Male vitellogenin regulates gametogenesis through a testis-enriched big protein in Chrysopa pallens.

In insects, vitellogenin (Vg) is generally viewed as a female-specific protein. Its primary function is to supply nutrition to developing embryos. Here, we reported Vg from the male adults of a natural predator, Chrysopa pallens. The male Vg was depleted by RNAi. Mating with Vg-deficient male downregulated female Vg expression, suppressed ovarian development and decreased reproductive output. Whole-organism transcriptome analysis after male Vg knockdown showed no differential expression of the known spermatogenesis-related regulators and seminal fluid protein genes, but a sharp downregulation of an unknown gene, which encodes a testis-enriched big protein (Vcsoo). Separate knockdown of male Vg and Vcsoo disturbed the assembly of spermatid cytoplasmic organelles in males and suppressed the expansion of ovary germarium in mated females. These results demonstrated that C. pallens male Vg signals through the downstream Vcsoo and regulates male and female reproduction.

The green lacewing Chrysopa formosa as a potential biocontrol agent for managing Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura.

Understanding predator-prey interactions is essential for successful pest management by using predators, especially for the suppression of novel invasive pest. The green lacewing Chrysopa formosa is a promising polyphagous predator that is widely used in the biocontrol of various pests in China, but information on the control efficiency of this predator against the seriously invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda and native Spodoptera litura is limited. Here we evaluated the predation efficiency of C. formosa adults on eggs and first- to third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda and S. litura through functional response experiments and determined the consumption capacity and prey preference of this chrysopid. Adults of C. formosa had a high consumption of eggs and earlier instar larvae of both prey species, and displayed a type II functional response on all prey stages. Attack rates of the chrysopid on different prey stages were statistically similar, but the handling time increased notably as the prey developed. The highest predation efficiency and shortest-handling time were observed for C. formosa feeding on Spodoptera eggs, followed by the first-instar larvae. C. formosa exhibited a significant preference for S. litura over S. frugiperda in a two-prey system. In addition, we summarized the functional response and predation efficiency of several chrysopids against noctuid pests and made a comparison with the results obtained from C. formosa. These results indicate that C. formosa has potential as an agent for biological control of noctuid pests, particularly for the newly invasive pest S. frugiperda in China.

[Prevalence of urogenital tract infections with Ureaplasma urealyticum or HPV among men of reproductive age and the associated factors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of urogenital tract infections with Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and human papilloma virus (HPV) in males of reproductive age and the associated factors. METHODS: Using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and a structured questionnaire, we conducted an investigation among 18－50 years old males in Songjiang District, Shanghai, from August 2016 to July 2018. We collected secretory specimens from the urogenital tract of the subjects and detected the infections of UU and HPV by laboratory examination. RESULTS: Among the 621 males included in this study, 279 (44.93%) were found infected with UU, 18 (2.90%) with HPV, and 15 (2.42%) with both UU and HPV. Univariate analysis showed that smokers had a higher rate of UU infection (50.54% ［140/277］) than non-smokers (40.41 ［139/344］), and those with senior high school or secondary technical school education had a higher rate of HPV infection (4.84% ［12/248］) than others (1.61% ［6/373］). Binary stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed a higher risk of UU infection in the subjects with junior high school or lower education than in others (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39－0.96) as well as in smokers than in non-smokers (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01－2.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UU infection is high, while that of HPV is low among men of reproductive age in Songjiang, Shanghai. The screening of UU infection should be enhanced among men of reproductive age, especially among smokers and those with lower education.

Marine Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design Strategies and Research Progress.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and innovative linker technologies all accelerate the rapid R&D of ADCs. Meanwhile, some challenges remain to be solved for future ADCs. For instance, varieties of site-specific conjugation have been proposed for solving the inhomogeneity of DARs (Drug Antibody Ratios). In this review, the usages of various natural toxins, especially marine cytotoxins, and the development strategies for ADCs in the past decade are summarized. Representative ADCs with marine cytotoxins in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features, while perspective comments for future ADCs are proposed.

[Human papillomavirus infection and male reproductive health].

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the worldwide sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and the DNA of HPV can exist in the normal epithelium of reproductive organs of both men and women. Because the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, healthy HPV-carriers become the main source of the infection. Studies show that HPV infection in men is correlated with STD, infertility, tumor of reproductive organs, and infection in the sexual partners. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce male HPV infection, including circumcision, fewer sexual partners, and condom use.

[Antibody-drug conjugates: design and clinical progress].

Antibody-drug conjugates, constructed with monoclonal antibodies, linker and cytotoxins, have distinctive advantages over chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs in cancer therapy. In this review, the strategy of developing ADCs, and the important progress in past decade are well summarized. The representative ADCs in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features. While, perspective for future directions of ADCs is proposed.

[Progress in the study of near-infrared fluorescent probes for the detection of ß-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease].

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of cognitive impairment in older people. With the aging of society is more and more serious, AD caused great burden to patients and society. A ß is a classical biomarker of AD, which has been widely used in clinical diagnosis of AD patients. Compared with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), near infrared fluorescence imaging has many advantages including highly sensitive, non-invasive, safety and inexpensive. Therefore, many research groups have focused on developing the molecular probes of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. In this article, we will review the progress of the probes of NIRF.

Efficacy of a combined contraceptive regimen consisting of condoms and emergency contraception pills.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the combined regimen (consisting of condoms and emergency contraception pills (ECP)) and using condoms only for the purpose of preventing pregnancy. METHODS: One-thousand-five-hundred-and-sixty-two (1,562) couples as volunteers enrolled at nine centers in Shanghai. Eight-hundred-and-twelve (812) were randomized to use male condoms and ECP (i.e., Levonorgestrel) as a back-up to condoms (the intervention group) and 750 to use male condoms only(the control group), according to their working unit. Participants were visited at admission and at the end of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The cumulative life table rates were calculated for pregnancy and other reasons for discontinuation. RESULT: The gross cumulative life table rates showed that the cumulative discontinuation rates for all reasons during the year of follow-up in the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 7.76 ± 0.94 and 6.61 ± 0.91, respectively, per 100 women (χ2 = 0.41, p = 0.5227). The cumulative gross pregnancy rate of the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 2.17 ± 0.52 and 1.25 ± 0.41, respectively, per 100 women (χ2 = 1.93, p = 0.1645). The Pearl Index in the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 2.21% and 1.26%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Male condoms remain a highly effective contraceptive method for a period of one year while consistently and correctly used. In addition, the lowest pregnancy rate followed from perfect use condom.

Regulation of forkhead box O transcription factor by insulin signaling pathway controls the reproductive diapause of the lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata.

In biological control programs, knowledge about diapause regulation in natural enemy insects provides important insight for improving long-term storage, transportation, and field adoption of these biological control agents. As a natural predator of agricultural pests, the lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata has been commercially mass-cultured and widely employed in pest management. In some insects, insulin signaling, in conjunction with the downstream transcription factor Forkhead box O (FoxO), are master regulators of multiple physiological processes involved in diapause, but it is unclear whether insulin signaling and FoxO affect the diapause of C. septempunctata. In this study, we use a combination of approaches to demonstrate that insulin signaling and FoxO mediate the diapause response in C. septempunctata. In diapausing beetles, application of exogenous insulin and knocking down expression of CsFoxo with RNA interference (RNAi) both rescued beetles from developmental arrest. In non-diapausing beetles, knocking down expression of the insulin receptor (CsInR) with RNA interference (RNAi) arrested ovarian development and decreased juvenile hormone (JH) content to levels comparable to the diapause state. Taken together, these results suggest that a shutdown of insulin signaling prompts the activation of the downstream FoxO gene, leading to the diapause phenotype.

Unmarried male migrants and sexual risk behavior: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: In China, there is increasing concern because of the rapid increase in HIV infection recorded over recent years. Migrant workers are recognized as one of the groups most affected. In this study, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among unmarried migrant workers in Shanghai are investigated, with the aim of providing critical information for policy makers and sex educators to reinforce sexual health services and sex health education targeting the behavior and sexual health of unmarried male migrants. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among unmarried male migrant workers in Shanghai, China's largest city and housing the most migrants. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with increased risk of HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: A total of 2254 subjects were questioned, with a response rate of 91.3%. Among those interviewed, 63.5% reported sexual activities. Misconceptions regarding HIV transmission, poor perception of HIV infection, and low use of condoms were not uncommon. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 73.7% had not used condoms in their last sexual intercourse, and 28.6% reported having engaged in sexual risk behavior (defined as having at least one non-regular partner). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified several indicators of sexual risk behavior, including younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.31-0.91 for older age at first sexual intercourse), more cities of migration (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 2.17-3.81 for high level; OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06-1.29 for medium level), poor perception of acquiring HIV/AIDS (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.96 for unlikely; OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.61-3.70 for impossible), frequent exposure to pornography (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.43 for never; OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60-1.81 for less frequently), not knowing someone who had or had died of HIV/AIDS and related diseases (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.70-2.53 for no), and having peers who engaged in sex with a non-regular sex partner (OR: 4.40, 95% CI: 3.37-5.56 for yes). CONCLUSIONS: Today, it is necessary to reinforce sex health education among unmarried migrants and sexual health services should target vulnerable migrant young people.

Insights into the mechanisms of triptolide nephrotoxicity through network pharmacology-based analysis and RNA-seq.

Introduction: Triptolide (TPL) is a promising plant-derived compound for clinical therapy of multiple human diseases; however, its application was limited considering its toxicity. Methods: To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of TPL nephrotoxicity, a network pharmacology based approach was utilized to predict candidate targets related with TPL toxicity, followed by deep RNA-seq analysis to characterize the features of three transcriptional elements include protein coding genes (PCGs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) as well as their associations with nephrotoxicity in rats with TPL treatment. Results & Discussion: Although the deeper mechanisms of TPL nephrotoxcity remain further exploration, our results suggested that c-Jun is a potential target of TPL and Per1 related circadian rhythm signaling is involved in TPL induced renal toxicity.

A retrospective single-center analysis of G-CSF-mobilized donor lymphocyte infusion in hematologic malignancies after unmanipulated allogenic PBSCT.

To explore the efficacy and safety of G-SCF-mobilized donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for treatment of relapse of hematologic malignancies after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, we performed a retrospective analysis in a cohort of patients with morphologic (n = 36) or molecular (n = 22) relapse post transplantation. The 3-year post-DLI survival rates for therapeutic and preemptive DLI recipients were 16.7% and 33.3%, respectively. The occurrence of DLI-associated acute graft-versus-host disease predicted longer survival, whereas diagnosis of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma or myelodysplastic syndromes or early relapse after transplant (< 6 months) predicted shorter survival after therapeutic DLI. Cumulative incidence of progression to hematologic relapse and non-relapse mortality after preemptive DLI were 46.8% and 29.1%, respectively. Active disease prior to transplant and early molecular relapse after transplant (< 4 months) were the strongest predictors of non-relapse mortality after preemptive DLI. In conclusion, although therapeutic DLI had limited efficacy against T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma or myelodysplastic syndromes or early post-transplant relapse, patients who developed DLI-associated acute graft-versus-host disease would benefit from this procedure in the setting of G-SCF-mobilized DLI. Furthermore, preemptive DLI could protect half of patients from hematologic relapse after transplantation with acceptable toxicity.

Enhanced Degradation of Juvenile Hormone Promotes Reproductive Diapause in the Predatory Ladybeetle Coccinella Septempunctata.

Improved knowledge on the regulation of reproductive diapause in Coccinella septempunctata, an important predator of aphids, is crucial for improving shelf-life and mass production of the ladybeetles. In many insects, the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) is a central regulator of reproductive diapause. JH is principally degraded by JH esterase (JHE) and JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH). Previous studies have shown that genes encoding these enzymes were upregulated in early diapause of C. septempunctata, but whether increased JH degradation contributes to the reduction of JH levels and facilitates reproductive diapause remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of JH and JH degradation genes during reproductive diapause in C. septempunctata females. Applying methoprene, a JH analogue, to the diapause preparation females clearly elevated JH signaling and reversed diapause program, suggesting that a lower level of JH is critical for the induction of reproductive diapause in the ladybeetle. Full-length cDNA sequences of JHE and JHEH were cloned and characterized, and their deduced proteins contain all the conserved active domains and typical motifs as identified in other insects. The expressions of JHE and JHEH were both significantly increased in diapause preparation and remained at a high level for a period throughout diapause, and then decreased after the termination of diapause. Knocking down these JH degradation genes clearly increased the expression levels of JH-inducible genes Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and vitellogenin (Vg), indicating an elevated JH level. Simultaneously, silencing JH degradation genes distinctly reduced diapause-related features and promotes reproduction, indicated by accelerated ovary growth, yolk deposition, and suppressed lipid accumulation. These results indicate that the enhanced JH degradation plays a critical role in regulating reproductive diapause of C. septempunctata.

Selection and use of contraceptive methods among internal migrant workers in three large Chinese cities: a workplace-based survey.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the current status of the decision-making process with regard to the use of contraceptive methods among internal migrant workers in three large Chinese cities. METHODS: A total of 4313 sexually active internal migrant workers were recruited in Beijing, Shanghai, and Chengdu. Information on contraceptive use was collected by means of questionnaires. RESULTS: Contraceptive prevalence was 86% among unmarried sexually active migrant workers and 91% among married workers. The main contraceptive methods used by married migrants were the intrauterine device (51%), condoms (25%) and female/male sterilisation (17%); the main methods resorted to by unmarried, sexually active migrants were condoms (74%) and oral contraceptives (11%). The contraceptive method applied by 20% of married respondents had been selected by other people, without they themselves having their share in an informed choice. Adopting the contraceptive decisions made by others was associated with being a married migrant, a construction or service worker, a rural-urban migrant, a migrant living in collective or rented rooms, or a migrant with more children. CONCLUSIONS: Many internal migrants in these large cities did not choose their contraceptive method on their own. Efforts enabling and encouraging migrants to make informed choices are needed.

The sesquiterpenes from the stem and leaf of Clausena lansium with their potential antibacterial activities.

Two new C13-norsesquiterpenes claulanterpene A (1) and B (2), together with two known sesquiterpenes (3-4), were isolated from methanol extract of the stem and leaf of Clausena lansium collected from Qingyuan county, Guangdong Province, China. Their structures were elucidated on the base of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data reported in the literature. Among them, compound 4 showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.

Sequencing, Expression, and Functional Analyses of Four Genes Related to Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During the Diapause Process in the Female Ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L.

The ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L., a predatory insect, serves as an excellent biological control agent against common agricultural pests. It undergoes a diapause phenomenon, during which a large amount of fat accumulates in the abdomen. A comprehensive analysis of this lipid accumulation can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying diapause regulation, which can be exploited to improve the shipping and transport of the insect for agricultural applications. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of C. septempunctata during non-diapause, diapause, and post-diapause and screened four key genes related to lipid metabolism. The cDNA of these four relevant enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSL), elongase of very-long-chain fatty acids (ELO), and very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase (KAR), were cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Their expression profiles were analyzed during the preparation and maintenance phases of diapause and the post-diapause phase. The functions of these four key enzymes in diapause were further verified using RNA interference. All four genes were most closely related to the homeotic gene from Tribolium castaneum. The expression profiles of these four genes were significantly affected under diapause-inducing conditions; their expression level was the highest in the diapause preparation phase, and it gradually decreased with the diapause induction time. RNA interference showed that the target genes play important roles in fat storage during early diapause, and the decrease in their expression leads to a decrease in lipid content in C. septempunctata. These results indicate an important role of ACC, ACSL, ELO, and KAR in lipid accumulation. Our findings could help elucidate the production and accumulation of lipids by insects during the preparation for diapause and improve biological control.

Structural insights into targeting of the colchicine binding site by ELR510444 and parbendazole to achieve rational drug design.

Microtubules consisting of α- and ß-tubulin heterodimers have proven to be an efficient drug target for cancer therapy. A broad range of agents, including ELR510444 and parbendazole, can bind to tubulin and interfere with microtubule assembly. ELR510444 and parbendazole are colchicine binding site inhibitors with antiproliferative activities. However, the lack of structural information on the tubulin-ELR510444/parbendazole complex has hindered the design and development of more potent drugs with similar scaffolds. Therefore, we report the crystal structures of tubulin complexed with ELR510444 at a resolution of 3.1 Å and with parbendazole at 2.4 Å. The structure of these complexes revealed the intermolecular interactions between the two colchicine binding site inhibitors and tubulin, thus providing a rationale for the development of novel benzsulfamide and benzimidazole derivatives targeting the colchicine binding site.

Impacts of anthropogenic activities on spatial variations of phthalate esters in water and suspended particulate matter from China's lakes.

In the largest developing country, China, plastic has become a serious environmental issue because of its overuse and non-treatment. In fact, plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), are more toxic than plastic, and their global awareness is rising. To determine the response of sensitive PAE congeners to the anthropogenic activities in a typical lake ecosystem of China, in the present study, 12 PAEs in the water and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) phases of 46 lakes in China were measured. The concentrations of all the Σ12 PAEs in water and SPM phases ranged from 3.647 to 65.618 µg/L and 0.175 to 10.921 µg/L, respectively. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) was the predominant PAEs in the water phase, whereas diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DnBP, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominating PAEs in the SPM phase. Forty-six lakes were divided into four groups based on the anthropogenic activity intensities. The PAEs in both the water and SPM phases had increasing tendency along the human activity gradient. DIBP appears to be a sensitive PAE indicator that could distinguish the lake regions with different human industrial and agricultural activities. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are intensely affected by industrial development. DnBP and DEHP were positively correlated with agricultural activities, including the use of films and pesticides. It is suggested to control the addition and usage of PAEs in agricultural activities and improve their removal rates in industrial wastewater to reduce the PAE pollution in the water bodies in the environment management of China.

The Effects of Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive Health/Family Planning Intervention Based on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among the Domestic Migrant Population of Reproductive Age in China: A Randomized Community Study.

Background: Domestic migrant populations are highly mobilized at a sexually active age, and often fail to meet their needs for contraception. Moreover, they assume sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks and utilize fewer family planning services. Method: A quasi-experimental trial (community intervention) was adopted. Two-stage stratified cluster sampling was applied to recruit participants in Beijing and Chongqing. A comprehensive SRH/family planning intervention was implemented from August 4 2014 to August 3 2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate probit models were adopted. Results: In total, 2100 and 2024 eligible participants were involved, and 815 and 629 pairs were matched by PSM in Beijing and Chongqing, respectively. The knowledge and attitudes of the participants regarding SRH and contraception were significantly improved through the comprehensive intervention. Reversible contraceptive methods were the most prevalent; couples largely decided to utilize condoms and family planning services. Conclusions: The comprehensive intervention had positive effects on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) for SRH/family planning among the domestic migrant population. The results acquired can be extrapolated to some extent, and the pattern of this intervention is well geared toward other similar settings in China.

Residual concentrations and ecological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in the soils of tomato and cucumber greenhouses in Shouguang, Shandong Province, East China.

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are the most widely used insecticides in China and worldwide. Continuous use of NNIs can lead to their accumulation in soil, causing potential ecological risks due to their relatively long half-life. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the residual levels of nine neonicotinoids in greenhouse soils in Shouguang, East China, at different soil depths and with different crops (tomato and cucumber) after varying periods of cultivation. Seven neonicotinoids were detected in the soils of the tomato greenhouses and six were detected in the soils of the cucumber greenhouses, with total concentrations ranging from 0.731 to 11.383 µg kg-1 and 0.363 to 19.224 µg kg-1, respectively. In all samples, the neonicotinoid residues in the soils cultivated for 8-9 years were lower than in those cultivated for 2 years and 14-17 years. In the tomato greenhouse soils, the residual levels of NNIs were highest in the topsoil, with progressively lower concentrations found with depth. Under cucumber cultivation, the NNI residue levels were also highest in the topsoil but there was little difference between the middle and lower soil layers. Total organic carbon (TOC) decreased with soil depth while pH showed the opposite trend, showing a significant negative correlation in both types of soils (tomato soils ρ = -0.900, p = .001; cucumber soils ρ = -0.883, p = .002). Furthermore, TOC was significantly positively correlated, and pH was negatively correlated, with total NNI concentrations in both types of soils (TOC: tomato soils ρ = 0.800, p = .010; cucumber soils ρ = 0.881, p = .004; pH: tomato soils ρ = -0.850, p = .004; cucumber soils ρ = -0.643, p = .086). The results of an ecological risk analysis showed that acetamiprid represents a particularly high toxicity risk in these soils. Based on our analysis, NNI residues in the soils of tomato greenhouses and their associated ecological risks deserve more attention than those of cucumber greenhouse soils.