2-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium hydrogen fumarate-fumaric acid (2/1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(9)H(9)N(2) (+)·C(4)H(3)O(4) (-)·0.5C(4)H(4)O(4), consists of one 2-phenyl-imidazolium cation, one hydrogen fumarate anion and half a fumaric acid mol-ecule, which lies on an inversion center. N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the cations, anions and fumaric acid mol-ecules into sheets parallel to the (102) plane.

Pregnancy and fetal outcomes of chronic hepatitis C mothers with viremia in China.

BACKGROUND: Data that assess maternal and infant outcomes in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected mothers are limited. AIM: To investigate the frequency of complications and the associated risk factors. METHODS: We performed a cohort study to compare pregnancy and fetal outcomes of HCV-viremic mothers with those of healthy mothers. Risk factors were analyzed with logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 112 consecutive HCV antibody-positive mothers screened, we enrolled 79 viremic mothers. We randomly selected 115 healthy mothers from the birth registry as the control. Compared to healthy mothers, HCV mothers had a significantly higher frequency of anemia [2.6% (3/115) vs 19.0% (15/79), P < 0.001] during pregnancy, medical conditions that required caesarian section [27.8% (32/115) vs 48.1% (38/79), P = 0.004], and nuchal cords [9.6% (11/115) vs 34.2% (27/79), P < 0.001]. In addition, the mean neonatal weight in the HCV group was significantly lower (3278.3 ± 462.0 vs 3105.1 ± 459.4 gms; P = 0.006), and the mean head circumference was smaller (33.3 ± 0.6 vs 33.1 ± 0.7 cm; P = 0.03). In a multivariate model, HCV-infected mothers were more likely to suffer anemia [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 18.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.3-76.6], require caesarian sections (adjusted OR: 2.6, 95%CI: 1.4-4.9), and have nuchal cords (adjusted OR: 5.6, 95%CI: 2.4-13.0). Their neonates were also more likely to have smaller head circumferences (adjusted OR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.1-4.3) and lower birth weights than the average (≤ 3250 gms) with an adjusted OR of 2.2 (95%CI: 1.2-4.0). The vertical transmission rate was 1% in HCV-infected mothers. CONCLUSION: Maternal HCV infections may associate with pregnancy and obstetric complications. We demonstrated a previously unreported association between maternal HCV viremia and a smaller neonatal head circumference, suggesting fetal growth restriction.

[Fast image denoising based on mathematical morphology].

There is a contradiction between image denoising and protection of the useful information in the image. To deal with this contradiction, we use the approach of mathematical morphology. In this paper, we expound the method and effectivity of mathmatical morphology in image processing. Based on it, an improved and fast image denoising algorithm is proposed and some experiments have been made to show that this algorithm is simple, effective and feasible.

[Study on the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets in the patients with endometriosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the function of T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with endometriosis. METHODS: The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum, and peritoneal fluid of 30 cases with endometriosis were detected using enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay and compared with those of 20 non-endometriosis cases. The expression of IL-2 and IL-6 in ectopic endometrial tissue from the patients with endometriosis and the endometrial tissues of 10 normal women was investigated by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: Significantly elevated levels of IL-6 (cytokines of T help cell 2) were found in the serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis (Median: 5.3 ng/L, 2.1 ng/L, P < 0.05) compared with that of non-endometriosis patients median: 2.5 ng/L, 0.9 ng/L). The level of IL-6 in the serum and peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients in early stages (stages I, II) was 3.7 ng/L, 1.6 ng/L, significantly lower than those in advanced stages (stages III, IV) (13.6 ng/L, 4.1 ng/L) (P < 0.05). The ratio of IL-2/IL-6 in the serum and peritoneal fluid in patients with endometriosis (0.7, 1.1) was significantly lower than those in the control non-endometriosis group (0.8, 6.2, P < 0.05). The levels of IL-6 detected in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis had a positive correlation with those in the serum (r = 0.745, P < 0.01). The levels of IL-6 in serum and peritoneal fluid in the patients with endometriosis had a negative correlation with the IL-2/IL-6 ratios in the serum and peritoneal fluid respectively (r = -0.406, r = -0.480, P < 0.05). IL-2 and IL-6 were expressed in the interstitial cells of ectopic endometrial tissue, with an expression rate of 56.7%, and 60.0% respectively. There was significant difference in the expression of IL-2 and IL-6 between the ectopic endometrial tissue and normal endometrial tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of IL-6 in the serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis are increased, implying that IL-6 might play a role in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. The ratio of IL-2/IL-6 in the serum and peritoneal fluid was decreased in patients with endometriosis compared with the control group, suggesting shift of Th1 cell toward Th2 cell in patients with endometriosis. Stronger expression of IL-2 and IL-6 in the ectopic endometrial tissues may contribute to the disturbed immune regulation in patients with endometriosis.

[Characteristics of the condylar movement traces during lateral excursion of the unilateral posterior buccal crossbite].

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of the condylar movement traces during lateral excursion of the unilateral posterior buccal crossbite and to compare the difference with the individual ideal occlusion. METHODS: Twenty-six subjects with normal occlusion and 26 subjects with unilateral posterior buccal crossbite were tested by CADIAX for the condylar movement. The lateral excursion traces were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software package, group t test,paired t test or rank sum test were used to compare the difference between the two groups. RESULTS: The condylar traces of the experiment subjects were rugged and asymmetrical. The sagittal,vertical and space shift of the non-buccal crossbite side were larger than those of the buccal crossbite side and the normal subjects, but the horizontal shift was significantly smaller(P<0.05). The sagittal condylar inclination of the non-buccal crossbite side was significantly larger than that of the buccal crossbite side and the normal subjects, but the transversal condylar inclination was significantly smaller(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The bilateral condylar movement traces during lateral excursion of the unilateral posterior buccal crossbite are asymmetrical.