Ni17 W3 -W Interconnected Hybrid Prepared by Atmosphere- and Thermal-Induced Phase Separation for Efficient Electrocatalysis of Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution.

The development of efficient and stable noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is still a challenge. Herein, a hybrid material formed by the interconnection of Ni17 W3 intermetallic compound with metallic W is demonstrated for HER. The Ni17 W3 -W hybrid is prepared by the atmosphere- and thermal-induced phase-separation strategy from a single-phase precursor (NiWO4 ), which gives Ni17 W3 -W hybrid abundant and tight interfaces. The theoretical calculation manifests that Ni17 W3 shows more optimized energetics for adsorbed H atom, while W has lower energy barrier for water dissociation, and the synergistic effect between them is believed to facilitate the HER kinetics. Moreover, Ni17 W3 presents a proper adsorption strength for both adsorbed OH and H, and thus Ni17 W3 may also act as a high HER catalyst by itself. As a result, the Ni17 W3 -W hybrid demonstrates high activity and durability for HER in liquid alkaline electrolyte; the electrolyzer assembled by Ni17 W3 -W hybrid and Ni-Fe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) as, respectively, the cathode and anode electrocatalysts presents superior performance to Pt/C-IrO2 benchmark. In addition, the Ni17 W3 -W hybrid also works well in the water electrolyzer based on solid hydroxide exchange membrane. The present work provides a promising pathway to the design of high-performance electrocatalysts.

Amorphous Ni-Fe-Mo Suboxides Coupled with Ni Network as Porous Nanoplate Array on Nickel Foam: A Highly Efficient and Durable Bifunctional Electrode for Overall Water Splitting.

It is a great challenge to fabricate electrode with simultaneous high activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a high-performance bifunctional electrode formed by vertically depositing a porous nanoplate array on the surface of nickel foam is provided, where the nanoplate is made up by the interconnection of trinary Ni-Fe-Mo suboxides and Ni nanoparticles. The amorphous Ni-Fe-Mo suboxide and its in situ transformed amorphous Ni-Fe-Mo (oxy)hydroxide acts as the main active species for HER and OER, respectively. The conductive network built by Ni nanoparticles provides rapid electron transfer to active sites. Moreover, the hydrophilic and aerophobic electrode surface together with the hierarchical pore structure facilitate mass transfer. The corresponding water electrolyzer demonstrates low cell voltage (1.50 V @ 10 mA cm-2 and 1.63 V @ 100 mA cm-2) with high durability at 500 mA cm-2 for at least 100 h in 1 m KOH.

Confined Red Phosphorus in Edible Fungus Slag-Derived Porous Carbon as an Improved Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Red phosphorus (RP) as the anode material for the sodium-ion battery (SIB) possesses a high energy density, but the poor electronic conductivity and huge volume change during Na+ insertion/extraction restrict its application. In this work, the edible fungus slag-derived porous carbon (PC) is adopted as a carbon matrix to combine with RP to form PC@RP composites through a facile vaporization-condensation approach. The conductive porous carbon architecture improves the transfer of electron and Na+ in the composite. The robust carbon framework together with the chemical bonding between PC and RP effectively buffer the huge volumetric change of RP. As a result, the PC@RP composite material delivers a specific capacity of 655.1 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 with a capacity retention of 87% after 100 charging/discharging cycles. In particular, the full SIB assembled with P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/3Ti1/3O2 as the cathode material and PC@RP as the anode material exhibits a specific capacity of 77.3 mA h g-1 (based on the mass of cathode material) at 0.5 C, and 85% capacity is retained after 100 charging/discharging cycles.

Edible fungus slag derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon as a high-performance adsorbent for rapid removal of organic pollutants from water.

In this work, agricultural waste edible fungus slag derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon (EFS-NPC) was prepared by a simple carbonization and activation process. Owing to the biodegradation and infiltrability of hyphae, this EFS-NPC possessed an ultra-high specific surface area (3342 m2/g), large pore volume (1.84 cm3/g) and abundant micropores and mesopores. The obtained EFS-NPC could effectively adsorb bisphenol A (BPA) with the maximal adsorption capacity of 1249 mg/g and the removal process reached 89.9% of the equilibrium uptake in the first 0.5 h. Besides, the EFS-NPC showed much better removal performance towards 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and methylene blue (MB) than commercial activated carbons (Norit RO 0.8 and DARCO granular activated carbon). Furthermore, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics researches indicated that the adsorption process of BPA was monolayer, exothermic and spontaneous. This research has given evidence that the low-cost EFS-NPC can serve as a high-efficient adsorbent for removing organic contaminants from water.

Co Nanoparticles/Co, N, S Tri-doped Graphene Templated from In-Situ-Formed Co, S Co-doped g-C3N4 as an Active Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

The development of high-performance electrocatalyst with earth-abundant elements for water-splitting is a key factor to improve its cost efficiency. Herein, a noble metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst was synthesized by a facile pyrolysis method using sucrose, urea, Co(NO3)2 and sulfur powder as raw materials. During the fabrication process, Co, S co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was first produced, and then this in-situ-formed template further induced the generation of a Co, N, S tri-doped graphene coupled with Co nanoparticles (NPs) in the following pyrolysis process. The effect of pyrolysis temperature (700, 800, and 900 °C) on the physical properties and electrochemical performances of the final product was studied. Thanks to the increased number of graphene layer encapsulated Co NPs, higher graphitization degree of carbon matrix and the existence of hierarchical macro/meso pores, the composite electrocatalyst prepared under 900 °C presented the best activity for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with outstanding long-term durability. This work presented a facile method for the fabrication of non-noble-metal-based carbon composite from in-situ-formed template and also demonstrated a potential bifunctional electrocatalyst for the future investigation and application.

Facile Synthesis of Carbon-Coated Spinel Li4Ti5O12/Rutile-TiO2 Composites as an Improved Anode Material in Full Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiFePO4@N-Doped Carbon Cathode.

The spinel Li4Ti5O12/rutile-TiO2@carbon (LTO-RTO@C) composites were fabricated via a hydrothermal method combined with calcination treatment employing glucose as carbon source. The carbon coating layer and the in situ formed rutile-TiO2 can effectively enhance the electric conductivity and provide quick Li+ diffusion pathways for Li4Ti5O12. When used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the rate capability and cycling stability of LTO-RTO@C composites were improved in comparison with those of pure Li4Ti5O12 or Li4Ti5O12/rutile-TiO2. Moreover, the potential of approximately 1.8 V rechargeable full lithium-ion batteries has been achieved by utilizing an LTO-RTO@C anode and a LiFePO4@N-doped carbon cathode.

The effects of elevated CO2 on clonal growth and nutrient content of submerge plant Vallisneria spinulosa.

An approximately four months long glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration (1,000 +/- 50 micromol mol(-1)) in the atmosphere on biomass accumulation and allocation pattern, clonal growth and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) accumulation by the submerged plant Vallisneria spinulosa Yan. Elevated CO(2) significantly increased V. spinulosa total fresh biomass ( approximately 130%) after 120 days, due to more biomass accumulation in all morphological organs than in those at ambient CO(2) (390 +/- 20 micromol mol(-1)). About 75% of the additional total biomass at elevated CO(2) was accounted for by leaf and rhizome (above ground) biomass and only 25% of it belonged to root and turion (below ground). However, the turions biomass exhibited a greater increase rate than that of organ above ground, which caused reduction in the above/below ground biomass ratio. The clonal growth of V. spinulosa responded positively to elevated CO(2). The number of primary ramets increased up to 1.4-folds at elevated CO(2) and induced a dense growth pattern. For nutrients absorption, concentration of N in leaf and in turion was significantly (p