Diosmetin as a promising natural therapeutic agent: In vivo, in vitro mechanisms, and clinical studies.

Diosmetin, a natural occurring flavonoid, is primarily found in citrus fruits, beans, and other plants. Diosmetin demonstrates a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, metabolic regulation, cardiovascular function improvement, estrogenic effects, and others. The process of literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials databases with search terms containing Diosmetin, content, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, in vivo, and in vitro. The aim of this review is to summarize the in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies of Diosmetin over the last decade, focusing on studies related to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. It is found that DIO has significant therapeutic effects on skin and cardiovascular system diseases, and its research in pharmacokinetics and toxicology is summarized. It provides the latest information for researchers and points out the limitations of current research and areas that should be strengthened in future research, so as to facilitate the relevant scientific research and clinical application of DIO.

Silybin: A Review of Its Targeted and Novel Agents for Treating Liver Diseases Based on Pathogenesis.

Liver disease represents a significant global public health concern. Silybin, derived from Silybum marianum, has been demonstrated to exhibit a range of beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antifibrotic, antiviral, and cytoprotective effects. These attributes render it a promising candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other liver conditions. Nevertheless, its low solubility and low bioavailability have emerged as significant limitations in its clinical application. To address these limitations, researchers have developed a number of silybin formulations. This study presents a comprehensive review of the results of research on silybin for the treatment of liver diseases in recent decades, with a particular focus on novel formulations based on the pathogenesis of the disease. These include approaches targeting the liver via the CD44 receptor, folic acid, vitamin A, and others. Furthermore, the study presents the findings of studies that have employed nanotechnology to enhance the low bioavailability and low solubility of silybin. This includes the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanosuspensions. This study reviews the application of silybin preparations in the treatment of global liver diseases. However, further high-quality and more complete experimental studies are still required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of these preparations. Finally, the study considers the issues that arise during the research of silybin formulations.