOD: Infants who were diagnosed as cow's milk protein allergy and can not be breastfed were enrolled in the intervention group, and were assigned to three special formulae (amino acid formula, extensively hydrolyzed formula or soy formula ) according to the will of parents from March 2009 to March 2010 (n = 74). A non-randomized control group was made up of age-matched healthy children (n = 21). Anthropometric measurements and symptoms were evaluated after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. The differences of physical growth and the therapeutic effects among each group were calculated by SPSS 13.0 package. RESULT: After 180 days follow-up, the weight for age Z score and length for weight Z score were -0.43 +/- 0.88 and -0.31 +/- 0.78 in patients fed with soy formula substitute, which were significantly lower than those of patients fed with amino acid formula (0.11 +/- 0.77, 0.20 +/- 0.69) , extensively hydrolyzed formula (0.10 +/- 0.62, 0.18 +/- 0.70) and control group (0.22 +/- 0.54, 0.22 +/- 0.64) (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in physical growth among patients fed with amino acid formula, extensively hydrolyzed formula and control group (P>0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was found in length for age and head circumference for age among four groups (P>0.05). All hypoallergenic formulae were much helpful in remission of the symptoms of eczema (P<0.05). However, amino acid formula and extensively hydrolyzed formula were more effective and rapid in relieving symptoms than soy formula (1 mo vs 2 mo) (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Both amino acid formula and extensively hydrolyzed formula can maintain the normal growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy. While, the growth of patients fed with soy formula was significantly slower than that of the other three groups. All hypoallergenic formulae can be effective in relieving allergy symptoms, and amino acid formula or extensively hydrolyzed formula seems to be superior to soy formula.

[Effects of fulvotomentoside on inflammatory factors and antiinflammatory factors in intestine of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of fulvotomentoside (Ful) on inflammatory factors and antiinflammatory factors in intestine of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice, and to explore the mechanisms of its anti-food allergy effect. METHOD: Twenty-four female BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks fed with ovalbumin-free feed were randomly divided into 3 groups, food allergy (FA) group, Ful group and normal saline (NS) group. Mice in FA and Ful groups were sensitized intraperitoneally two times with OVA and challenged intragastrically with OVA. Mice in Ful group were treated with 200 mg/kg of Ful by subcutaneous injection once daily for 22 days. The mice in FA and NS groups were used as positive control and negative control, respectively, and were treated with normal saline solution by subcutaneous injection for 22 days. Just 48 hours after the last challenge, the mice in each group were sacrificed and specimens of jejunum were taken. The mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in jejunum were detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The protein expressions of TGF-ß1, IL-6, and IL-17A in jejunum were detected by immunohistochemical method. The activation of neutrophils in jejunum was assayed by the levels of MPO. RESULT: The expressions of TGF-ß1, IL-6, IL-17A mRNA [(0.370 ± 0.013), (0.475 ± 0.015), (0.541 ± 0.013)] and related protein [(53,075.70 ± 20,727.06), (256,881.66 ± 36,561.79), (435,064.25 ± 69,911.48)] in jejunum were increased and the Foxp3 mRNA [(0.231 ± 0.014) vs. (0.365 ± 0.015)] expression was decreased in group FA. After the treatment with Ful, IL-6 and IL-17A mRNA [(0.196 ± 0.005), (0.204 ± 0.008)] and protein [(114,040.30 ± 20,295.25), (218,200.74 ± 30,077.69)] expressions were decreased and Foxp3 mRNA (0.578 ± 0.021) expression was increased, and no change of TGF-ß1 expression was unchanged. There were no significant differences of the levels of MPO among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory reaction which was characterized by the increase of IL-6 and IL-17A expressions was found in intestine of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice. Ful could decrease overexpression of IL-6 and IL-17A, and increase the expression of specific transcription factor Foxp3 of regulatory T cells significantly in intestine. It may be one of the mechanisms that Ful improved intestinal inflammation.

[Analysis of influential factors of infant acceptance of new complementary food].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the process to accept the new complementary food, by infants and to analyze the influential factors. METHOD: A total of 105 infants were enrolled in this study. Early infant temperament questionnaires were answered by the mothers. The infants were given 10 times to touch new food (carrot mud), and each of their mealtime score of a 5 degrees system was recorded. The distinctions of the food acceptance were analyzed by using chi-square test. The relations between feeding patterns, sex, maternal parity, education and favor of carrot were analyzed by ANOVA and multivariate correlation analysis respectively. RESULT: The infants showed a certain degree of rejection to taste the new food carrot and begin to accept after tasting for several times. By the 5(th) taste the carrot mud was accepted by most infants (87.7%). The breastfed infants were easier to accept the carrot than the formula-fed infants. There was certain degree of difference in accepting the new food between the genders. The male infants were more difficult to accept carrot than female infants. Mother's education level did not affect the baby's acceptance. CONCLUSION: Many factors affect the infant's acceptance of new food. Repeatedly tasting new foods will help the infant's acceptance. Infants need at least 5 times of tasting, preferably more than 10 times, to accept new food. Attention should be paid to increase the infant's early experience on the new food. Further research should explore whether the effects of food on the early formation of the picky eating behavior of children.

[Effect of maternal iron status on infant's iron level: a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of maternal iron levels in second trimester of pregnancy on the infants' early iron status, explore the relationship between maternal and infant's iron status, and analyze the main factor influencing anemia of the infants. METHODS: Totally 100 couples of mother-baby were followed up from the second trimester of the mothers' pregnancy till the babies were 3 - 5 months old in the Department of Primary Child Care from March 2006 to February 2007. The maternal venous blood samples were collected in the second and the third trimesters and were analyzed for Hb at the same time. The infants' venous blood samples were collected at the end of the follow-up visit and were analyzed for Hb. The values of sTfR of the infants were compared with the maternal iron status diagnostic criteria. The infant's weight was measured during the visits by two professional staff members. The physical growth was assessed with CDC2000 reference. RESULTS: (1) Among 100 couples of mother-baby, none of the Hb values was lower than 90 g/L during the whole period of survey. The prevalence of ID in the babies at the ages of 3-5 months was 39%. Among them 36 cases (36/39, 92.31%) were born to the mother with ID during pregnancy; 26 couples of mother-infant had normal iron status during the following study. (2) The ID' prevalence in the infants born to the mothers with ID was higher than in the babies born to the healthy mothers (chi(2) = 11.567, P < 0.005). The ID' prevalence in the infants born to the mothers with IDA was higher than in the babies born to the mothers with LID (chi(2) = 7.356, P < 0.01). (3) The sTfR values of infants born to the mother with ID during pregnancy were increased significantly (P < 0.01); the iron nutritional status did not show any significant difference between babies whose mothers were IDA and LID (P > 0.05). (4) The SF value of maternal venous blood was negatively correlated with the sTfR value of infant (r = -0.7552, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The anemia of the infants aged 3 - 5 months was correlated with the iron shortage during the fetal stage. (2) The mild iron deficiency in the pregnant women during the second trimester could decrease the iron storage of fetus and then also could affect the iron status of the early infancy and cause anemia.

[Energy intake of infants at the age of 4-12 months].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the total energy intake, the energy from milk and other foods in the infants aged 4 to 12 months and analyze the factors related to the energy intake. METHODS: Totally 132 infants aged 4 months, who were brought for serial measurements to the Department of Primary Child Care, from November 2004 to March 2005 were enrolled into this study and were serially followed up until 12 months of age. The infants were divided into 3 groups, group A, age 4-5 months; group B, age 6-8 months; group C, age 9-12 months. The weights and the recumbent body lengths were measured by two professional staff members. The assessment of physical growth of the infants was done by using the CDC2000 reference. As the changes of Z score on weight for age (Delta WAZ) were < -0.67 during the two visits, the participation of the infants to this study was discontinued. The dietary intakes of the infants were calculated according to 24 h dietary records or after weighing foods for sequential 3 days, RESULTS: (1) When the Delta WAZs of the participated infants were between 0.67 and -0.67, the food intakes among three groups were 119-128 g/(kg.d), the protein intakes were 1.82 g/(kg x d), 2.76 g/(kg x d) and 3.52 g/(kg x d), respectively. The milk intakes were 76-114 g/(kg x d), which accounted for 93% of energy intakes in group A, 64% in group B and 56% in group C. The energy intakes of the 3 groups were 83.9 kcal/(kg x d), 81.6 kcal/(kg x d), and 85.8 kcal/(kg x d), respectively, which were almost similar to WHO 2003 recommendations, and lower than that of Chinese RNI. (2) The data from multiple linear regression analysis showed that the food intakes and the energy density were the most important factors related to energy intakes. The energy density of all foods was 0.6-0.8 kcal/g. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The growth of the infants was within the normal range as the energy intakes were 82-86 kcal/(kg x d). (2) The infants may need 900-750 g/d of milk to meet the basic requirements of energy and protein. (3) The food intakes and the energy density were the most important factors related to the energy intakes, the appropriate energy density for infants is 0.6-0.8 kcal/g.