Strigolactones positively regulate Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton via crosstalk with other hormones.

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a serious vascular disease in cotton (Gossypium spp.). V. dahliae induces the expression of the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7 (GauCCD7) gene involved in strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis in Gossypium australe, suggesting a role for SLs in Verticillium wilt resistance. We found that the SL analog rac-GR24 enhanced while the SL biosynthesis inhibitor TIS108 decreased cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Knock-down of GbCCD7 and GbCCD8b genes in island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) decreased resistance, whereas overexpression of GbCCD8b in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) increased resistance to Verticillium wilt. Additionally, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SL mutants defective in CCD7 and CCD8 putative orthologs were susceptible, whereas both Arabidopsis GbCCD7- and GbCCD8b-overexpressing plants were more resistant to Verticillium wilt than wild-type (WT) plants. Transcriptome analyses showed that several genes related to the jasmonic acid (JA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-signaling pathways, such as MYELOCYTOMATOSIS 2 (GbMYC2) and ABA-INSENSITIVE 5, respectively, were upregulated in the roots of WT cotton plants in responses to rac-GR24 and V. dahliae infection but downregulated in the roots of both GbCCD7- and GbCCD8b-silenced cotton plants. Furthermore, GbMYC2 suppressed the expression of GbCCD7 and GbCCD8b by binding to their promoters, which might regulate the homeostasis of SLs in cotton through a negative feedback loop. We also found that GbCCD7- and GbCCD8b-silenced cotton plants were impaired in V. dahliae-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Taken together, our results suggest that SLs positively regulate cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt through crosstalk with the JA- and ABA-signaling pathways and by inducing ROS accumulation.

Competition between Anion-Deficient Oxide and Oxyhydride Phases during the Topochemical Reduction of LaSrCoRuO6.

Binary metal hydrides can act as low-temperature reducing agents for complex oxides in the solid state, facilitating the synthesis of anion-deficient oxide or oxyhydride phases. The reaction of LaSrCoRuO6, with CaH2 in a sealed tube yields the face-centered cubic phase LaSrCoRuO3.2H1.9. The reaction with LiH under similar conditions converts LaSrCoRuO6 to a mixture of tetragonal LaSrCoRuO4.8H1.2 and cubic LaSrCoRuO3.3H2.13. The formation of the LaSrCoRuOxHy oxyhydride phases proceeds directly from the parent oxide, with no evidence for anion-deficient LaSrCoRuO6-x intermediates, in contrast with many other topochemically synthesized transition-metal oxyhydrides. However, the reaction between LaSrCoRuO6 and LiH under flowing argon yields a mixture of LaSrCoRuO5 and the infinite layer phase LaSrCoRuO4. The change to all-oxide products when reactions are performed under flowing argon is attributed to the lower hydrogen partial pressure under these conditions. The implications for the reaction mechanism of these topochemical transformations is discussed along with the role of the hydrogen partial pressure in oxyhydride synthesis. Magnetization measurements indicate the LaSrCoRuOxHy phases exhibit local moments on Co and Ru centers, which are coupled antiferromagnetically. In contrast, LaSrCoRuO4 exhibits ferromagnetic behavior with a Curie temperature above 350 K, which can be rationalized on the basis of superexchange coupling between the Co1+ and Ru2+ centers.

Disproportionation of Co2+ in the Topochemically Reduced Oxide LaSrCoRuO5.

Complex transition-metal oxides exhibit a wide variety of chemical and physical properties which are a strong function the local electronic states of the transition-metal centres, as determined by a combination of metal oxidation state and local coordination environment. Topochemical reduction of the double perovskite oxide, LaSrCoRuO6 , using Zr, yields LaSrCoRuO5 . This reduced phase contains an ordered array of apex-linked square-based pyramidal Ru3+ O5 , square-planar Co1+ O4 and octahedral Co3+ O6 units, consistent with the coordination-geometry driven disproportionation of Co2+ . Coordination-geometry driven disproportionation of d7 transition-metal cations (e.g. Rh2+ , Pd3+ , Pt3+ ) is common in complex oxides containing 4d and 5d metals. However, the weak ligand field experienced by a 3d transition-metal such as cobalt leads to the expectation that d7+ Co2+ should be stable to disproportionation in oxide environments, so the presence of Co1+ O4 and Co3+ O6 units in LaSrCoRuO5 is surprising. Low-temperature measurements indicate LaSrCoRuO5 adopts a ferromagnetically ordered state below 120 K due to couplings between S=1 /2 Ru3+ and S=1 Co1+ .

Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Patient with Pre-Extensive Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Meningitis.

Drug-resistant tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most devastating and critical form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Here, we present a case of a 45-year-old male with pre-extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis meningitis (pre-XDR-TBM). He underwent emergency surgery for the long-tunneled external ventricular drainage (LTEVD). Molecular test and phenotypic drug sensitivity test (DST) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed that the isolate was resistant to both rifampin and fluoroquinolones. An anti-tuberculous regimen of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, cycloserine, moxifloxacin, clofazimine, and linezolid was tailored accordingly. We monitored the drug concentration in his plasma and CSF before (at 0-hour) and after anti-TB drugs administration (at 1-hour, 2-hour, 6-hour, and 12-hour) on 10th day after treatment initiation. We hope to provide reference values of drug exposures in plasma and CSF for patients with pre-XDR-TBM.

Microstructural Activation of a Topochemical Reduction Reaction.

The progress of the topochemical reduction reaction that converts LaSrNiRuO6 into LaSrNiRuO4 depends on the synthesis conditions used to prepare the oxidized phase. Samples of LaSrNiRuO6 that have been quenched from high temperature can be readily and rapidly converted into LaSrNiRuO4. In contrast, samples that have been slow-cooled cannot be completely reduced. This reactivity difference is attributed to the differing microstructures of the quenched and slow-cooled samples, with the former having much smaller average crystalline domain sizes and larger lattice strains than the latter. A mechanism to explain this effect is presented, in which the greater "plasticity" of small crystalline domains helps lower the activation energy of the reduction reaction. In addition, we propose that the enhanced lattice strain in quenched samples also acts to destabilize the host phase, further enhancing reactivity. These observations suggest that the microstructure of a material can be used to "activate" topochemical reactions in the solid state, expanding the scope of phases that can be prepared by this type of reaction.

Iron porphyrin-TiO2 modulated peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with high-valent iron-oxo species.

Developing efficient catalysts with low cost and environmental friendliness for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation attracts broad interest. In this study, TiO2-hemin was prepared by immobilizing hemin on TiO2 using a ball milling method, demonstrating 126.9-fold enhanced catalytic degradation efficiency compared with unsupported hemin in the PMS activation system, with 92.9% of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) removed in 10 min. The superior performance is attributed to the strong interaction between TiO2 and hemin, which induces the redistribution of the electron density of hemin molecules. In the TiO2-hemin/PMS system, sulfate radicals (SO4•-), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide radicals (O2•-) were identified, which only played a minor role in the elimination of 2,4,6-TCP. Instead, high-valent iron-oxo species were proposed and identified as the primary active species. This study provides a facile strategy to enhance the activity of the biomimetic catalyst and offers insight into the catalytic mechanism of iron porphyrin with PMS activation.

Case report: Significant relief of linezolid-induced peripheral neuropathy in a pre-XDR-TB case after acupuncture treatment.

The revised WHO guidelines on multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) include linezolid in the core drug group. Common adverse events of prolonged linezolid use are bone marrow suppression and peripheral neuropathy (PN). Available measures against linezolid-induced PN (LIPN) often have insignificant effects, leading to linezolid discontinuation and a decline in the success rate of MDR/RR-TB treatment. Acupuncture treatment is a symptomatic treatment measure from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to relieve pain with overall very low evidence and has never been reported in LIPN. The pilot use of acupuncture in a pre-extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB (a more severe form of MDR/RR-TB) patient exhibited significant improvements in LIPN and thus maintained linezolid in the regimen for a longer period.

Mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation for the facile recovery of metals from spent lithium ion batteries.

A novel mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation method was proposed in this study to enhance the leaching of valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries by combining ball-milling, advanced oxidation processes and sucrose reduction. By optimizing leaching parameters including temperature, pH, milling time and solid-to-liquid ratio, high leaching efficiencies of 97.1%, 94.0%, 87.6% and 93.8% can be achieved for Li, Ni, Co and Mn respectively. In the mechanochemical process, the breakage of covalent bonds in cathode material is facilitated by free radicals generated from zero valent iron activated ammonia persulfate as well as mechanochemical activation. To further explore the role of free radicals, the mechanism of ammonia persulfate activation by zero valent iron was elucidated, and SO4•- was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species in the mechanochemical process. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of mechanochemically driven crystal dissolution and sulfate radical facilitated bond cleavage was revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Moreover, the released metal was reduced by sucrose to a lower valent state of high solubility to promote transfer to the aqueous phase during the subsequent leaching process with dilute sulfuric acid. In this work, the insight on the mechanism of mechanochemical processes strengthened by free radicals may provide an inspiration for the recovery of valuable metals from LIBs.

Role of the HDAC6/STAT3 pathway in regulating PD-L1 expression in osteosarcoma cell lines.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs), initially described as histone modifiers, have more recently been verified to target various other proteins unrelated to the chromatin environment. On this basis, findings of the current study demonstrates that the pharmacological or genetic abrogation of HDAC6 in osteosarcoma cell lines down-regulates the expression of program death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1), an important co-stimulatory molecule expressed in cancer cells, which activates the inhibitory regulatory pathway PD-1 in T cells. As shown by our results, the mechanism by which HDAC6 regulated PD-L1 expression was mediated by the transcription factor STAT3. In addition, we observed that selective HDAC6 inhibitors could inhibit tumor progression in vivo. Crucially, these results provide an essential pre-clinical rationale and justification for the necessity of further research on HDAC6 inhibitors as potential immuno-modulatory agents in osteosarcoma.

Overcoming cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma through the miR-199a-modulated inhibition of HIF-1α.

Dysregulation of miRNAs has been shown to contribute to multiple tumorigenic processes, as well as to correlate with tumour progression and prognosis. miR-199a has been shown to be dysregulated in multiple tumour types. However, the association between miR-199a and the chemoresistance features of osteosarcoma are not well understood, the target genes for miR-199a and the regulatory mechanisms are also unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-199a is expressed at low levels in osteosarcoma cells and patient samples. By the selection and establishment of cisplatin resistant osteosarcoma cell line, we observed a correlation between miR-199a and cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma cells: resistant cells exhibit attenuated miR-199a expressions and exogenous overexpression of miR-199a sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin. Moreover, we identified HIF-1α as a direct target for miR-199a. Intriguingly, cisplatin resistant osteosarcoma cells display significantly elevated HIF-1α expression under hypoxia. We report here overexpression of miR-199a resensitizes cisplatin resistant cells to cisplatin through inhibition of HIF-1α in vitro and in vivo. Finally, by analysing the clinical osteosarcoma patient samples, we demonstrate a reverse correlation between miR-199a and HIF-1α mRNAs. Our study will provide mechanisms for the miRNA-mediated anticancer therapy and miR-199a may be considered a promising therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma patients who fail to respond to conventional chemotherapy.

Construction of Hierarchical CNT/rGO-Supported MnMoO4 Nanosheets on Ni Foam for High-Performance Aqueous Hybrid Supercapacitors.

Rationally designed conductive hierarchical nanostructures are highly desirable for supporting pseudocapacitive materials to achieve high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Herein, manganese molybdate nanosheets were hydrothermally grown with graphene oxide (GO) on three-dimensional nickel foam-supported carbon nanotube structures. Under the optimal graphene oxide concentration, the obtained carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene oxide/MnMoO4 composites (CNT/rGO/MnMoO4) as binder-free supercapacitor cathodes perform with a high specific capacitance of 2374.9 F g-1 at the scan rate of 2 mV s-1 and good long-term stability (97.1% of the initial specific capacitance can be maintained after 3000 charge/discharge cycles). The asymmetric device with CNT/rGO/MnMoO4 as the cathode electrode and the carbon nanotubes/activated carbon on nickel foam (CNT-AC) as the anode electrode can deliver an energy density of 59.4 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 1367.9 W kg-1. These superior performances can be attributed to the synergistic effects from each component of the composite electrodes: highly pseudocapacitive MnMoO4 nanosheets and three-dimensional conductive Ni foam/CNTs/rGO networks. These results suggest that the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor can be a promising candidate for energy storage devices.

Identification of α-tubulin, Der f 33, as a novel allergen from Dermatophagoides farinae.

BACKGROUND: House dust mites are an important source of indoor allergens. More than 30 allergens of Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) have been identified. Yet there may be many other allergens in mites remain to be characterized. METHODS: α-Tubulin (also named Der f 33) was cloned, expressed and purified. Reaction to specific-IgE, skin prick test and a mouse asthma model were employed to determine the allergenicity of Der f 33. RESULTS: The recombinant Der f 33 reacted to the serum of patients with mite allergy. The positive rate of skin prick test (SPT) was 23.5%. In an asthma mouse model, Der f 33 induced the airway allergy-like responses. Moreover, serum specific IgE and IgG1, interleukin-4 (IL-4) from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and spleen cell culture supernatant were markedly increased. In addition, Der f 33 upregulated the CD80 and TNF-α levels in dendritic cells (DCs). CONCLUSIONS: Der f 33 is a novel allergen of D. farinae. It modulates the functions of DCs and induces airway allergy.

Characterization and analysis of a cDNA coding for the group 29b (Der f 29b) allergen of Dermatophagoides farinae.

This study aims to acquire a recombinant allergen of Der f 29b by cloning and expression, and to identify its immunogenicity. In this study, the total RNA of D. farinae was extracted, cloned and expressed based on the Der f 29b gene. The molecular characteristics of Der f 29b was analyzed by the procedures of Bioinformatics. The allergenicity of recombinant Der f 29b protein was examined by western-blotting, ELISA, Immune inhibitory assays and skin prick test. The gene of Der f 29b consisted of 495 bases, derived from its nucleic acid sequence and encoded 164 amino acids. Positive responses to r-Der f 29b were shown in 24.3% by means of skin prick testing with 37 DM-allergic patients. The immunoblotting assays demonstrated that serum IgE from allergic patients reacted to r-Der f 29b protein. The IgE reactivity of r-Der f 29b in the serum from r-Der f 29b allergic patients was increased by more than 2 folds compared with healthy subjects. Immune inhibition assays showed that the IgE cross-reactivity was between r-Der f 29b and DME. Bioinformatics analysis predicted four peptides (13-17, 67-71, 104-109 and 147-155) as the B cell epitopes and five peptides (5-14, 16-31, 35-43, 52-63 and 87-97) as the T cell epitopes. Secondary structure prediction of Der f 29b with software PSIPRED identified two α-helices and seven ß-sheets in Der f 29b. In conclusion, Derf 29b protein was identified as a novel subtype of dust mite allergen.